From the sketch below, calculate the interzonal trips due to 450 work trips produced

at zone i. There are 750 attractions at zone 1, 400 attractions at zone 2, and 300
attractions at zone 3. The exponent of travel time is 0.6 and the travel times are 9
minutes to zone 1, 5 minutes to zone 2, and 7 minutes to zone 3. Assume all
socioeconomic adjustment factors and the value of C are equal to 1.0.

Given Data:
Total trips, Pi : 450 work trips

Attractions:
Zone 1 : 750,
Zone 2: 400,
Zone 3: 300

Travel time:
Zone 1 : 9 mins,
Zone 2: 5 mins,
Zone 3: 7 mins
Exponent of travel time, n : 0.

Solution:

(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)(𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)
 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = =
∑(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)(𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)(𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)

750 × 9 6750
𝑇𝑇1 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
(750 × 9) + (400 × 5) + (300 × 7) 10850

400 × 5 2000
𝑇𝑇2 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
(750 × 9) + (400 × 5) + (300 × 7) 10850

300 × 7 2100
𝑇𝑇3 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
(750 × 9) + (400 × 5) + (300 × 7)
10850

Hence,

1. A calibration study resulted in the following utility equation for different modes in a particular city;
𝑈𝑈𝑘𝑘 =𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘 −(0.25)(𝑋𝑋 1)−(0.032)(𝑋𝑋2)−(0.015)(𝑋𝑋 3)−(0.002)(𝑋𝑋4)

Where,
𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘 = mode specific constant
𝑋𝑋1 = access plus degrees time in minutes
𝑋𝑋2 = waiting time in minutes
𝑋𝑋3 = line-haul time in minutes
𝑋𝑋4 = out-of-pocket cost in cents

For a particular origin-destination pair, the forecasted number of trips is 5,000. For this
particular trip, there are two modes available, bus and auto.

a) If the characteristics of these two modes are as follows, how many trips will be taken
by bus? And by car?

Assume that the mode specific constant is equal to -0.12 for the automobile and -0.22 for
bus.

b) Assume that a new mode, rapid transit, is to be introduced into the market between
these two zones. The characteristics of this new service are as follows:

Assume from experience in other cities that the mode specific constant for rapid transit is
-0.41. What will be the modal shares of the 5,000 trips between these two zones for all
three modes?

c) Assume that the city council wants to increase ridership on transit in this new three-
mode system. They are considering one of two actions: lower the fare in bus and rapid
transit to a flat Php 12.50
 for all trips, or place a surcharge of Php 100.00 on all cars parking in these zones. Which policy
would you recommend to a achieve the council’s objective? Why?

Given:

Utility function 𝑈𝑈𝑘𝑘=𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘−(0.25)(𝑋𝑋1)−(0.032)(𝑋𝑋2)−(0.015)(𝑋𝑋3)−(0.002)(𝑋𝑋4) Total

No. of trips = 5, 000

Solution :

a. Characteristics of two modes given are:

𝑎𝑎automobile = - 0.12
𝑎𝑎bus = - 0.22

For the Automobile:

𝑎𝑎automobile= -0.12 −(0.25)(5)−(0.032)(0)−(0.015)(20)−(0.002)(100)

𝑎𝑎automobile= -1.87

For the Bus:

𝑎𝑎bus= -0.22 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(15)−(0.015)(40)−(0.002)(50)
𝑎𝑎bus= -3.9

As per multinomial logit model, probability or share of trips is calculated by,

𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡−1.87
𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 %
= 𝑡𝑡−1.87 + 𝑡𝑡−3.9

𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 = 𝑡𝑡−3.9
𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
+ 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟏 %
= 𝑡𝑡−1.87 + 𝑡𝑡−3.9

Therefore, the no. of trips by automobile and by bus:

 Trips by automobile: 5000 x 88.39 % = 4419.5 or 4420 trips

 Trips by bus: 5000 x 11.61% = 580.50 or 581 trips

b. Another new mode has been introduced - the characteristics of this new service are as follows:

𝑎𝑎rapid transit = - 0.41

𝑎𝑎rapid transit = -0.41 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(5)−(0.015)(30)−(0.002)(75)
𝑎𝑎rapid transit = -3.67
 Recalculate:
𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡−1.87
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = =
𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡−1.87 + 𝑡𝑡−3.9 + 𝑡𝑡−3.67

= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 %

𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡−3.9

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 = =
𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡 −1.87 + 𝑡𝑡 −3.9 + 𝑡𝑡 −3.67
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 %

𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 = = 𝑡𝑡−3.67
𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 + 𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑡𝑡−1.87 + 𝑡𝑡−3.9 + 𝑡𝑡−3.67

= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟖 %

Therefore, the no. of trips by automobile and by bus and by rapid transit:

 Trips by automobile: 5000 x 77.12% = 3856 trips

 Trips by bus: 5000 x 10.13 % = 506.5 or 507 trips
 Trips by rapid transit: 5000 x 12.75 % = 637 trips

c. Consider the policy action and see how it affecting the ridership
(i) Lowering the fare on bus and rapid transit to a flat PHP 12.50 for all trips
For bus X4 = 50 - 12.5 = 37.5
For rapid transit X4 = 75 – 12.5 = 62.5

𝑎𝑎automobile= -1.87 (doesn’t change)

𝑎𝑎bus = -0.22 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(15)−(0.015)(40)−(0.002)(37.5) = -3.875
𝑎𝑎rapid transit= -0.41 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(5)−(0.015)(30)−(0.002)(62.5)= -3.645

Probability of each mode:

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 −1.87
= 0.7668 or 76.68%
𝑎𝑎 −1.87 + 𝑎𝑎 −3.875 +
𝑎𝑎 −3.645

𝑡𝑡−3.875
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏%
𝑡𝑡−1.87 + 𝑡𝑡−3.875 + 𝑡𝑡−3.645

𝑡𝑡−3.645
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔%
𝑡𝑡−1.87 + 𝑡𝑡−3.875 + 𝑡𝑡−3.645
Therefore,

 Trips by automobile: 5000 x 76.68 % = 3834 trips

 Trips by bus: 5000 x 10.33% = 516.5 or 517 trips
 Trips by rapid
transit: 5000 x
12.996 % =
649.8 or 650
trips
 (ii) Surcharge of PHP 100 on all cars, increase the X4

𝑎𝑎automobile = -0.12 −(0.25)(5)−(0.032)(0)−(0.015)(20)−(0.002)(200) = -2.07

𝑎𝑎bus = -0.22 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(15)−(0.015)(40)−(0.002)(50) = -3.9
𝑎𝑎rapid transit = -0.41 −(0.25)(10)−(0.032)(5)−(0.015)(30)−(0.002)(75) = -3.67

𝑃𝑃
𝑎𝑎 −2.07 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖%
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎 −2.07+ 𝑎𝑎 −3.9+ 𝑎𝑎
−3.67

𝑡𝑡−3.9

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟖 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟖%

𝑡𝑡−2.07 + 𝑡𝑡−3.9 + 𝑡𝑡−3.67

𝑡𝑡−3.67
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔%
𝑡𝑡 −2.07 + 𝑡𝑡 −3.9 + 𝑡𝑡 −3.67
Therefore, the no. of trips are as follows:

 Trips by automobile: 5000 x 73.405 % = 3670.25 or 3671 trips

 Trips by bus: 5000 x 11.775% = 588.75 0r 589 trips
 Trips by rapid transit: 5000 x 14.82 % = 741 trips

Trips by Bus Trips by Trips by Rapid

Automobile Transit

(i) Policy 1 517 3834 650

(ii) Policy 2 589 3671 741
(iii) Before intro. 507 3856 637
of policies
% change in trips 517 − 507 3834 − 3856 650 − 637
𝑥𝑥 100 𝑥𝑥 100 𝑥𝑥 100
from before intro to 507 3856 637
Policy 1 = 1.97% (𝗍 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡) = 0.571% = 2.04% (
(↓ 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡) 𝗍 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡)
% change in trips 589 − 507 3671 − 3856 741 − 637
𝑥𝑥 100 𝑥𝑥 100 𝑥𝑥 100
from before intro to 507 3856 637
Policy 2 = 16.174% (𝗍 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡) = 4.798% = 16.33% (
(𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡) 𝗍 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡)