WEEK 6 Shareware 

is a type of proprietary
Application Programs
A program, or software, consists of a
series of related instructions, organized
for a common purpose, that tells the
computer what tasks to perform and
how to perform them
software which is initially provided free
of charge to users, who are allowed and
encouraged to make and share copies
of the program. Shareware is often
offered as a download from a website or
on a compact disc included with a
magazine.

An application, or app, sometimes Freeware is software that is free to use.

called application software, consists of
programs designed to make users more
productive and/or assist them with
personal tasks
An operating system is a set of
programs that coordinates all the
activities among computer or mobile
device hardware
 Tools and activities
 System software
Unlike commercial software, it does not
require any payment or licensing fee. It
is similar to shareware, but will not
eventually ask you for payment to
continue using the software.
Productivity applications can assist
you in becoming more effective and
efficient while performing daily activities
at work, school, and home.

Software is available in a variety of  

forms:

With productivity applications, users

often:
Retail Software is typically sold under
restricted licenses (e.g. EULAs) or in the
case of cloud-based software sold as
a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model.
Custom software is designed to
specifically address these users' needs
better than more traditional and
widespread off-the-shelf
A web application (or web app) is Word processing
an application software that runs on This software allows users to create and
a web server, unlike computer- manipulate documents
based software programs that are stored
locally on the Operating System (OS) of A major advantage of using word
the device processing software is that it enables
users to change their written words
A mobile application is easily
a software program that is designed to
run on specific hardware,
namely mobile handheld computing Presentation software
devices such as tablets and
smartphones. Allows users to create visual aids for
presentations to communicate ideas,
messages, and other information to a
group
  Legal software is an application that
assists in the preparation of legal
Spreadsheet software allows users to
documents and provides legal
organize data in columns and rows and
information to individuals, families, and
perform calculations on the data.
small businesses.

Database software
Allows users to create, access, and
manage a database
A database is a collection of data
organized in a manner that allows
access, retrieval, and use of that data.
Note taking software is an application
that enables users to enter typed text,
handwritten comments, drawings,
sketches, photos, and links anywhere on
a page
Calendar and contact management
software
Tax preparation software is an
application that can guide individuals,
families, or small businesses through
the process of filing federal and state
taxes
Document management software is
an application that provides a means for
sharing, distributing, and searching
through documents by converting them
into a format that can be viewed by any
user.
A large organization, commonly referred
to as an enterprise, requires special
computing solutions because of its size
and geographic distribution.

It is an application that helps you

organize your calendar, keep track of
contacts, and share this information with
other users

A software suite is a collection of

individual related applications available
together as a unit
  Graphics and Media Software
Project management software is an
application that allows a user to plan,
schedule, track, and analyze the events,
resources, and costs of a project
Accounting software
It is an application that helps businesses
of all sizes record and report their
financial transactions
Personal finance software is a
simplified accounting application that
helps home users and small/home office
users balance their checkbooks, pay
bills, track personal income and
expenses, verify account balances,
transfer funds, track investments, and
evaluate financial plans.

Graphics and Multimedia
software allows professional like
Engineers, Architects, Publishers,
and Graphic Artist to design work that is
intended for their own field of
specialization
For desktop publishing, it enables
professional to create sophisticated
documents that contain texts, graphics,
and many colors.
Multimedia authoring software allows
users to combine text, graphics, audio,
video, and animation in an interactive
application
Website authoring software helps
users of all skill levels create webpages
that include graphics, video, audio,
animation, and special effects with
interactive content
A media player is a program that allows
you to view images and animations,
listen to audio, and watch video files on
your computer or mobile device
Disc burning software writes text,
graphics, audio, and video files on a
recordable or rewritable disc.
Personal Interest
Applications: nowadays more and
more desktop, web and mobile apps are
being designed for specific activities
related to lifestyle, entertainment,
medical, convenience or education
activities. Most of these applications are
free but few are quite inexpensive.
Communications Applications: an
application or program designed to pass
information from one system to another.
Such software provides remote access to
systems and transmits files in a multitude of
formats between computers
 
