Performing Mathematical Operation and

Performance Analysis in MATLAB

Abidur Rahman Sagor Towfiq Mahmud Mridul Enamul Haque Emon
18-38599-2 18-37866-2 18-38107-2
Department of EEE,
American Department of EEE, American Department of EEE, American
International University- International University- International University-
Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh
Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh
abidsagor83@ieee.org mridulmahmud55@gmail.com enamulemon32@gmail.com

Moniruzzaman MD.Nahid Hasan Niloy Gourab Deb

18-38213-2 18-37894-2 18-37309-1
Department of EEE, American Department of EEE, American Department of EEE, American
International University- International University- International University-
Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh
Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh
monshovon123@gmail.com niloypbt@gmail.com gourabdeb66@gmail.com

o ROW matrix/ row vector is defined to

Abstract - This lab report represents the mathematical express Laplace transform expressions.
operation and performance analysis in MATLAB. In this Variable coefficients are defined in left
lab different codes were written on MATLAB to perform to right descending power of ‘s’ format.
different mathematical operations such as partial fraction For example, deng = [500 0 0]
expansion, simplification, pole-zero determination, o SERIES: Series is the interconnection of
Laplace transformation, inverse Laplace transformation
the two Linear Time Invariant models.
and state space model generation from a given equation.
Then analysis of the second order systems were
understood by using Simulink. Lastly, the results of the
second order systems were compared in MATLAB and
Simulink along with the state response for various values
of zeta.
Index-

I. INTRODUCTION
MATLAB allows designers to perform complicated
mathematical calculations in fast and efficient manner.
Partial fraction expansion, simplification, pole-zero
determination, Laplace transform, inverse Laplace
transform, state-space model generation are some of the
mathematical operation that can be very easily performed
in MATLAB. Performing Laplace and inverse Laplace
transforms are mathematical methods. They are widely
used in control systems. After performing Laplace
transforms, different mathematical operations can be
applied to them. Students will learn to implement them
using MATLAB.
To view the step response of a particular system for a
particular transfer function, unit step function is given as an
input. The output is then the step response.
II. THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
MATLAB Functions:
SYS=SERIES(SYS1,SYS2,OUTPUTS1,INPU
TS2) connects two LTI models. SYS1 and SYS2
are in series such that the outputs of SYS1
specified by OUTPUTS1 are connected to the
inputs of SYS2 specified by INPUTS2. The
vectors OUTPUTS1 and INPUTS2 contain
indices into the outputs and inputs of SYS1 and
SYS2, respectively. The resulting LTI model
SYS maps u1 to y2.
If OUTPUTS1 and INPUTS2 are omitted, SERIES
connects SYS1 and SYS2 in cascade and returns
SYS = SYS2 * SYS1
SYS = SERIES (SYS1, SYS2,'name') connects SYS1
and SYS2 by matching I/O names. The output names
of SYS1 and input names of SYS2 should be fully
specified.
If SYS1 and SYS2 are arrays of LTI models, SERIES
returns an LTI array SYS of the same size where
SYS(:,:,k)=SERIES(SYS1(:,:,k),SYS2(:,:,k),OUTPUT
S1,INPUTS2) .

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 o PRINTSYS: Print system in pretty format
and is used to print state space systems with
labels to the right and above the system
matrices or to print transfer functions as a
ratio of two polynomials.
PRINTSYS (NUM, DEN,'s') or PRINTSYS
(NUM,DEN,'z') prints the transfer function as
a ratio of two polynomials in the transform
variable 's' or 'z'.
o FEEDBACK: Feedback connection of two
LTI models.
SYS = FEEDBACK (SYS1, SYS2)
an LTI model SYS for the closed -
loop feedback system
Negative feedback is assumed and the resulting system
SYS maps u to y. To apply positive feedback, use the
syntax:
SYS = FEEDBACK (SYS1, SYS2, +1).
o STEP: Step response of LTI models
[Y,T] = STEP(SYS) returns the output
response Y and the time vector T used for
simulation. No plot is drawn on the screen.
If SYS has NY outputs and NU inputs, and
LT = length(T), Y is an array of size [LT
NY NU] where Y(:,:,j) gives the step
response of the j-th input channel.
[Y,T,X] = STEP(SYS) also returns, for a
state-space model SYS, the state trajectory
X, a LT-by-NX-by-NU array if SYS has
NX states.
o POLY: Convert roots to polynomial.
POLY(A), when A is an N by N matrix, is a
row vector with N+1 elements which are
the coefficients of the characteristic
polynomial, DET(lambda*EYE(SIZE(A)) -
A) .
o RESIDUE: Partial-fraction expansion
(residues). [R,P,K] = RESIDUE(B,A) finds
the residues, poles and direct term of a
partial fraction expansion of the ratio of two
polynomials B(s)/A(s). If there are no
multiple roots,
B(s) R(1) R(2) R(n)
---- = -------- + -------- + ... + -------- + K(s)
A(s) s - P(1) s - P(2) s - P(n)
Vectors B and A specify the coefficients of the
numerator and denominator polynomials in descending
powers of s. The residues are returned in the column
vector R, the pole locations in column vector P, and the
direct terms in row vector K. The number of poles is n
= length(A)-1 = length(R) = length(P). The direct term
coefficient vector is empty if length(B) < length(A),
otherwise length(K) = length(B)-length(A)+1.
o TF: Creation of transfer functions or
conversion to transfer function. Creation:
SYS = TF(NUM,DEN) creates a
continuous-time transfer function SYS with
numerator(s) NUM and denominator(s)
DEN. The output SYS is a TF object.
o ZPK Create zero-pole-gain models or
convert to zero-pole-gain format. Creation:
SYS = ZPK (Z, P, K) creates a continuous-
time zero-pole-gain (ZPK) model SYS with
zeros Z, poles P, and gains K. The output
SYS is a ZPK object.
o The sym command creates symbolic
variables and expressions. For example, the
commands x = sym('x'); a = sym('alpha');
create a symbolic variable x with the value
x assigned to it in the MATLAB workspace
and a symbolic variable ‘a’ with the value
alpha assigned to it. An alternate way to
create a symbolic object is to use the syms
command:
o pretty(X) prints symbolic output of X in a
format that resembles typeset mathematics.
o laplace(f) computes the Laplace transform
of f.
o ilaplace(F) computes the Inverse Laplace
transform of F.
o SIMPLIFY Simplify representation of
Uncertain objects
o SIMPLIFY Simplify representation of
Uncertain objects
B = SIMPLIFY(A) performs model-
reduction-like techniques to detect and
eliminate redundant copies of uncertain
elements. Depending on the result, the
CLASS of B may be lower than A. The
AutoSimplify property of each uncertain
element in A determines what reduction
methods are used. After reduction, any
uncertain element which does not actually
affect the result is deleted from the
representation.
o TF2SS: Transfer function to state-space
conversion.
[A,B,C,D] = TF2SS(NUM,DEN) calculates
the state-space representation of the system:
x = Ax + B
y = Cx + Du
o Time limit is selected using t=[ lower
limit : interval : upper limit]. For example, t
=
[ 0:0.1:20]
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 2

