SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics

Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D

Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

1. A CU triaxial test is performed on a cohesive soil. The effective consolidation stress was
750 kPa. At Failure, the principal stress difference was 1250 kPa, and the major
effective principal stress was 1800 kPa. Compute Skempton’s pore pressure coefficient
A at failure?
Penyelesaian :
Uji triaksial CU pada tanah cohesive.
- σ'c = σ3f = 750 kPa
- (σ1 – σ3)f = (σ’1 – σ’3)f = 1250 kPa
- σ'1 = 1800 kPa

Maka,

- σ'3 = σ'1 – 1250 kPa = 1800 kPa – 1250 kPa = 550 kPa
- Δu = σ3f - σ'3f = 750 – 550 = 200 kPa
∆ u−∆ σ 3 200−0
- Af = = = 0,16
∆ σ 1−∆ σ 3 1250
2. Two samples of a slightly overconsolidated clay were tested in triaxial compression, and
the following data at failure were obtained. The preconsolidation stress for the clay was
estimated from oedometer tests to be about 400 kPa.

a. Determine the Skempton’s pore pressure parameter A at failure for both tests.
b. Plot the Mohr circles at failure for both total and effective stresses.
c. Estimate φ’ in the normally consolidated range, and c’ and φ’ for the
overconsolidated range of stresses.

Penyelesaian :

a. Determine the Skempton’s pore pressure parameter A at failure for both tests.
- Test X =
∆ u−∆ σ 3 −5−0
Af = = = - 0.0189 (Heavily overconsolidated)
∆ σ 1−∆ σ 3 265
- Test Y =

Assignment 2_Arif Muhammad Yusuf_25020041 | 1

 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

∆ u−∆ σ 3 450−0
Af = = = 0.726 (Normally consolidated)
∆ σ 1−∆ σ 3 620
b. Plot the Mohr circles at failure for both total and effective stresses.
- Test X =
σ'c = σ3f = 75 kPa
σ1f = 265+75 = 340 kPa
σ'3f = σ3f - ∆ u = 75 – (-5) = 80 kPa
σ'1f = σ1f - ∆ u = 340 – (-5) = 345 kPa
- Test Y =
σ'c = σ3f = 750 kPa
σ1f = 620+750 = 1370 kPa
σ'3f = σ3f - ∆ u = 750 – 450 = 300 kPa
σ'1f = σ1f - ∆ u = 1380 – 450 = 920 kPa
Dari hasil perhitungan, dapat digambarkan lingkaran Mohr nya sebagai berikut :

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 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

c. Estimate φ’ in the normally consolidated range, and c’ and φ’ for the

overconsolidated range of stresses.
- Untuk range normally consolidated (Test Y)

σ '1 920
( ) =
σ ' 3 f 300
=3.067

φ’ = 2 x [ tan−1 ( √ 3.067 )−45 ]=30.5 °

- Untuk range overconsolidated (Test X)

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 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

(σ’1 – σ’3)f = 265 kPa

(σ’1 + σ’3)f = 425 kPa

φ’ = sin
−1
( 265
425 )
=38,57 °

untuk nilai c’ didapatkan dari lingkaran Mohr dengan :

αf = 45 ° + ( 38.57
2 )
=64,285 °

Sehingga didapatkan nilai c’ = 2 kPa.

3. An undrained triaxial compression test was performed on saturated sample of normally

consolidated clay. The consolidation pressure was 100 kPa. The specimen failed when
the principal stress difference was 85 kPa and the induced pore water pressure was 67
kPa. A companion undrained test was performed on an identical sample of the same
clay, but at a consolidation pressure of 250 kPa. What maximum principal stress
difference would you expect at failure for this second test specimen? What are φ’ and
φtotal? Predict the angle of the failure planes for the two undrained tests. Determine Af
for this clay.

