- Finite element for 3 nodes

ξ ( ξ−1 ) (ξ+ 1) ( ξ−1 ) ξ ( ξ +1 )

[ N ] =[ N 1 N 2 N 3 ] = [ ( 2) (−1 ) (2) ]
∂N 2 ξ−1 2ξ 2 ξ +1
[ ][
∂ξ
=
2 −1 2 ]
x1
[ ] [
J= ][ ]
∂N
∂ξ
x2
x3
∂N
[ ] [ ] [
B=J ] −1

∂ξ
Find Jacobian matrix for element #1
0
[ J 1 ]= [ 2ξ−1
2
2ξ
−1
2ξ +1
2 ][ ] 1
0.5 L =−ξL+ ξL+0.5 L= L
L
2

−1 2
[J 1] =
L
Find jacobian matrix for element#2
L
[ J 2]= [ 2ξ−1
2
2ξ
−1
2 ξ+1
2 ][ 1
] 1
1.5 L =ξL− L−3 ξL+2 ξL+1 L= L
2L
2 2

[ J 2 ]−1= 2
L
Find matrix [B] for element#1
[ B 1 ]= [ J 1 ]−1 ∂ N = 2 2 ξ−1
[ ] [ 2ξ 2 ξ+1
]
∂ξ L 2 −1 2
[ B 1 ]= 1 [ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ +1 ]
L
Find matrix [B] for element#2
∂N 2 2 ξ−1 2ξ 2 ξ+ 1
[ B 2 ]= [ J 2 ]
−1
[ ] [
∂ξ
=
L 2 −1 2 ]
1
[ B 2 ]= [ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ +1 ]
L

Build stiffness matrix for element#1

+1
T
[ k 1 ] =∫ [ B ] [ C ] [ B ] [ J ] dξ
−1

E1 A1
+1
[ k 1 ] =∫ 1 [ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ+ 1 T
[ L1 ]
∗1
[ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2ξ +1 ] L dξ
−1 L
]
L 2 []
4 ξ 2−4 ξ+ 1 −8 ξ2 +4 ξ 4 ξ2−1

[ ]
+1
E1 A1
[ k 1 ]= [ 2 L 1∗L ]∫
−1
−8 ξ2 + 4 ξ
4 ξ 2−1
16 ξ 2
−8 ξ 2−4 ξ
−8 ξ 2−4 ξ dξ
4 ξ 2+ 4 ξ +1

4 3 −8 3 4 3
ξ −2ξ 2 +ξ ξ + 2ξ 2

[ ]
ξ −ξ
3 3 3
[ k 1 ] = E 1 A 1 −8 ξ 3+ 2ξ 2 16 3
ξ
−8 3
ξ −2ξ 2 ξ+1
−1
2 L 1∗L 3 3 3
4 3 −8 3 4 3
ξ −ξ ξ −2 ξ2 ξ +2 ξ 2+ ξ
3 3 3

14 −16 2
3
[ k 1 ] = E 1 A 1 −16
2 L 1∗L 3
5
3
Karena E1A1/L1=6EA/L, maka
[ ] 3
32
3
−16
3
3
−16
3
14
3
 14 −16

[ ]
2
3 3
14 −16 2
[ k 1 ] = 3 EA
L 2
−16
3
2
32
3
−16
−16 EA
3
14
L 2 [
= 2 −16 32 −16
−16 14 ]
3 3 3

Build stiffness matrix for element#2

+1
T
[ k 2 ] =∫ [ B ] [ C ] [ B ] [ J ] dξ
−1

E2 A2
+1
1 [ L2 ]
∗1
L
[ k 2 ] =∫ [ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ +1
−1 L
T
]
L
[ 2ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ+1 ] dξ
2 []
4 ξ 2−4 ξ +1 −8 ξ2 + 4 ξ 4 ξ2 −1

[ ]
+1
E2 A 2
[ k 2 ]= [ 2 L2∗L ]∫
−1
−8 ξ2 + 4 ξ
4 ξ 2−1
16 ξ 2
−8 ξ 2−4 ξ
−8 ξ 2−4 ξ dξ
4 ξ 2 +4 ξ+1

4 3 −8 3 4 3
ξ −2 ξ2 +ξ ξ +2 ξ2

[ ]
ξ −ξ
3 3 3
[ k 2 ] = E 2 A 2 −8 ξ 3 +2 ξ2 16 3
ξ
−8 3
ξ −2 ξ2 ξ+1
−1
2 L 2∗L 3 3 3
4 3 −8 3 4 3
ξ −ξ ξ −2 ξ 2 ξ +2 ξ 2+ ξ
3 3 3