III. SIMULATION 1.8

1.6

MATLAB CODE:
1.4

Segment 1: 1.2

wheel velocity
1

clc; 0.8

clear all; 0.6

close all; 0.4

numg=[0 0 1];
deng=[500 0 0];
0.2

numc=[1 1]; 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

denc=[1 2]; time [sec]

[num,den]=series(numg,deng,numc,denc); Segment 3:
printsys(num,den)
[num_c, den_c]= cloop(num,den,-1); numy=32;
printsys(num_c,den_c) deny=poly([0 -4 -8]);
[r,p,k]=residue(numy,deny)

Segment 4:
Segment 2:
numf=150*[1 2 7];
num=[5400]; denf=[1 5.4 0];
den=[2 2.5 5402]; F=tf(numf,denf)
t=[0:0.005:3];
[y,x,t]=step(num,den,t);
figure(1)
plot(t,y), grid
xlabel('time [sec]')
ylabel('wheel velocity')

Segment 5:

numg=[-2 -4];
deng=[-7 -8 -9];
k=20;
G=zpk(numg,deng,k)

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Segment 6: Segment 8:

syms s; num=[2 8 6];

F1=2/[(s+1)*(s+2)^2]; den=[1 8 18 6];
pretty(F1); [A,B,C,D]=tf2ss(num,den);
f1=ilaplace(F1) printsys(A,B,C,D)
pretty(f1);
F2=3/[s*(s^2+2*s+5)];
pretty(F2);
f2=ilaplace(F2)
pretty(f2);

Segment 9:

syms s
A=[0 1 0;0 0 1; -1 -2 -3];
B=[10;0;0];
C=[1 0 0];
D=0;
I=[1 0 0;0 1 0;0 0 1];
Y=C*((s*I-A)^-1)*B+D;

Segment 7: Segment 10:

syms t t=[0:0.1:20];
f=2*exp(-t)-2*t*exp(-2*t)-2*exp(-2*t); num=[1];
pretty(f); zeta1=0.1;
F=laplace(f) den1=[1 2*zeta1 1];
pretty(F); zeta2=0.7;
F=simplify(F) den2=[1 2*zeta2 1];

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 zeta3=1; REFERENCES
den3=[1 2*zeta3 1];
zeta4=0; [1] Norman S. Nise, “Control Systems Engineering”,
den4=[1 2*zeta4 1]; available Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
zeta5=2; [2] https://www.mathworks.com/campaigns/products/trials
den5=[1 2*zeta5 1]; .html
[y1,x,t]=step(num,den1,t);
[y2,x,t]=step(num,den2,t);
[y3,x,t]=step(num,den3,t);
[y4,x,t]=step(num,den4,t);
[y5,x,t]=step(num,den5,t);
figure(2)
plot(t,y1,t,y2,t,y3,t,y4,t,y5)
xlabel('Wnt')
ylabel('y(t)')
title('step response of 2nd order systems for
variousvalues of zeta'),grid

step response of 2nd order systems for variousvalues of zeta

2

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2
y(t)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Wnt

V. DISCUSSION

In this experiment we learn the characteristics of

MATLAB. We also learned how to solve various kinds of
MATLAB functions for various mathematical operations,
like as partial fraction expansion, simplification, pole-zero
determination, Laplace transformation, inverse Laplace
transformation, state space representations were observed
and solved using MATLAB. We also understood all the
mathematical operations

VI. CONCLUSION

In this experiment the introduction of MATLAB was given.

we learned how to perform various kinds of mathematical
calculation using MATLAB. We interpret the data and with
the help of MATLAB we easily get the results. which were
observed and we understood those mathematical operations
Such as partial fraction, simplification, pole-zero
determination, Laplace transformation, inverse Laplace
transformation, state space representations, transfer
function to state space.

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