Isotopes are set of atoms of the same chemical elements with equal atomic number i.e.

, equal number
of protons in their nuclei, but different number of neutrons i.e., different mass number.

The atomic number (Z) is the same as the number of p+

Z=N(p+)

The mass number (A) is the same as the number of p+ + n0

A= N(p+) + N(n0)

N(p+) = N(e-)

N(n0) = A - N(p+) = A – Z

Symbol of nuclide: N(p+) Element – A

- Five elements are sorted in increased order of their atomic number: 9F, 17Cl, 35Br and 53I.
Explain the trend in electronegativity for this series of elements

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency (ability) of an atom or molecule to pull up

(attract) electrons towards itself and thus form bond.
Group trend: down a group, the electronegativity decreases from element to element.
This is because the atomic number increases down a group and thus there is an
increased distance between the valence electrons and nucleus. Important exceptions of
the above rules include the noble gases and transition metals. The noble gases
possess a complete valence shell and do not usually attract electrons. The transition
metals possess a more complicated chemistry that does not generally follow any trends.

- How many unpaired electrons will there be in a transition metal whose electronic configuration
is: X[Ar]4s2 3d7s

An unpaired electron is an electron that occupies an orbital of an atom singly, rather

than as part of an electron pair. Each atomic orbital of an atom (specified by the
three quantum numbers n, l and m) has a capacity to contain two electrons (electron
pair) with opposite spins. Hence, X[Ar]4s2 3d7 has 3 unpaired electrons in 3d
subshell, because in 3d7 we have two pairs of electrons and 3 electrons by
themselves, these three are the three unpaired electrons are in the transition metal
whose electronic configuration is: X[Ar]4s2 3d7s
5.
a) valence shell - Valence shell for the C’s atom is the third i.e M-shell because the
highest in energy occupied shell is the third one (highest p.q.n. n = 3).
b) valence electrons - There are 7 valence e-, that is, the number of e- present in the
outermost shell of this atom in this case 3s2 3p5 we have as a valence shell. Two of
them are situated in the 3s sublevel (fulfilled) and the other five occupy the 3p sublevel
(half-filled). They fill them in according to the Hund’s Rule.
d) class (block) in the periodic table: p-block (the last A.O. in the electronic structure of
Se is 4p therefore the block is determined by the last subshell letter)
e) possible valence/s of this atom: II or VI (valence state can be determined by the
number of unpaired e  or by the total number of valence e  hence two e  are
unpaired so it can be divalent but the total No. of valence e  is 6 so that it can be
hexavalent also.
6.
a) b) period and group - The highest energy level principal q.n. for the atom of chlorine
is n = 3 therefore this atom in the periodic table is positioned to the third period.
Because total number of valence e- is 7 thus this element belongs to the VIIB (17)
group in p.t.e.
c) number of fully completed electronic shells; 3
List the fully completed shells: 1-st, 2-nd, 3-rd or K, L, M shells
d) This half-reaction shows the atom‘s ionization i.e. when atom of sodium becomes a
(+) ion (cation). (first/second... ionization energy of Al). The protons and electrons
balance each other out. Also, an ion of Al has fewer electrons than the parent atom thus
its charge is 3+ because the number of p+ dominates over the number of e. + WRITE
IT
e) In the lithium ground state atom, there are 3e- (Z=3). Two electrons occupy the first
lowest in energy 1s-sublevel and according to the Aufbau principle the last electron
goes into 2s subshell. + WRITE THE CONFIGURATION copy paste
f) quantum numbers 4d6
Principal quantum number n=4, (N-shell) indicates the electron’s energy.
Orbital quantum number l=3=f sub-shell, indicates the type and shape of the orbital and
also the electron’s energy more precisely.
Magnetic quantum number ml=3; one of the seven possible orientations in space.
- q.n - The first 3s ↑ electron is described: n = 3 ℓ = 0 mℓ = 0 ms = +½ The second
3s ↓ electron is described: n = 3 ℓ = 0 mℓ = 0 ms = -½