A screen saver is a tool that causes a
display device’s screen to show a
moving image or blank screen if no
keyboard or mouse activity occurs for a
specified time
A file compression tool shrinks the
size of a file(s)
A PC maintenance tool is a program
that identifies and fixes operating
system problems, detects and repairs
drive problems, and includes the
capability of improving a computer’s
performance
A backup tool allows users to copy, or
back up, selected files or the contents of
an entire storage medium to another
storage location. 
A restore tool reverses the process and
returns backed up files to their original
form
 WEEK 7
Connecting and Communicating Online
The Internet
 is a worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of businesses,
government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals.
 The Internet originated as ARPANET in September 1969 and had two main
goals:
 Allow scientists at different physical locations to share information and work
together
 Should be able to function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed
by a disaster

Connecting to the Internet

 With wired connections, a computer or device physically attaches via a cable or
wire to a communications device
 Computers without a communications device can use a wireless modem or other
communications device that enables wireless connectivity

A hot spot
 is a wireless network that provides Internet connections to mobile computers and
devices
An Internet service provider (ISP)
 is a business that provides individuals and organizations access to the Internet
free or for a fee
Example: PLDT, globe, smart etc…

Bandwidth represents the amount of data that travels over a network

 Megabyte (MB)
 Gigabyte (GB)
 
Each device uses a unique id called IP address:
An IP address is a sequence of numbers that uniquely identifies each computer or
device connected to the Internet
A domain name is a text-based name that corresponds to the IP address
A DNS server translates the domain name into its associated IP address
When connecting to the internet, the following information will walk you through on how
the protocol is set and served.
The IPv4/IPv6 on the box are examples of how IP addresses. The Domain name
system through a DNS server translates these IP addresses to text version that we
users try to reach such as google.com instead of memorizing each IP address of
computers where the information is located.
This diagram will help you understand what is happening when you browse the internet
site.
The World Wide Web
 The World Wide Web (WWW), or web, consists of a worldwide collection of
electronic documents (webpages)
 A website is a collection of related webpages and associated items
 A web server is a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer
 Web 2.0 refers to websites that provide a means for users to share personal
information, allow users to modify website content, and provide applications
through a browser
In short, everything that are displayed in your social media for example or your Google
search, it consists of related pages.

A browser is an application that enables users with an Internet connection to access

and view webpages on a computer or mobile device
A home page is the first page that a website displays
Current browsers typically support tabbed browsing
A webpage has a unique address, called a web address or URL
A web app is an application stored on a web server that you access through a browser
–Web app hosts usually provide storage for users’ data and information on their
servers, known as cloud storage
A web search engine is software that finds websites, webpages, images, videos, news,
maps, and other information related to a specific topic
A subject directory classifies webpages in an organized set of categories, such as
sports or shopping, and related subcategories

Searching effectively
Search operators can help to refine your search
When searching through these search engines, note of the following for better and
easier way to reach specific information you wanted to know and see.
Types of Websites
There are several types of websites; some of these are listed below. Whatever
information you are trying to look into, it is better to know their categories before you
start searching for faster, safer and reliable search.
 Search engine
 Online social network
 Informational and research
 Media sharing
 Bookmarking
 News, weather, sports, and other mass media
 Educational
 Business, governmental, and organizational
 Blogs
 Wiki and collaboration
 Health and fitness
 Science
 Entertainment
 Banking and finance
 Travel and tourism
 Mapping
 Retail and auctions Careers and employment
 E-commerce
 Portals
 Content aggregation
 Website creation and management
The websites are created by web developers, they often undergo different stages such
as planning, designing and series of quality checking procedures before they are
uploaded and broadcasted over the internet. Web publishing is the creation and
maintenance of websites. Here are the basic steps.

Digital Media on the Web

The development of a website comes with different type of media. Multimedia refers to
any application that combines text with media such as the following:
 
A graphic is a visual representation of nontext information
Graphic formats include BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, and TIFF (you might want to know
these by searching the internet for better understanding)

An infographic is a visual representation of data and information, designed to

communicate quickly, simplify complex concepts, or present patterns or trends

Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in

sequence.

When these images are executed in a animation software, you will see a ball running
from left to right or vice versa.
 Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound
 Compressed to reduce file size
 You listen to audio on your computer using a media player\
Video consists of images displayed in motion
Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment
that appears as a three-dimensional space
Whenever these media on the web are loaded, they are accompanied with a program
compatible for them to execute of which are enabled or installed with the browser.
A plug-in, or add-on, is a program that extends the capability of a browser.
 