14 −16 2
3
[ k 2 ] = E 2 A 2 −16
2 L 2∗L 3
2
3
[ ]
Karena E2A2/L2=EA/L, maka
3
32
3
−16
3
3
−16
3
14
3

14 −16 2 7 −8 2

2L
3
[ k 2 ] = EA2 −16
3
2
3
[ ][ ] 3
32
3
−16
3
3

14
3
L
3
−16 EA −8
3
= 2
3
2
6
3
16
3
−8
3
6
−8
3
7
3
 Combine all stiffness matrix
14 −16 2 0 0

[ ]
−16 32 −16 0 0
7 −8 2
2 −16 14+
EA 3 3 6
[ K G ]= 2 16
L 0 0
−8 −8
3 3 3
2 −8 7
0 0
6 3 3

- Stress-strain and displacement analysis using 3 nodes isoparametric quadratic element

14 −16 2 0 0

[ ]
−16 32 −16 0 0
7 −8 2
2 −16 14+
EA 3 3 6
[ K G ]= 2 16
L 0 0
−8 −8
3 3 3
2 −8 7
0 0
6 3 3
Eliminate row number 5 and column number 5
14 −16 2 0

[ K G ]=
EA
L2
[
Find Inverse matrix
−16 32
2

0
−16
−16 14+

0
−8
3
7
3
0
−8
3
16
3
]
1.164 1.08 0.997 0.497
−1
2
[ K G ] = EA 0.997
[
L 1.08 0.1704 0.997 0.497
0.997 0.997 0.497
0.497 0.497 0.497 0.436
Find displacements
]
a. For case #1 when 13 P-Load direction is to the right
−1
[ U ] =[ K G ] . [ F ]
 U1 1.164 1.08 0.997 0.497 12 P

[] [ 2
U 2 = L 1.08 0.1704 0.997 0.497 0
U 3 EA 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.497 13 P
U4
U1
0.497 0.497 0.497 0.436 0
26.9
][ ]
[] []
U2
U3 =
U4
U5
2
L P
EA
.
25.9
24.9 , satuan cm
12.4
0
Find strain for element number 1
[ ε ]= [ B 1 ][ U ]
26.9 LP
ε 1= [ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ+1 ] 25.9

Find strain for element number 2

24.9
EA[ ]
=−2
LP
EA

[ ε ]= [ B 2 ][ U ]
24.9 L P
ε 2=[ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ+1 ] 12.4

Find stresses for element number 1

0 [ ]
EA
=−24.9
LP
EA

[ σ 1 ] =[ E 1 ][ ε 1 ]
[ σ 1 ] =[ E 1 ] −2 LP
[ ]
EA
Find stresses for element number 2
[ σ 2 ] =[ E 2 ][ ε 2 ]
[ σ 2 ] =[ E 2 ] − 24.9 LP
[ ]
EA
b. For case #2 when 13 P-Load direction is to the left
−1
[ U ] =[ K G ] . [ F ]
U1 1.164 1.08 0.997 0.497 12 P

[] [ 2
U 2 = L 1.08 0.1704 0.997 0.497 0
U 3 EA 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.497 −13 P
U4
U1
0.497 0.497 0.497 0.436
1.0025
0
][ ]
[] [ ]
U 2 LP 0.0025
U3 =
U4
U5
EA
. −0.9975 , satuancm
−0.4978
0
Find strain for element number 1
[ ε ]= [ B 1 ][ U ]
 1.0025 LP

Find strain for element number 2

[ ]
ε 1= [ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ+1 ] 0.0025
−0.9975
EA
=−2
LP
EA

[ ε ]= [ B 2 ][ U ]
−0.9975 LP

Find stresses for element number 1

0[ ]
ε 2=[ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ+1 ] −0.4978
EA
=1
LP
EA

[ σ 1 ] =[ E 1 ][ ε 1 ]
[ σ 1 ] =[ E 1 ] −2 LP
[ ]
EA
Find stresses for element number 2
[ σ 2 ] =[ E 2 ][ ε 2 ]
[ σ 2 ] =[ E 2 ] 1 LP
[ ] EA

2. check stress, strain and displacement by changing the stiffness of element #1

Check for element #1

14 −16 2

[ ]6
[ k 1 ] = 6 EA −16
L∗L 1 6
2
6
6
32
6
−16
6

6EA/L = 10n kN/m, and L1 = 1 , thus :

