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P R O GEORGIA

JOURNAL OF
KARTVELOLOGICAL
STUDIES

No 30 — 2020
(Published since 1991)

CENTRE FOR EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES


FACULTY OF ORIENTAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW
WARSAW 2020
2

E DITOR-IN-CHIEF
David K O L B A I A

SECRETARY
Sophia J V A N I A

ED I T O R I A L C O M M I T T E E
Jan M A L I C K I, Wojciech M A T E R S K I, Henryk P A P R O C K I

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD

Zaza A L E K S I D Z E , Professor, Korneli Kekelidze Georgian


National Center of Manuscripts, Tbilisi
Andrzej F U R I E R , Professor, University of Szczecin
Jost G I P P E R T, Professor, Goethe University of Frankfurt
Andria G V A Z A V A, Metropolitan of Gori and Ateni
Gocha J A P A R I D Z E, Professor, Tbilisi State University
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3URIHVVRU8QLYHUVLW\RI:DUVDZ
Gia K V A S H I L A V A , Professor, Tbilisi State University
Vakhtang L I C H E L I, Professor, Tbilisi State University
Hirotake M A E D A , Professor, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
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en sciences sociales (EHESS), Paris
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Bernard O U T T I E R , Professor, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris
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Annegret P L O N T K E - L U E N I N G , Professor, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena
Jaba S A M U S H I A , Professor, Tbilisi State University
Manana T A N D A S H V I L I , Professor, Goethe University of Frankfurt
4

Cover: St. Mamai, Gelati Tondo (silver, gilt silver), 11th century

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EDITORIAL ADDRESS

Centre for East European Studies


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CONTENTS

I. ARTICLES AND STUDIES

DAVID KOLBAIA, Matiane Kartlisa........................................................ 9

HENRYK PAPROCKI, Nihilum and Empyreum..................................... 

GIORGI JGHARKAVA, THE SYMBOLIC MEANING


OF NUMBERS IN THE KARTVELIAN PROVERBS ............................................ 

ZURAB BRAGVADZE, Iran And Colchis in 400-300 B.C ..................... 109

REVAZ PAPUASHVILI, EMANUELE E. INTAGLIATA, DAVIT NASKIDASHVILI,


([FDYDWLRQVDW0DFKNKRPHULu.KREL0XQLFLSDOLW\
3UHOLPLQDU\5HSRUWRIWKH6HDVRQ ........................................ 

LADO MIRIANASHVILI, A rock-cut Hermitage of Chichkhituri


0RQDVWHU\RI*DUHMLZLWK6W-DFREWKH3HUVLDQqV
Martyrdom Mural ........................................................................... 

DAVID CHIKOVANI 7KH6\QRGRI0DU<DKEDODKD $' 


and its Significance for the History of the Church of Kartli ........ 

ANAHITA SHAHROKHI, Historical Geography of Georgia


in Medieval Period based on Islamic-Arabic Sources .........................

BUBA KUDAVA, The Burial Sites of the Georgian Kings:


Geography and Policy...................................................................

NIKOLOZ ZHGHENTI,$Q,QVWLWXWLRQRIr*D]UGLOREDs
(Nurturance) at the Royal Court of the King of Georgia
'HPHWUH,  ............................................................... 199

GEORGE KALANDIA, Clothes of Georgian Kings and Feudal Lords


,QWKHth-13th centuries (According to the frescoes of Betania,
Kintsvisi, Khobi and the bas-relief of Harichavank) ...................
CONTENTS

II. MATERIALS, DOCUMENTS, MEMOIRES

WOJCIECH MATERSKI, The Problem of the Access


of the Republic of Georgia to the Universal Security System
  ................................................................................... 

MIKHEIL BAKHTADZE, $UFKLZXP$NW1RZ\FK'RFXPHQWV


RIWKH*HRUJLDQ3ROLVK5HODWLRQVLQ ..................... 
SHORENA MURUSIDZE, 7UDQVFDXFDVLDQ6HMPqV'HOHJDWLRQ
RQ&RQIHUHQFHVLQ7UDE]RQDQG%DWXPL 0DUFK0D\ ...... 

GIORGI SOSIASHVILI, Bolshevik repressions against


the Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia Chsitophorus III
 .................................................................................... 

III. REVIEWS AND COMMENTAIRES

NINO TSIKHISHVILI-XOLXV$VVIDOJ  


German scholar of the Christian East and Kartvelologist .............. 
Pro Georgia, 2020, vol. 30, 109-120 109

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