Other Internet Services

  Email is the transmission of messages and files via a computer network
 An email program allows you to create, send, receive, forward, store, print, and
delete email messages
Example of email services: google mail, yahoo mail, hot mail

An email list is a group of email addresses used for mass distribution of a message

Depending on the email recipient you would want your email to receive, it is important
for you to provide the exact address just like writing the receivers address to your
common postal service mail.
Instant messaging- services notify you when one or more of your established contacts
are online and then allows you to exchange messages or files or join a private chat
room with them. So far, this is so important for this time of pandemic together with the
mail services.
A chat is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer or mobile
device with many other online users.
A chat room is a website or application that permits users to chat with others who are
online at the same time.
An online discussion is an online area in which users have written discussions about a
particular subject
VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users via their Internet
connection. This is the one we use with our internet calls with our love ones
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file uploading and
downloading to and from other computers on the Internet
 Many operating systems include FTP capabilities
 An FTP server is a computer that allows users to upload and/or download files
using FTP

Whenever we communicate through the internet, it’s a must for us to remember the
following.
Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet behavior.

 WEEK 8

Working with Word Application

In this lesson you will learn the basic components, tools, and features of Word
application. The lesson contents will cover the MS Word 2016 since it’s the current and
most likely used by many. The PC icon below will be your guide when you need to use
your computer to see the actual scenario being discussed
What is Microsoft Word?
Word is used to “create beautiful documents, easily work with others, and enjoy the
read.” The types of documents you can create with Word include:
 Letters – personal, business (including résumés), creative or general notes
 Notices – basic flyers, menus, checklists
 Reports – for school, work or a special interest group
Word has excellent tools and a work area that resembles a sheet of paper. Word
templates on the Welcome Page offer pre-designed documents. Browse them to
visualize what is possible with Word. Click on a template to see a description and
suggested use for the template.
Word 2016 Welcome Page
Open Word 2016 from the computer desktop. On the Welcome page, note the various
popular templates available. Click “Facet design (blank)” template for a full description.
Click “Create” to open a document in this particular style.

Click the various Tabs: observe how the Groups and Commands change based on
the selected Tab.

Microsoft Word 2016 Interface

The way the tools and menus are organized in Word 2016 is known as the user
interface. You will learn about The Ribbon, Quick Access Toolbar, File Menu and other
key parts of Word.
The Ribbon
The Ribbon runs along the top, contains all the Word tools, and is organized into three
parts:
 Tabs – represent a general activity area
 Groups – show related tools (commands) together
 Commands – a button, expandable menu, or a box for entering related
information

Quick Access Toolbar

The Quick Access Toolbar is above the Tabs and has commands used most often,
including “Save”. Place the mouse arrow over each icon (do not click) to see the name
and use for each icon. You may customize the commands in the toolbar if you click the
black arrow at the end of the toolbar. The Undo command “takes back” any changes
made to the document. For example, type “Undo” in the blank document you have
open, then click Undo in the Quick Access Toolbar. Undo keeps track of actions by
sequence; if you accidentally erase (change) data in your file, click Undo right away to
get it back. On that note, it is important to “save early and save often.”
 

File Menu
The File Menu contains actions at the file level. Click the blue “File” tab to the far left of
the tabs. What you’ll see is the “backstage” area. From here, you can create a New
document, Open an existing one, Save changes to the current document, Save As a
different file with a different name, Print the current document, and other options. Click
the “back arrow” at the top to exit the backstage area.
Title Bar, Help Menu, Ribbon Display Options
The Title Bar shows the name of the program and the name (title) of your document.
(Top-most bar in program window.) A new document has a temporary title, Document1,
until you “Save As” with a different name. To the far right on the Title Bar is the Help
Menu and Ribbon Display options.
The Help Menu has articles on using the software. Not sure how to perform a certain
action or where to find a command? Click the question mark icon to browse Help
articles, or search for specific topics.
Ribbon Display Options allow you to see more or less of the Ribbon and the work
area, as a result.

