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BS 7385-2
BS 7385-2
1993
Evaluation and
measurement for
vibration in
buildings —
Part 2: Guide to damage levels from
groundborne vibration
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BS 7385-2:1993
Electricity Association
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Imperial College of Science and Technology
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Lloyds Register of Shipping
Ministry of Defence
Open University
Power Generation Contractors’ Association (BEAMA Ltd.)
Railway Industry Association of Great Britain
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The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard,
through subcommittees and panels:
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Introduction 1
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Characteristics of building vibration 2
5 Factors to be considered in building response 2
6 Measurement of vibration 3
7 Assessment of vibration 4
Annex A (informative) Cracking in buildings 7
Annex B (informative) Data to record during a survey 8
Annex C (informative) Building damage due to soil compaction 9
Figure 1 — Transient vibration guide values for cosmetic damage 6
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© BSI 02-1999 i
BS 7385-2:1993
Foreword
This Part of BS 7385 has been prepared under the direction of the General
Mechanical Engineering Standards Policy Committee. It should be considered
together with BS 7385-1:1990 Guide for measurement of vibrations and
evaluation of their effects on buildings.
More detailed consideration of the methodology for measurement, data analysis,
reporting and building classification is given in BS 7385-1, to which the reader is
referred for further guidance beyond the basic principles given here.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
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Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii,
pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
ii © BSI 02-1999
BS 7385-2:1993
© BSI 02-1999 1
BS 7385-2:1993
NOTE Whereas the disturbance caused by a vibration source 4.2 Frequency range
propagates away from that source with a certain wave velocity,
ground particles oscillate with a variable particle velocity. At a Typical frequency ranges covering the dominant
given location along the propagation path the motion may be structural response to various sources of vibration
defined in terms of three mutually perpendicular components are given in Table 1 of BS 7385-1:1990. The lowest
(usually vertical, transverse and longitudinal or radial). In order
to ensure that the peak particle velocity is correctly measured, all frequency originating from man-made sources
three components have to be measured simultaneously. included in this Part of BS 7385 is 1 Hz and the
3.2 highest frequency expected from either machinery
peak component particle velocity or close-in construction blasting in hard ground
is 1 000 Hz, however a more limited range of 4 Hz
the maximum value of any one of three orthogonal to 250 Hz is usually encountered in buildings. For
component particle velocities measured during a the purpose of selecting guide values from those
given time interval given in this Part of BS 7385, it is the frequency of
3.3 the input vibration to the building which is of
dynamic magnification relevance.
the motion measured at a given point (usually in the 4.3 Sources of vibration
structure) divided by the motion measured at a Sources of vibration which are considered include
reference point (usually at the base of the structure blasting (carried out during mineral extraction or
or on the foundation)
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2 © BSI 02-1999
BS 7385-2:1993
5.3 Type and construction of building The preferred method of measuring p.p.v. is to
The strains induced in a building by a given record simultaneously unfiltered time histories of
vibration excitation will depend upon the dynamic the three orthogonal components of particle velocity,
characteristics of the particular type of building, which allows any desired value to be extracted at a
i.e., the natural frequencies, mode shapes and later stage. Where it has been demonstrated that
damping. Natural frequencies are determined by time histories are consistent, then, as indicated
the geometry of the building and the components, in 6.1 of BS 7385-1:1990, it may be adequate to
the degree of fixity of these components in the characterize the vibration by a continuous
structure and the stiffness and mass of each measurement of p.p.v. values. The maximum of the
component. Older, low-rise masonry structures tend three orthogonal components should be used for the
to have higher natural frequencies in comparison assessment, since the majority of data on which
with modern lightweight, flexible and taller guide values have been based are expressed in peak
buildings. Higher levels of strain will result when component particle velocity. True resultant particle
excitation frequencies are close to natural velocity is obtained by vectorily summing the three
frequencies. orthogonal components coincident with time. The
peak true resultant particle velocity is the
A classification of buildings is given in annex A of maximum value of the true vector sum obtained
BS 7385-1:1990, with an indication of the relative during a given time interval and should also be
resistance to vibration.