6
−16
6
14
6
 14 −16 2

[ ] 6
[ k 1 ] =10n −16
6
2
6

Check for element #2

6
32
6
−16
6
6
−16
6
14
6

7 −8 2

[ ]
[ k 2 ] = EA −8
3

L∗L 2 3
2
6
3
16
3
−8
3

EA/L = 1 kN/m and L2 = 1, thus

6
−8
3
7
3

7 −8 2

[ ]
[ k 2 ]=
3
−8
3
2
6
3
16
3
−8
3
6
−8
3
7
3

Assembly all stiffness matrix to be Global Stiffness Matrix

14 n −16 n 2 n
10 10 10 0 0

[ ]
6 6 6
−16 n 32 n −16 n
10 10 10 0 0
6 6 6
2 n −16 n 14 n 7 −8 2
[ kG ] = 10 10 10 +
6 6 6 3 3 6
−8 16 −8
0 0
3 3 3
2 −8 7
0 0
6 3 3

Delete the last row and the last column

 14 n −16 n 2 n
10 10 10 0

[ ]
6 6 6
−16 n 32 n −16 n
10 10 10 0
[ kG ] = 6 6 6
2 n −16 n 14 n 7 −8
10 10 10 +
6 6 6 3 3
−8 16
0 0
3 3

a. For case #1 when 13 P-Load direction is to the right

[ U ] =[ K G ]−1 . [ F ]
U1 12

[ ] []
U2
U3
U4
=[ K G ]
−1 0
13
0
Find strain for element number 1
[ ε ]= [ B 1 ][ U ]
U1
ε 1= [ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ+1 ] U 2

Find strain for element number 2

U3 [ ]
[ ε ]= [ B 2 ][ U ]
U3
ε 2=[ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ+1 ] U 4

Find stresses for element number 1

U5 [ ]
[ σ 1 ] =[ E 1 ][ ε 1 ]
Find stresses for element number 2
[ σ 2 ] =[ E 2 ][ ε 2 ]

b. For case #2 when 13 P-Load direction is to the left

−1
[ U ] =[ K G ] . [ F ]
U1 12

[] []
U 2 = K −1 0
U3
U4
[ G ] −13
0
Find strain for element number 1
[ ε ]= [ B 1 ][ U ]
 U1
ε 1= [ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ+1 ] U 2

Find strain for element number 2

U3 [ ]
[ ε ]= [ B 2 ][ U ]
U3
ε 2=[ 2 ξ−1 −4 ξ 2 ξ+1 ] U 4
U5 [ ]
Find stresses for element number 1
[ σ 1 ] =[ E 1 ][ ε 1 ]
Find stresses for element number 2
[ σ 2 ] =[ E 2 ][ ε 2 ]
 System #1 System #2
n U(disp) U(disp)
ε1 ε2 ε1 ε2
(U1/U2/U3/U4/U5) (U1/U2/U3/U4/U5)
5 25/25/25/12.5/0 -0.0001 -25 -1/-1/-1/-0.5/0 -0.0001 1
6 25/25/25/12.5/0 -1E-05 -25 -1/-1/-1/-0.5/0 -1E-05 1
8 25/25/25/12.5/0 -1E-07 -25 -1/-1/-1/-0.5/0 -1E-07 1
9 25/25/25/12.5/0 -1E-08 -25 -1/-1/-1/-0.5/0 -1E-08 1
10 25/25/25/12.5/0 -1E-09 -25 -1/-1/-1/-0.5/0 -1E-09 1.00001
11 25/25/25/12.5/0 -1E-10 -24.998 -1/-1/-1/-0.5/0 -1E-10 0.99993
12 25/25/25/12.5/0 -1E-11 -24.996 -1/-1/-1/-0.5/0 -1E-11 0.99984
13 25.2/25.2/25.2/12.6/0 -1E-12 -25.23 -1/-1/-1/-0.5/0 -1E-12 1.0092
14 24/24/24/12/0 -1E-13 -24 -1/-1/-1/-0.5/0 -1E-13 0.96
15 15/15/15/7.5/0 -15 0 -0.6/-0.6/-0.6/-0.3/0 -1E-14 0.6

From the results we can see when n=11, the strain for element #2 starts to change and when n=15 for system #1, the value is zero. It means
that using numerical-solution we can find something numerical-error, whereas in actual condition, the system can be applied well.