Using Tools in Word

 Start learning about word processing by working in a Microsoft Word 2016
document.
 Save Your Work
-To make sure you don’t lose your work on a document, you should “save early
and save often.”

Let’s start by saving the document you have open in Word 2016:

1. Click the blue File Button near the Tabs.

2. Click Save As. This option is for saving, or naming, a file for the first time. You
may create different versions of a file by “saving as” a new name.
3. Click “Computer”. See TIP below and “Saving With OneDrive”.
4. Click “My Documents” folder.
5. Name file “My Practice Document”. Generally, choose a name that is easy to
remember.
6. Click Save.
TIP: Have a Microsoft account with Outlook.com, Hotmail.com or Live.com? Microsoft
Office 2016 Programs offer “cloud” file storage through OneDrive. Click OneDrive
instead of “Computer” to log in, save the file and access anyplace through the Internet
The Cursor
The cursor indicates where text will appear as you type; it also indicates font size for
that spot. Earlier, you created a document from the “Facet design (blank)” template on
the Welcome Page. Note the size of the cursor next to the word “Title”. What is the font
size value for the word “Title”? (Look toward the Font Group in the ribbon.)

Get Ready for Typing

The main workspace in Word resembles a piece of paper on your screen. Note the
vertical blinking line, the cursor, near the top left of the paper. Cursor and mouse pointer
shape offer hints in Word.
You may have noticed the mouse pointer changes shape as you move to different areas
in Word. The two most common shapes indicate different functions. The mouse pointer
arrow is for clicking commands, or buttons in general. The mouse pointer text tool (I-
Beam) is for selecting text or positioning cursor for typing. You will use the document
you have open now to practice using various key Groups and Commands in the Word
Ribbon. Let’s select and change text in your document
Selecting Text
Selecting text to make edits is an important word processing skill. A common way to
select text is:
1. Place mouse pointer text tool next to the text. In this case, place it next to next to
“T” in “Title”.
2. Press the left mouse button.
3. Drag it across the text.
4. Let go of the left mouse button.
Notice “Title” is selected (highlighted). Go ahead and type “My Practice Document”.
Selecting Lines and Paragraphs
To select a complete line of text (use paragraph in your practice
document):
1. Place mouse pointer arrow in left margin next to line of text (arrow will
point to the right).
2. Left-click once to select that line of text.

To select several lines or a paragraph:

1. Place mouse pointer arrow in left margin next to line of text (arrow will
point to the right).
2. Press (hold down) the left mouse button.
3. Drag to the end of the paragraph.
4. Let go of the left mouse button. Next, you will use commands from the
ribbon to edit text you have selected.
TIP: A general rule to make changes to text is first select the text and then click the
command button of your choice. You may change font size or style before you start
typing, too. Look in the Font Group to see the font and size that will appear when you
begin to type.
Take a moment to read the paragraph in your practice document under “How To Use
This Template”. You will use some commands from the Styles Group and Paragraph
Group under the Home Tab.
TIP: Italic, like Underline, is used to emphasize words or sentences in text, and book
and movie titles. Though italics are more common, you can use either in your
documents, but use one consistently throughout.

Next, select “Heading” and type “how to use this template”.

TIP: After selecting text, access common tools quickly in the floating format box.
Notice Word automatically capitalized the first word in the sentence. If you want each
word capitalized, as a title or header normally is, you may do it word by word or simply
use Change Case.
To use Change Case command:
1. Select “How to use this template”.
2. Click “Change Case” command.
3. Click “Capitalize Each Word” in menu

Style Group
A document created from a template, like the one you opened earlier (Facet design
blank), has predesigned styles for different parts of the document, such as paragraphs
and headers.
To apply a different paragraph style:
1. Select paragraphs under “How To Use This Template”.
2. Click “More” button in Styles Group.
3. Click “Emphasis” command.
The text remains selected. You may continue modifying, including Undo, if you wish. To
de-select, press left arrow (cursor placed at beginning of text), right arrow (cursor
placed at end of text) or click in an area outside the selection.
To create a new heading (section):
1. Click “More” button in Styles Group.
2. Click “Heading 1”.
3. Type “Learning more about the home tab”.
4. Press “Enter” once.
5. Type “The Home Tab contains the following Groups:”
6. Press “Enter” once.
Bullets are good for general lists of items. A numbered list is good for steps in a
procedure or order. The steps to make a numbered list are the same, except the icon
for numbering is.
TIP: For style or space, explore decreasing indent space for lists. Bullets
or numbers automatically indent to set lists apart from regular text. But if you like the
style of left margin alignment, the bullets or numbers set the list apart from the text
sufficiently.
You now have a new header and introductory sentence. You will use commands from
various groups at various times, so don’t be surprised that you will use a command from
the Paragraph Group next.
To create a bulleted list:
1. Click “Bullets” command in Paragraph Group.
2. Type “Clipboard”.
3. Press “Enter” once.
4. Re-create list pictured to the right (Repeat step 2 & 3 for each word).
5. After last item in your list, press “Enter” twice.