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 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

Penyelesaian :

Dari soal, diketahui bahwa :

- Test 1 :
σ'c = σ3f = 100 kPa
(σ1 – σ3)f = (σ’1 – σ’3)f = 85 kPa
uf = 67 kPa
σ1f = 85 + 100 = 185 kPa
σ’1f = 185 – 67 = 118 kPa
σ’3f = 100 – 67 = 33 kPa

What are φ’ and φtotal?

( σ 1−σ 3)f (118−33)
φ ’=arc sin =arc sin =34.26°
(σ 1 +σ 3 )f (118+ 33)
( σ 1−σ 3) f (185−100)
φ T =arc sin =arc sin =17.35 °
(σ 1 +σ 3 )f (185+100)

Predict the angle of the failure planes for the two undrained tests
φT
- α T =45 ° +
2
17,35 °
α T =45 ° +
2
α T =53,66°

φ'
- α '=45° +
2
34.26 °
α '=45° +
2
α '=62.13 °

What maximum principal stress difference would you expect at failure for this second
test specimen?

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 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

- Test 2
σ 3 f = 250 kPa
σ1f φT 17 . 35
( )
σ3f f
2
(
=tan 45 ° +
2 ) 2
(
=tan 45 ° +
2 )
=1. 85

σ1f = σ3f x 1,85 = 250 x 1,85 = 462.5 kPa

(σ1 – σ3)f = 462.5 – 250 = 212.5 kPa

Determine Af for this clay :

∆ u = 67 kPa
∆ σ 3= 0 kPa
∆ σ 1= (σ’1 – σ’3)f = 85 kPa
∆ uf −∆ σ 3 f 67−0
Af= = =0,788
∆ σ 1 f −∆ σ 3 f 85−0
( Normally Consolidated according ¿Values of Af after Skempton 1954)

4. The following data were obtained from a CU test with pore pressures measured on an
undisturbed specimen of sandy silt. The consolidation pressure was 850 kPa and the
specimen was sheared in axial compression.

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 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

a. Plot curves of principal stress difference and pore pressures versus strain. Please
plot on one sheet
b. Plot the stress paths on a p-q diagram.
c. Is there any difference in φ’ as determined when the principal stress difference or the
principal effective stress ratio is a maximum?

Penyelesaian :
Untuk memudahkan perhitungan, perhitungan dilakukan pada worksheet Exel untuk
menghitung p dan q dalam penggambaran stress path.
Berikut adalah tabulasi nya :

Tabel. Tabulasi perhitungan

p=
σ1 - σ3 ε u σ3 σ1 σ'3 σ'1 p' q = q' σ'1/σ'3
(σ1 + σ3)/2
kPa % kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
a b c d (diketahui) e = a+d f = d-c g = e-c h = (d+e) /2 i = (f+g)/2 j = a/2 k = g/f
0 0 0 850 850 850 850 850 850 0 1,000
226 0,11 81 850 1076 769 995 963 882 113 1,294
415 0,25 187 850 1265 663 1078 1057,5 870,5 207,5 1,626
697 0,54 323 850 1547 527 1224 1198,5 875,5 348,5 2,323
968 0,99 400 850 1818 450 1418 1334 934 484 3,151
1470 2,2 360 850 2320 490 1960 1585 1225 735 4,000
2060 3,74 219 850 2910 631 2691 1880 1661 1030 4,265
2820 5,78 -9 850 3670 859 3679 2260 2269 1410 4,283
3590 8,41 -281 850 4440 1131 4721 2645 2926 1795 4,174
4160 11,18 -530 850 5010 1380 5540 2930 3460 2080 4,014
4430 13,93 -703 850 5280 1553 5983 3065 3768 2215 3,853
4310 16,82 -767 850 5160 1617 5927 3005 3772 2155 3,665
4210 19,71 -789 850 5060 1639 5849 2955 3744 2105 3,569

a. Plot curves of principal stress difference and pore pressures versus strain. Please
plot on one sheet.

