WEEK 3

MEMORY, IMPROVING
CONCENTRATION & READING
SYSTEM
Lecturer : Diana Juniza Binti Juanis

Slide by : Siti Nafisah Md Rashid

 UED e-Portfolio

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
UNDERSTANDING MEMORY
PROCESS
▪ WHAT IS MEMORY?
▪ The ability to remember past experiences, and the power or process of recalling to mind
previously learned facts, experiences, impressions, skills and habits.

▪ “Having a good memory” involves both putting information into memory and getting it back
out—both storage and retrieval

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
LEARNING PYRAMID

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
INFORMATION PROCESSING
MODEL
▪ Memory is complex and consists of various processes and stages.

▪ 3 types of memory :
▪ Sensory memory
▪ Short-term memory (STM)
▪ Long-term memory (LTM)

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
▪ To learn and remember, we must encode,
store, and retrieve information.

▪ STEP 1 ENCODING : interpreting

information in a meaningful way.

▪ STEP 2 STORAGE : working on

information so that it can be placed into LTM.

▪ STEP 3 RETRIEVE : getting information

out of LTM.

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
TYPES OF MEMORY
▪ Sensory Memory

▪ If one PAY ATTENTION to the stimuli, it

will go to the short-term memory (STM). If
one does not pay attention, then the
information will be lost

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
TYPES OF MEMORY
▪ Short-term Memory
▪ has two components: immediate memory and working memory.

▪ Immediate memory is the ability to remember a small amount of information over

a few seconds.

▪ Working memory is a system for temporarily storing and managing the

information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning,
reasoning, and comprehension.

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
TYPES OF MEMORY
▪ Long-term Memory

▪ Unlimited & large storage.

▪ Informative knowledge can be stored for long periods of time.
▪ From STM, information moved to LTM and stored here for later use (retrieval). If the
information is not being used for some time, forgetting may occur.

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 ACTIVITY 1

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
▪ Write down on paper as much words that you can recall.

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 1 33 22 80 5 ACTIVITY 2

2 10 15 30 4

3 21 64 3 7

12 11 27 45 91
SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
▪ Write down on paper as much numbers that you can recall.

▪ Usually students will get approximately 7-12 numbers

randomly

▪ This indicate the limited capacity of STM

▪ The capacity of STM is 5-9 items (Miller,1956)

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
 UED
E-PORTFOLIO

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
MEMORY STRATEGIES
▪ HOW FORGETTING COULD OCCUR?

1. Did not pay attention to the information

2. Did not understand the information
3. Cramming (last minute study)
4. Did not have good strategies
5. Interference (having 2 exams on the same day especially if the subjects are closely related
for example psychology and counselling)
6. Test anxiety (negative thoughts about oneself, did not prepare well for the test)

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR
MEMORY?
1. Massed practice vs spaced practice
2. Break reading material down (again no cramming) for some period of time.
3. Rehearsal– repeat the information many times.
4. Elaboration strategies :
▪ Associations
▪ Acronyms / catchwords
▪ Acrostics / catchphrase
▪ Imagery – visualize the image of the information needed
▪ Organizational strategies
▪ Comprehension monitoring strategies

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR
MEMORY?
Elaboration strategies :
▪ Associations / connect : “My altruistic Aunt Alice gives great gifts”
▪ Acronyms / catchwords : MAS , UiTM
▪ Acrostics / catchphrase : Can Henry Omit Dents, Mat Jenin Ke Hutan Bawa Nasi Ulam
▪ Imagery – visualize the image of the information needed : with or without backbone
▪ Organizational strategies : organize/classify/divided each materials/category
▪ Comprehension monitoring strategies : need to comprehend materials being read. SQ3R will be a good
strategy

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING
CONCENTRATION
▪ CONCENTRATION – focusing your attention on what you are doing.
▪ Causes of poor concentration :

✔ Lack of attention
✔ Lack of interest
✔ Lack of motivation
✔ Distraction from others
✔ Uncomfortable environment
✔ Physiological matters – illness, tiredness
✔ Psychological matters – personal problems, worries, anxieties

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING
CONCENTRATION
▪ Use motivational and organizational strategies – create interest in the work, develop a positive attitude
toward you work, use goal setting strategies, use time-management strategies
▪ Create a positive learning environment – find a better location, reduce multitasking, minimize
distractions
▪ Deal with internal distractions – deal with personal problems, deal with competing activities,

▪ Use active learning strategies (as discussed in improving memory)

▪ Match your learning style to the task

▪ Monitor your concentration

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
ACTIVITY – UED E-PORTFOLIO

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
ACTIVITY – UED PORTFOLIO
(FIGURE 6.4)
Date Study Task Concentration Cause Strategy
problem

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
SQ3R:
SURVEY-QUESTION-READ-RE
CITE-REVIEW
▪ is a comprehension strategy
▪ facilitates students think about the
text they are reading while they are
reading.
▪ helps students “get it” the first time
they read a text by teaching students
how to read and think like an effective
reader.

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)
E-PORTFOLIO
▪ Trying SQ3R by using figure 12.3 (page 309) from text book.

SITI NAFISAH MD RASHID (UiTM CAWANGAN NEGERI SEMBILAN KAMPUS KUALA PILAH)