Clipboard Group
The Clipboard Group has the commands to do “copy and paste” and “cut and paste”.
Before you start:
1. Make a new sub-heading in your practice document.
2. Use “Heading 2” style from Styles Group.
3. Type “Clipboard Group”. c. Press “Enter” once.
4. Type two sentences on one line.
5. “I want to live in a warm place. I am moving to Hawaii.”

To Copy and Paste text:

1. Select the text (the line of text you just typed).
2. Click “Copy” icon in Clipboard Group.
3. Move cursor to area where you want to paste (right arrow, then “Enter”
once).
4. Click “Paste” icon in Clipboard Grou

To Cut and Paste text:

1. Select the text (the sentence “I am moving…”).
2. Click “Cut” icon in Clipboard Group. 3. Move cursor to area where you
want to paste (at beginning of first sentence on same line). 4. Click “Paste”
icon.
Can you think of a scenario where you might choose one command (Copy, Cut) over
the other?
TIP: Use keyboard shortcuts to save a little time. When you place the mouse pointer
arrow over a command without clicking, a floating box appears with the command
name, keyboard shortcut in parenthesis and a brief description

Apply a Table Style

1. Click into the table to activate the Table Tools tab.
2. Choose a new design from the Design Tab

TIP: Sort the list of DVDs to locate them easier (imagine if you had a longer list). Click
into the table to activate. Under the Layout tab, click Sort to sort by title (you could also
sort by name if you wanted to know who had what movies).

Paragraph Group
The Paragraph Group includes commands to adjust line and paragraph spacing and
alignment. Line spacing refers to when the text you’re typing has reached the end of the
line and moves down to the next line automatically. Paragraph spacing refers to any
time you press the “Enter” key to start a new paragraph.
Insert Tab
The Insert Tab commands insert different elements into your document like tables and
illustrations. Tables Group You may choose preformatted tables or add the number of
rows and columns you want. For this exercise, you will create a 3x5 table to track DVD’s
on loan to friends.
To insert a table into your document:
 1. Click the Add a Table icon under the Insert Tab.
2. Select a 3-column, 5-row area in the grid.
3. Left-click when you are ready to insert the table.

Illustrations
The Illustrations Group has commands to insert pictures, shapes, charts, and more.
 How to insert a shape
1. Click the Shapes button in the Illustrations Group
2. Click the first shape (Explosion 1) in Stars and Banners.
3. Place mouse pointer (cross) in a blank area.
4. Click and drag your mouse to “draw” the shape.
5. Let go of the mouse button when finished.
How to add text to a shape
1. Place mouse pointer arrow in shape area.
2. Click right mouse button once.
3. Click “Add Text” from menu
4. Type “Hello”.

Word Help
The Help Menu is an excellent resource for learning how to use software. Click the
question mark icon near the top right corner of any Office 2016 program window to
access Help content.
 Word Application Tools and Referencing  Keyboard shortcuts
 Footnotes
 Header, Footer and Page numbers
 Table of Contents
 Bibliography, Citations, And References

Styles

Anytime you create a document other will see,

such as a report, make it look good and easy to
read with styles. Styles are commands that
format different parts of your document, such as
bold headings for main sections, numbered lists
for a sequence or colored text for captions to
pictures. It is important to use styles
consistently. For example, always use the same
style for main section headers in a document.
Your document will be neat, organized and easy
to navigate and read.