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 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

5000

4000

3000
Deviatoric Stress (kPa)
2000

1000

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

-1000

-2000
Axial Strain (%)

Volumetric Strain Vs Axial Strain Deviatoric Stress Vs Axial Strain

Gambar. Volumetrik Strain & Deviatoric Stress Vs Axial Strain

b. Plot the stress paths on a p-q diagram.

Stress Path
2500

2105 2105
2000

1500
q = q' (kPa)

TSP
ESP
1000

500

0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
p, p' (kPa)

Gambar. Stress Path Hasil Perhitungan

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 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

c. Is there any difference in φ’ as determined when the principal stress difference or the
principal effective stress ratio is a maximum?
σ '1
Ya, karena nilai dari φ’ diperoleh dari ( )
σ '3 max
yang nilainya dapat lebih besar sekitar

0o sampai 3o dari φ’ yang didefinisikan dari (σ’1 – σ’3)max.

5. A series of conventional triaxial compression tests were conducted on three identical

specimens of a saturated clay soil. Test results are tabulated below.

a. Sketch the total and effective stress paths for each test and determine the Mohr-
Coulomb strength parameters in terms of both total and effective stresses.
b. Estimate the theoretical angle of the failure planes for each specimen.
c. Do you believe this clay is normally or overconsolidated? Why?

Penyelesaian :

Untuk mempermudah penggambaran lingkaran mohr, besaran tegangan-tegangan

mayor dihitung terlebih dahulu dengan ditabelkan seperti di bawah ini :

Tabel Perhitungan Tegangan-tegangan mayor

(σ1-σ3)f = (σ'1- σ'3f = σ3f - σ'1f = σ1f -

σ'c = σ3f σ'3)f Δuf σ1f Δuf Δuf
Specimen kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
d=
a b c b+c e = a-c f =d-c
A 100 170 40 270 60 230
B 200 260 95 460 105 365
C 300 360 135 660 165 525

Tabulasi Total Stress tiap pengujian

σ1f σ3f R
Specimen (kPa) (kPa) σavg (kPa) (kPa)
a b c d = (b+c)/2 e = b-d

A 270 100 185 85

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 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

B 460 200 330 130

C 660 300 480 180

Tabulasi Effektive Stress tiap pengujian

σ'1f σ'3f
Specimen (kPa) (kPa) σavg (kPa) R (kPa)
d=
a b c (b+c)/2 e = b-d

A 230 60 145 85

B 365 105 235 130

C 525 165 345 180

a. Sketch the total and effective stress paths for each test and determine the Mohr-
Coulomb strength parameters in terms of both total and effective stresses.

Gambar. Mohr Circle

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 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

b. Estimate the theoretical angle of the failure planes for each specimen.
- Kondisi Undrained
Dari lingkaran Mohr didapatkan :
φ T =19 °

φT
α T =45 ° +
2
19 °
α T =45 ° +
2
α T =5 4.5 °

c = 28 kPa

- Kondisi Drained
Dari lingkaran Mohr didapatkan :
φ ’=28 °

φ'
α '=45° +
2
28 °
α '=45° +
2
α '=59 °
c’ = 20 kPa

c. Do you believe this clay is normally or overconsolidated? Why?

∆ u f −∆ σ 3 f 40−0
uji 1−−→ A f = = =0,23
∆ σ 1 f −∆ σ 3 f 170−0
∆ u f −∆ σ 3 f 95−0
uji 2−−→ A f = = =0 ,36
∆ σ 1 f −∆ σ 3 f 260−0
∆u f −∆ σ 3 f 135−0
uji 3−−→ A f = = =0,3 75
∆ σ 1 f −∆ σ 3 f 360−0

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 SI5221 - Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecturer: Prof. I Wayan Sengara, Ph.D
Assistant: Ahmad Sulaiman, MT

Tanah lempung ini termasuk dalam tanah clay overconsolidated yang diindikasikan
dengan nilai c>0 dan menurut tabel jenis tanah berdasarkan Af.

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