Communication Systems

(EEEg4172)
INSTRUCTOR:
Fisiha Abayneh
Email: fisiha.abayneh@aastu.edu.et

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 Communication Systems
(EEEg4172)
 Course Syllabus:

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 Chapter I

Review of Digital Communication

Systems
1.1 Review on Analog to Digital conversion.
1.2 Block diagram description of digital communication system.
1.3 Merits and demerits of Digital communications.

CHAPTER I 3
 Chapter I

Review of Digital Communication

Systems

1.1 Review on Analog to Digital conversion.

1.2 Block diagram description of digital communication system.
1.3 Merits and demerits of Digital communications.

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 Analog to Digital Conversion
It is performed by ADC (Analog to Digital Converter).
Can be accomplished in three steps:
1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Encoding

 This process is also called PCM (Pulse Code Modulation).

Continuous Digital signal

wave signal Sampling Quantization Encoding (bits)

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 Sampling
The analog (continuous time – continuous amplitude) signal is sampled at a rate of
fs(sampling frequency).
The result is a discrete time – continuous amplitude signal.
To avoid aliasing, the sampling frequency should be at least twice of the highest
frequency component of the signal.
fs > 2fc
This is known as Nyquist criterion. sampling image

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 Quantization image

In this step, the sampled amplitudes which have a continuous value will be
replaced by quantized values.
The quantization levels are finite in number, and they constitute the symbols for
the source.
The resulting signal will be a discrete time – discrete amplitude.
Methods like rounding, truncation (limiting the number of digits) can be used.
This process introduces a quantization error.
The error can be minimize by increasing the size (number) of quantization levels.

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 Encoding
Encoding is a process of representing the quantization levels (symbols) by
combination of bits.
The number of bits per value(symbol) can be arranged in different forms.
But the usual and common way is to use a fixed length code in which:
n = log2L
Where n – number of bits
L – number of quantization levels (symbols)
Eg:- if we have 16 finite levels, we need 4 bits to represent the symbols.

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Source: https://www.rohm.com/electronics-basics/ad-da-converters/what-are-ad-da-converters

CHAPTER I 9
Source: https://blogs.synopsys.com/vip-central/2015/04/28/1787/

CHAPTER I 10
 Chapter I

Review of Digital Communication

Systems
1.1 Review on Analog to Digital conversion.

1.2 Block diagram description of digital communication system.

1.3 Merits and demerits of Digital communications.

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 Digital Communication System
Any communication system has the three basic blocks: transmitter, channel, and
receiver.

Transmitter Channel Receiver

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 Transmitter

Information Source Channel Digital

Source Coding Coding Modulation

Channel

Receiver

Digital
Information Source Channel
Demodulatio
Sink Decoding Decoding
n/Detecting

Fig: General block diagram of digital communication

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 Information Source:
Information bit stream, like:
Source 010001101…

 Can be analog or digital.

 If digital, no further processing is needed at this step.
 If analog, analog to digital conversion should be done.
 Either way, the output of this stage is digital. (i.e: bit streams.)

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 Information Source:
Information bit stream, like:
Source 010001101…

The bits represent specific symbols.

A set of symbols constitute an alphabet for an specific source.
The information source combine symbols in different arrangements to construct a
message.
The message, in a form of bit stream, passes though consecutive steps and various
processing before it’s transmission through the channel.

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 Source Coding:
Bit stream… Source Bit stream… R’b < Rb
(Rb ) Coding (R’b )

The aim is to reduce the size of data (data compression).

There are two main types of source coding:-
 Lossless (Eg:- Zip)
 Lossy (Eg:- JPEG, MPEG)

The other main objective of source coding is to introduce security to the message (encryption).
 Eg: DES (Data Encryption Standard), AES (Advanced Encryption Standard),
 the field of Cryptography in general.

HW: Briefly explain:

a) One of data compression standards: Zip, JPEC, MPEG, or others.
b) One of encryption standards: DES, AES, or others.

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 Channel Coding:
Bit stream… Channel Bit stream… R’’b > R’b
(R’b ) Coding (R’’b )

Together with the channel decoder, the main purpose of this block is to detect and
correct bit errors.
So, Channel encoder takes actions in advance to mitigate for losses in the noisy
channel.
Channel coding involves adding redundancy to the data in order to detect and
correct errors. So, data size increases.
Algorithms for channel coding depend on the nature of the channel.

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 Digital Modulation:
Bit stream… Digital Digitally modulated
(R’’b ) Modulation wave form

oModulation, in general, is a process of conveying a message signal through another

signal which is more suitable to be transmitted physically.
oIn digital modulation, one of the attributes of a carrier signal is made to change
according to a pulse signal that represent bit values (1 and 0).
oThe most common digital modulation techniques include: PSK, FSK, ASK & QAM.

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 Digital Modulation:

Source: https://steemit.com/steemstem/@lorenzor/digital-modulation-frequency-shift-keying-fsk

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 Transmission Channel:
A transmission channel is a medium through which
information is sent form transmitter to receiver. Transmission
Transmission mediums include: Channel
Wired: coper, fiber… etc.
Wireless: microwave, AM/FM radio, cellular networks…etc

Can be categorized in different ways:

Unicast, multicast, broadcast channels…
Simplex, half duplex, duplex communication channels… etc.

Performance measures include: bandwidth, SNR, bitrate, BER, …etc.

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 Transmission Channel:

Transmission
Channel
Noise is an unwanted disturbance in an information signal.
It is inherent in any transmission channel and in electronic devices.
It should be distinguished from Interference and distortion.
There are different sources of noise, such as:
Thermal noise (from electronic devices themselves).
Environmental noise… etc.
It determines the way receivers should be designed.

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 Receiver Side
Digital Received
Information Source Channel
Demodulatio wave form
Sink Decoding Decoding
n/Detecting

What ever processing which has been done on the transmitter side shall be undone
in the receiver side in order to retrieve the original message for the destination.
Accordingly:
Demodulator demodulates a received signal and produce channel coded bit stream.
Channel Decoder will undo the processing done by the channel coder.

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 Receiver Side
Digital Received
Information Source Channel
Demodulatio wave form
Sink Decoding Decoding
n/Detecting

Source decoder, in its part, decodes the data it receives and retrieve the original
message for the destination.
If the original message is analog and if the intended message form for the
destination is analog, then Digital to analog conversion may be necessary.

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 Chapter I

Review of Digital Communication

Systems
1.1 Block diagram description of digital communication system.
1.2 Review on Analog to Digital conversion.

1.3 Merits and demerits of Digital communications.

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 Merits:
Cheaper and easy to implement, due to advanced IC technology.
High level of privacy, b/c data encryption techniques are available.
Use of regeneration of signal, rather than amplification, avoids accumulation of
error in the transmission path.
Easier to detect and correct errors b/c of the application of channel coding.
In general, less affected by noise!
Advanced processing techniques are available in the digital domain, such as:
Digital Signal Processing
Image processing
Data compression… etc.

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 Demerits:
More transmission BW is required.
Synchronization may be required. ( in synchronous demodulation)
Quantization error is introduced in analog to digital conversion.
The system, and involved devices and circuits are more complex and sophisticated.
High power consumption due to increased processing stages.

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