Keyboard Shortcuts

These shortcuts are a handy way to use the

mouse less. Activate them by holding down one
of the Ctrl (Control) keys on the keyboard and
tapping the corresponding key. For some
shortcuts, you have to highlight the text first. A
learning task for this matter can be seen on the
latter pages of this module. Here are some you
might already know.

Insert Footnote

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page and

endnotes come at the end of the document. A
number or symbol on the footnote or endnote
matches up with a reference mark in the
document.

To apply this to any document you are

working with:
 Click where you want to reference to the
footnote or endnote.
 On the References tab, select Insert
Footnote or Insert Endnote.
 Enter what you want in the footnote or
endnote.
 Return to your place in the document by
double-clicking the number or symbol at
the beginning of the note
Header/Footer: Title and Page Numbers
 
A header is the top margin of each page, and a
footer is the bottom margin of each page.
Headers and footers are useful for including
material that you want to appear on every page
of a document such as your name, the title of
the document, or page numbers.
 
Inserting Headers and Footers

To insert a header or footer, first go to the Insert

tab and select the desired option.

If you just want to add a simple header such as

a title or your last name, you can choose from
the option list provided by clicking on the
dropdown list. This will bring the cursor into the
header. Notice, too, that a new tab appears on
the ribbon. This Design tab allows you to
change certain features of the header such as
the header position and page number.

You may also want to try the following

options:
 Having a Different First Page Header
 Creating Different Headers in Different
Sections

Table of Contents

Having added headers and page numbers to

your document will facilitate a Table of Contents.
If you want to add a table of contents to your
Word document, one that can be easily updated
if you change your doc? It's a cinch to use this
helpful feature. All you have to do is format your
Word document appropriately.

To insert your table of contents:

 Format your document using heading
styles found on the Home tab, e.g.,
Heading 1, Heading 2, and so on. Word
will create your table of contents based
on these headings, so do this for all of the
text you want to show up in the table of
contents.

 Place the cursor where you want the

table of contents to appear (usually, the
beginning of the document)

 Click Table of Contents on the

References Tab, and choose one of
the types of tables of contents available.
The two automatic tables can be updated when
you change the heading text, rearrange the
order of your content, or change between
heading styles. (They only differ by either saying
"Contents" or "Table of Contents" at the top.)

Alternatively, if you click the Custom Table of

Contents… option, you can format the way the
table of contents will look: Choose a different
style, hide page numbers, include more heading
levels than the default three levels, and more.

If you choose instead to create a manual table

of contents, Word will add dummy text to the
table instead of using your headings, you'll have
to manually type in each entry, and Word won't
be able to update the table of contents for you--
not very much fun.

That's it! Once you've chosen one of the

automatic tables of contents or the custom
option, Word will create the table of contents for
you.

If you edit or add to your document, it's easy to

update the table of contents. Just select the
table of contents, click Update Table, and
choose Update Entire Table in the dialog box
that appears. The table of contents will
then update to reflect any changes.
 

CREATE A BIBLIOGRAPHY, CITATIONS,

AND REFERENCES

Properly formatting bibliographies has always

driven students crazy. With modern versions of
Microsoft Word, though, the process is
streamlined to the point of almost being
automatic, and today we’re going to show you
how to add citations and bibliographies to your
Word documents.

Creating Sources And Adding Citations To Your

Text

When you’re working on any Word document,

place your cursor where you want the citation to
be placed. Switch to the “References” tab on the
Ribbon, and then click the “Insert Citation”
button.

The popup menu that appears shows any

sources you have already added (we’ll get to
that in a moment), but to add a new source, just
click the “Add New Source”

In the Create Source window that appears, you

can enter all of the relevant information for just
about any source. The default setting for the
“Type of Source” dropdown is Book, but just
open that dropdown to choose other types of
sources like journal articles, web sites,
interviews, and so on. So, pick the type of
source, fill out the fields, give your source a tag
name (typically a shortened version of the title),
and then click “OK” to finish the source.

Note: By default, Word uses APA citation style,

but it’s not limited to that. If you’re using another
citation method for your document, click the
“Show All Bibliography fields” option to fill out
extra information.

Word adds a citation for your new source to your

document. And, the next time you need to cite
that particular source, simply click that “Insert
Citation” button again. Your source appears on
the list (along with any other sources you’ve
added). Select the source you want, and Word
correctly inserts the citation into the document.