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© BSI 02-1999 3
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4 © BSI 02-1999
BS 7385-2:1993
NOTE Damage categories are defined in 9.9 of BS 7385-1:1990. the vibration is of sufficient magnitude to cause soil
7.4.3 Guide values for continuous vibration compaction (see annex C).
relating to cosmetic damage 7.5.5 Underground constructions
The guide values in Table 1 relate predominantly to Structures below ground are known to sustain
transient vibration which does not give rise to higher levels of vibration and are very resistant to
resonant responses in structures, and to low-rise damage unless in very poor condition.
buildings. Where the dynamic loading caused by Table 1 — Transient vibration guide values for
continuous vibration is such as to give rise to cosmetic damage
dynamic magnification due to resonance, especially
at the lower frequencies where lower guide values Line Type of Peak component particle
(see Figure 1) building velocity in frequency
apply, then the guide values in Table 1 may need to range of predominant
be reduced by up to 50 %. pulse
© BSI 02-1999 5
BS 7385-2:1993
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6 © BSI 02-1999
BS 7385-2:1993
© BSI 02-1999 7
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8 © BSI 02-1999
BS 7385-2:1993
d) decorative condition and date last decorated, b) type of signal conditioning or recording system,
evidence of paint flaking; serial numbers, operating ranges, gain settings,
e) windows, whether cracked or loose fitting, trigger level, fullscale reading, time axis
evidence of misting in any double glazed units, sensitivity, result of calibration procedure or date
presence of gaps around the frame or the cill, or last calibrated;
evidence of any corner cracks, especially near c) measurement positions and axes, manner of
lintels; coupling of the transducer to the building or the
f) door fitting, evidence of expansion due to ground.
moisture or cracking at the corners of the door B.6.3 Test results
frame; The following test results should be recorded:
g) evidence of lack of squareness at the corners of a) maximum p.p.v. including peak component
adjoining walls, type of floor and whether level.
and peak true resultant;
B.5.2.3 External b) individual time histories and duration of
The following external details of the building should vibration;
be recorded: c) predominant frequencies in time histories and
a) wall construction (brick, concrete blocks or frequency spectra;
stone), wall condition, evidence of cracking,
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B.6.4 Assessment
location, orientation (see item of a) B.5.2.2),
length, width and age of external cracks, The following assessment of the test results should
deviation from level of the first brick course, be made:
existence and width of gaps between path and a) comparison of maximum p.p.v. (peak
wall; component value) with the vibration limit
b) evidence of settlement at one corner or along appropriate to the type of building and the
one side, slope of the ground between the source duration of the source.
of vibration and the building; b) evaluation of the possibility of
c) evidence of large trees nearby or of large trees vibration-induced damage according to the
recently removed; vibration assessment, details of the site and
condition of the building structure.
d) drainage details and depth of water table;
e) any noticeable settlement of nearby structures.
Annex C (informative)
A photographic record should be taken of all visible
Building damage due to soil
cracks and defects. The photographs should be compaction
numbered and correlated with the written record. Depending upon the type of ground, ground
vibration can cause consolidation or densification of
B.6 Vibration assessment the soil [3,22,27], which has been known to result in
B.6.1 Subjective observations differential settlement and consequent building
The following subjective observations should be damage. Loose and especially water-saturated
made and recorded: cohesionless soils are vulnerable to vibration which
may cause liquefaction. It has been shown in
a) whether vibration is detectable through feet or laboratory tests that there can be a rearrangement
hands, by windows rattling or other audible of constituent particles at shear strains of 0.0001,
effects; and this becomes marked at strains of 0.001. Such
b) whether vibration is worse on the ground floor soils, which may have shear wave propagation
or higher floors or at particular locations; velocities of around 100 m/s start to become
c) whether the vibration frequency is low or high; vulnerable at p.p.v. values of about 10 mm/s. The
d) the approximate duration and frequency of damage to the soil structure is then a function of the
occurrence of the vibration. number of cycles of straining. The loading
transmitted to the soil through the foundations may
B.6.2 Measurement details reduce the vulnerability of the soil to such damage,
The following measurement details should be but there are cases where the acceptable vibration
recorded: limit may be set by considerations of soil-structure
a) transducer type, serial numbers, operating interaction, rather than distortion or inertial
frequency limits, useable magnitude range, response of the building itself.
calibration factors;
© BSI 02-1999 9
BS 7385-2:1993
Normative references
Informative references
ISO 4356:1977, Bases for the design of structures — Deformations of buildings at the serviceability limit
states.
Other references
[1] MALAM, D., Groundborne vibration and structural damage, Paper presented at SECED evening
meeting at the Institution of Civil Engineers, 30th September, 1992. Available from the library of the
Institution of Civil Engineers.
[2] NEW, B.M., Ground vibration caused by civil engineering works, Transport and Road Research
Laboratory Research Report 53, 1986. Available from Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne,
Berkshire, RG11 6AU.
[3] DOWDING, C.H., Blast vibration monitoring and control, Prentice-Hall, NJ, USA, 297p, 1986.
[4] STEFFENS, R.J., Structural vibration and damage, Building Research Establishment Report, 1974,
Department of the Environment, HMSO, London.
[5] SISKIND, D.E., and STAGG, M.S., Blast vibration measurements near and on structure foundations,
United States Bureau of Mines., Report of Investigations No. RI. 8969, 1985.
[6] STAGG, M.S. and ENGLER, A.J., Measurement of blast-induced ground vibrations and seismograph
calibration, United State Bureau of Mines. Report of Investigations No. RI. 8506, 1980.
[7] BRE Digest 353, Damage to structures from groundborne vibration, 1990. Available from the Building
Research Establishment, Watford, Herts, WD2 7RJ.
[8] DIN 4150-3:1986, Structural vibration in buildings, Effects on structures.
[9] STUDER, J. and SUESSTRUNK, A., Swiss standard for vibrational damage to buildings, comments on
SN 640 312, Effects of vibrations on structures, 1978.
[10] EDWARDS, A.T., and NORTHWOOD, T.D., Experimental studies of the effects of blasting on
structures, The Engineer, Sept. 1960, pp.538-546.
10 © BSI 02-1999
BS 7385-2:1993
[11] NORTHWOOD, T.D., CRAWFORD, R. and EDWARDS, A.T., Blasting vibrations and building
damage, The Engineer, May 1963, pp. 973-978.
[12] NICHOLLS, H.R., JOHNSON, F.J. and DUVALL, W.L., Blasting vibrations and their effects on
structures, United States Bureau of Mines Bulletin 656.
[13] SISKIND, D.E., STAGG, M.S., KOPP, J.W. and DOWDING C.H., Structure response and damage
produced by ground vibration from surface mine blasting, United States Bureau of Mines, Report of
Investigations No. RI. 8507, 1980.
[14] WISS, J.F. and NICHOLLS, H.R., A study of damage to a residential structure from blast vibrations,
The Research Council for the Performance of Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1974.
[15] LANGEFORS, U and KIHLSTROM B., The modern technique of rock blasting, 3rd edn 1978,
New York: Wiley, Halsted Press, 438p.
[16] HOOD, R.A. and MARSHALL, C.P., The effects of simulated traffic vibration on a dwelling house,
Transport and Road Research Laboratory Research Report No. CR44, 1987. Available from Transport
Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berkshire, RG11 6AU.
[17] WHITE, T.J., FARNFIELD., R.A., and KELLY, M., The effect of surface mine blasting on buildings,
Proc., Fourth International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, Int. Soc. of Rock Mech.,
Vienna, July 1993.
[18] WISS, J.F., Construction Vibrations: state of the art, American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of
the Geotech. Eng. Div., Feb., 1981, pp 167-181.
[19] CRENWELGE, O.E., Transient data analysis procedure for reducing blast-induced ground and house
vibrations, Proc., 17th Conf. Explosive and Blasting Technology, 1991, Las Vegas.
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[20] DOWDING. C.H., Suggested method for blast vibration monitoring, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min. Sci, &
Geomech. Abstr. Vol 29, No. 2. pp. 143-156, 1992.
[21] MEDEARIS, K., Rational damage criteria for low-rise structures subjected to blasting vibrations, Pro.
Inst. Civ. Engrs., Part 2. 1978, 65, Sept., pp. 611-621.
[22] STAGG, M.S., SISKIND, D.E., STEVENS, M.G. and DOWDING, C.H., Effect of repeated blasting on,
a wood framed house, United States Bureau of Mines. Report of Investigations No. RI 8896, 1984.
[23] BRE Digest 361, Why do buildings crack?, 1991. Available from the Building Research Establishment,
Watford, Herts, WD2 7RJ.
[24] BRE Digest 251, Assessment of damage in low rise buildings, 1981. Available from the Building
Research Establishment, Watford, Herts, WD2 7RJ.
[25] AMERICAN INSURANCE ASSOCIATION, Blasting Damage — A guide for adjusters and
engineers, 2nd Ed., 1972.
[26] HOLMBERG, R., LUNDBORG, N., and RUNDQVIST., G., Soil vibrations and damage criteria, Report
R85, Swedish Council for Building Research; Tech. Trans. No. 249 by National Research Council
Canada, 1983.
[27] COMMITTEE OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING, National Research Council, Liquefaction of soils
during earthquakes, National Academy Press, Washington DC., 1985.
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