Creating Your Bibliography

When your document is finished, you’ll want to
add a bibliography that lists all your sources.
Head to the end of your document and create a
new page using Layout > Breaks > Page Break.
Switch over the “References” tab, and click the
“Bibliography” button. You can select from a few
pre-formatted bibliography styles with headers,
or you can click the “Insert

Bibliography” option to add one without any

header or extra formatting.

 
Bam! Word adds all the works you cited in your
 document to the bibliography, in the correct
order and format for the writing style you’ve set
up.

What is Spreadsheet? Spreadsheet is the computer equivalent of a

paper ledger sheet. It consists of a grid made from
columns and rows. It is an environment that can
A Spreadsheet is a software program you use to make number manipulation easy and somewhat
easily perform mathematical calculations on painless.
statistical data and totaling long columns of numbers
or determining percentages and averages. For teaching and learning purposes, we will
be using the spreadsheet program MS Excel which
And if any of the raw numbers you put into your is developed by Microsoft.
spreadsheet should change – like if you obtain final
TYPES OF DATA in Spreadsheet
figures to substitute for preliminary ones for example
– the spreadsheet will update all the calculations  Labels (text)
you’ve performed based on the new numbers. o are descriptive pieces of information,
such as names, months, or other
You also can use a spreadsheet to generate data identifying statistics, and they
visualizations like charts to display the statistical usually include alphabetic characters
information from your specific source and many o (text in red).
more. Todays spreadsheet takes it leap over the
internet such as the Google Sheet by Google and
many more, of which most features of an
Spreadsheet application in a personal computer can
already be done in an internet application such as
the Google Sheets.

 Constant  Formulas
o are entries that have a specific fixed
value.(values in red) are entries that have an
equation that calculates the value to display

 Note: When working in
a Spreadsheet program with any of the data
stated above, there is a restriction when you
want to enter a numerical value or formula as
a label, you need to type an apostrophe
before it so the program will treat the value
as a label.      
 
Working with the Excel Environment
Excel files are called workbooks. Whenever you
start a new project in Excel, you'll need to create a
new workbook. There are several ways to start
working with a workbook in Excel. You can choose
to create a new workbook—either with a blank
workbook or a predesigned template—or open an
existing workbook.
 
When you open Excel for the first time, the Excel
Start Screen will appear. From here, you'll be able
to create a new workbook, choose a template, and
access your recently edited workbooks.
 
From the Excel Start Screen, locate and
select Blank workbook to access the Excel
interface.
 

The parts of the Excel window

Some parts of the Excel window (like
the Ribbon and scroll bars) are standard in most
other Microsoft programs. However, there are other
features that are more specific to spreadsheets,
such as the formula bar, name box,
and worksheet tabs.

The Ribbon and Quick Access Toolbar are where

you will find the commands to perform common tasks Some groups will have an arrow you can click for
in Excel. The Backstage view gives you various
more options. Click a tab to see more commands.
options for saving, opening a file, printing, and sharing
your document. You can adjust how the Ribbon is displayed with
the Ribbon Display Options.

There are three modes in the Ribbon Display

Options menu:

Auto-hide Ribbon: Auto-hide displays your

workbook in full-screen mode and completely hides
the Ribbon. To show the Ribbon, click the Expand
Ribbon command at the top of screen.

Show Tabs: This option hides all command

groups when they're not in use, but tabswill remain
visible. To show the Ribbon, simply click a tab.
 Show Tabs and Commands: This option
maximizes the Ribbon. All of the tabs and
commands will be visible. This option is selected by
default when you open Excel for the first time

The Quick Access Toolbar
Located just above the Ribbon, the Quick Access
Toolbar lets you access common commands no
matter which tab is selected. By default, it includes
the Save, Undo, and Repeat commands. You can
add other commands depending on your preference.
Backstage view
Backstage view gives you various options for
saving, opening a file, printing, and sharing your
workbooks.
To access the window, click the File tab
the Ribbon. Backstage view will appear.
Worksheet views
Excel has a variety of viewing options that change how
your workbook is displayed. These views can be useful
for various tasks, especially if you're planning
to print the spreadsheet. To change worksheet views,
locate the commands in the bottom-right corner of the
Excel window and select Normal view, Page Layout
view, or Page Break view.
Normal viewis the default view for all worksheets in
Excel.
Page Layout viewdisplays how your worksheets will
appear when printed. You can also add headers and
footers in this view.
Page Break viewallows you to change the location of
page breaks, which is especially helpful when printing a
lot of data from Excel.
on
 You can also select multiple cells at the same
time. A group of cells is known as a cell range.
Understanding Cells Rather than a single cell address, you will refer to a
cell range using the cell addresses of
Every worksheet is made up of thousands of the first and last cells in the cell range, separated
rectangles, which are called cells. A cell is by a colon. For example, a cell range that included
the intersection of a row and a column. In other cells A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 would be
words, it's where a row and column meet. written as A1:A5. Take a look at the different cell
ranges below:
Columns are identified by letters (A, B, C), while
rows are identified by numbers (1, 2, 3). Each cell All cell content uses the same formatting by
has its own name—or cell address—based on its default, which can make it difficult to read a
column and row. In the example below, the selected workbook with a lot of information. Basic formatting
cell intersects column C and row 5, so the cell can customize the look and feel of your workbook,
address is C5. allowing you to draw attention to specific sections
and making your content easier to view and
Note that the cell address also appears in the Name understand.
box in the top-left corner, and that a
cell's column and row
headings are highlighted when the cell is selected.

To change the font size:

On the Home tab, click the drop-down arrow next to

the Font Size command, then select the desired font
size. In our example, we will choose 24 to make
the text larger.

To change the font:

By default, the font of each new workbook is set to

Calibri. However, Excel provides many other fonts
you can use to customize your cell text. In the
example below, we'll format our title cell to help
distinguish it from the rest of the worksheet.

1. Select the cell(s)you want to modify.

2. On the Hometab, click the drop-down
arrow next to the Font command, then select
the desired font. In our example, we'll
choose Century Gothic.
To change the font color:

1. Select the cell(s) you want to modify.

2. On the Home tab, click the drop-down
arrow next to the Font Color command, then
select the desired font color. In our example,
we'll choose Green.
3. The text will change to the selected font
color

Cell styles

Instead of formatting cells manually, you can use

Excel's predesigned cell styles. Cell styles are a
quick way to include professional formatting for
different parts of your workbook,
like titles and headers.

To apply a cell style:

In our example, we'll apply a new cell style to our
existing title and header cells.

1. Select the cell(s)you want to modify.

2. Click the Cell Styles command on the Home
tab, then choose the desired style from the
drop-down menu.
3. The selected cell style will appear.
4. Applying a cell style will replace any existing
cell formatting except for text alignment. You
may not want to use cell styles if you've
already added a lot of formatting to your
workbook.
The Format Painter

If you want to copy formatting from one cell to

another, you can use the Format Painter command
on the Home tab. When you click the Format
Painter, it will copy all of the formatting from the
selected cell. You can then click and drag over any
cells where you want to paste the formatting.
Introduction to formulas

One of the most powerful features in Excel is the

ability to calculate numerical information
using formulas. Just like a calculator, Excel can
add, subtract, multiply, and divide. In this lesson,
we'll show you how to use cell references to create
simple formulas.

Mathematical operators
Excel uses standard operators for formulas: a plus
sign for addition (+), minus sign for subtraction
(-), asterisk for multiplication (*), forward slash for
division (/), and caret (^) for exponents.

All formulas in Excel must begin with an equals

sign (=). This is because the cell contains, or is
equal to, the formula and
Understanding cell references

While you can create simple formulas in Excel using

numbers (for example, =2+2 or =5*5), most of the
time you will use cell addresses to create a formula.
This is known as making a cell reference. Using cell
references will ensure that your formulas are always
accurate because you can change the value of
referenced cells without having to rewrite the
formula.

In the formula below, cell A3 adds the values of cells

A1 and A2 by making cell references:
 

When you press Enter, the formula calculates and

displays the answer in cell A3:
If the values in the referenced cells change, the
formula automatically recalculates:

By combining a mathematical operator with cell

references, you can create a variety of simple
formulas in Excel. Formulas can also include a
combination of cell references and numbers, as in
the examples below: