IO N A L M U LT ID IS C IP LIN A R Y

IEN TIFIC CONFERENCES ON

SOCIAL SCIENCES & ARTS
3 -9 S E P T E M B E R 2 0 1 4 , B U LG A R IA

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ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY,

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SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS
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SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ARTS
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LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
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Y0MR5PAA Mjtt
m gm m m
WBlLNESS OfcSIiNARON

IN TERN A TIO N A L SC IE N TIFIC C O M M ITTEE

A n th r o p o lo g y , A r c h a e o lo g y , H is to r y a n d P h ilo s o p h y

■ P ro f. d r h a b . A le k s a n d e r B u rsc h e , P o la n d
■ P r o f A n d re y Y u ry e v ic h D v o m ic h e n k o , R u ss ia
■ P ro f. U G , d r h a b . A rk a d iu s z Ja n ic k i, P o la n d
■ P r o f D r. C a rm e n C a s tilla V a z q u e z , S p a in
SGEM 2014 International M ultidisciplinary Scientific C o n feren ce ^ o
-------------------------------------------------- _lces_onSociai Scie;
nCKa"<JA„
■ P r o fC h ris te r L in d b e rg , S w e d e n
■ Prof. F ra n c e sc a G h e d in i, Ita ly
■ Prof. G o n z a lo A ra n d a Jim e n e z , S p ain
■ Prof. d r hab. Ilo n a S k u p irisk a, P o la n d
■ P rof. D S c Illia T o d e v , B u lg a ria
■ Prof. P hD r. Ja ro sla v H ro c h , C S c ., C z e c h R e p u b lic
■ Prof. D Sc L o z a n k a P e ic h e v a , B u lg a ria
■ P r o f L a m p rin o u d a k is V a ssilis, G re e c e
■ P r o f D S c N in a A ta n a s s o v a , B u lg a ria
■ Prof. D S c. V e sselin P e tro v , B u lg a ria
■ A sso c . P rof. Ih o r K a riv e ts, U k ra in e
■ A sso c. P rof. Isa b e lla B a ld in i, Ita ly
■ A sso c, p rof. L iu d m il V a g a lin s k i, P h D , B u lg a ria
■ A ssoc. Prof. S e n k a B o z ic -V rb a n c ic , C ro a tia
■ P hD r. K aro l P ie ta , D rS c , S lo v a k ia
■ P hD r. M ate j R u ttk ay , C S c ., S lo v a k ia
 Contents

CONTENTS

A NTHRO PO LO G Y

1. A RITTJAL IN M ODERN EVERYDAY LIFE O F TH E YAKUT PEO PLE,

Senior Lecturer Alexandra Alekseeva, Assist. Prof. Natalia Struchkova, Assist. Prof.
Capitolina Y akovleva,, North- Eastern Federal University. Russia...................................3

2. A G RICU LTU RA L AND W EA TH ER-LO RE EN TITIES IN LANGUAGES OF

D IFFER EN T STRUCTURE: FO LK LO RE OR LINGUISTICS, Nailya Fattakhova,
Mariya Kulkova, Naylya Fedorova, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University,
Russia ]l

3. A N TH R O PO M ETR IC CH ARA CTERISTICS OF JUVENILITY AND

G RA CILITY AS A M ANIFESTATION OF AN EPOCH-M AKING TENDENCY
O F A M ODERN MAN, Associate Professor Larissa Khokhlova, Prof. Valentina
Kamenskaya , Nothem State Medical University, Russia.................................................19

4. A PPRO A CH IN G SUFFERING THROUGH TH E SPIRITUAL DIMENSION

O F FAITH IN GOD, Assist. Prof. Ion Croitoru, Valahia University of Targoviste,
Romania...................................................................................................................................27

5. CONTEM PO RARY FAM ILY - BETW EEN INDIVIDUALISM AND

R E C IPR O C A L DEDICATION, Research Assist. Nadia-Elena Vacaru, Alexandru
loan Cuza University, Romania........................................................................................... 35

6 . TH E YESSEY YAKUTS: DEVELOPM ENT FEATURES OF TRADITIONAL

L IFE IN XXI CENTURY, Prof.Natalia Struchkova, Prof. Kapitolina Yakovleva,
North-Eastern Federal University-Faculty of History, R ussia........................................ 43

7. ETH N IQ U E DIPLOM ACY: FAM ILY ETIQ U ETTE AND CULTURE OF

B EHA V IO U R AMONG TUNGUS. TRADITION AND INNOVATION, Alexeeva
Sardaana A., Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia......................................................... 51

8 . FO L K R ID D LE AND CULTURE, Fedorova Naylya, Kazan (Volga Region)

Federal University, Russia.................................................................................................... 57

9. FO U CA ULT AND TH E "IN V ISIBLE" ETHNOGRAPHER, Dr. Natascia Tosel,

University o f Padua- Department of Philosophy Sociology Pedagogy and Psychology,
Italy........................................................................................................................................... 63

10. G O LD EN H O RD E: W RITTEN M ONUM ENTS’ LANGUAGE, Prof. Fanuza

Nurieva, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, R ussia............................................ 71

11. H O LO C A U ST IN LATVIAN LITERA TU RE: TH E A N TH RO PO LO G ICA L

AND SO C IA L ASPECTS, Asoc. Prof. Elina Vasiljeva, Daugavpils University,
Latvia......................................................................................................................................... 79
 SGEM 2014 In ternational M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y S c i e n t i f i c H n n f p ™ ____

- An,

12. HOW TO EDUCATE CZECH CH ILD REN : SO C I a i x,

SPACE OF PARENTAL ETH N O TH EO R IES NEGOTIATION W ° RK As
Irena Kasparova, Masaryk University, Czech Republic ’ Assist. prof A
............................... ■ Dr.
13. ILLNESS AND M EDICATION TH R O U G H TH E EYES OP 85
IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, Assist. Prof. Dr. Irena Kasparova, Mas PE° p L k
Czech Republic....................................................................................... ’ Saryk EniverSity

14. INDO-EUROPEAN O R IG IN S IN T H E FO R M A TIO N O p T H p

TURKIC CULTURE, A.I.Gogolev, North- Eastern Federal Universit ^ NClENT
History, R ussia y‘ aculty of
.
15. INVESTIGATION OF ANTONYM S IN LIN G U ISTICS, Assistant p
Chair of Foreign languages Zakirova Ravilya Minnechanovna, Teacher°At fess°r
Galina Ivanovna, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Russia aiTlanova
.
16. K N OW LEDGE TRA N SFER IN TH E PR O C ESS O F T R A N SL A T lo
SPECIA L TEXTS, Prof. Larissa M. Alekseeva, Prof. Svetlana L.Mishlanova
State National Research University, R u ssia........................................ Va’ Perrn
.
17. LEXIS CO NN ECTED W ITH PERSO N IN T A T A R LA N G U A G E, Assoc P
Firuza Sibgaeva, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, R u ss ia ’ ' rof-
123
18. LIN G U ISTIC IN FO R M A TIO N SY STEM O F M U L T IC U L T U R A L RUSSIA
FENNIC R EG IO N O F IN G ERM A N LA N D , Assoc. Prof. PhD Ilya Nikolaev p^D
student Denis Stolyarov, IFMO University - Engineering and Computer Gra h
Department, Russia........................................................................................................ ^

19. M O D IFIC A TIO N O F SO U R C ES D U R IN G XX -B E G IN N IN G XXI C

TH E RUSSIAN PR O V IN C E E T H N O G R A PH Y , Doc. Hist. Sc., Prof. Trushkova
I. Yu., Vyatka State Humanity University, R ussia......................................................... ^

20. M Y STIC A L AND T R A N SPE R SO N A L C O M M U N IC A T IO N AS A

TR A N SC U LTU R A L E X P E R IE N C E , PhDr. PhD. Silvester Sawicki, Zilinska
Univerzita v Ziline, Slovakia.......................................................................................... ^

21. P E R C E P T IO N O F STU D EN TS A B O U T M E D IA AND T H E IR R O L E ON

C IV IC E D U C A TIO N , Dr. Bahtije Gerbeshi Zylfiu, U niversity o f Prishtina
K osovo..................................................................................................................................... 155

22. P R E C E D E N C E AS A B A SIC C A T E G O R Y O F P A R O E M IO L O G IC A L
D ISC O U R SE (O N E X A M P L E S O F R U S S IA N , E N G L IS H A N D GERM AN
LA N G U A G ES), Prof. M ariya K ulkova, M ilyausha Shaim ardanova, Leisan
Akhmetova, Ruzilya Galimullina, K azan (V olga R egion) Federal University,
R u ss ia .................................................................................................................................................
 Contents

23. REFLECTION OF SOCIAL CHANGES IN TH E PR O PE R NAMES (ON TH E

TOPONYM ICAL M ATERIALS O F PERM KRAI, RUSSIA), Assoc.Prof. Maria
Bobrova, Assoc.Prof. Yulia Zvereva, Perm State National Research University -
Theoretical and Applied Linguistics Department, Russia................................................. 169

24. SPECIFICS O F C EM ETER Y CULTURE IN BO RD ER-AREA: TH E CASE

OF LATVIA - BELARUS, Prof. Maija Burima, Asoc. Prof. Elina Vasiljeva,
Daugavpils University, Latvia....!......................................................................................... 177

25. TECHNIQUES AM ONG TUNGUS (EVENS AND EVENKS) SHAM ANS FO R

HEALING HUMAN AND ANIMALS, Alexeev Anatoly Afanasievich, PHD
(History), North- Eastern Federal University. Faculty o f History, R ussia......................185

26. THE FU NCTIO N ING O F LEX IC A L ITEM S RAIN AND SNOW IN

RUSSIAN AND CHINESE FO LK OMENS, Nailya Fattakhova, Tsze Gen, Naylya
Fedorova, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, R ussia..........................................193

27. TH E AMBIGUOUS MEANING O F TRANCE: PR O D U CTIO N O F

SPIRITUAL EX PERIEN CES IN ALTERED STATES O F CO NSCIOUSNESS IN
THE CONTEXT OF NEO-SHAMANISM , Mgr. Katerina Horska, Charles
University in Prague, Czech Republic.................................................................................201

28. TH E CHRISTIAN FAM ILY PRO M O TES TH E ESSEN TIA L HUM AIN
CHRISTIAN VALUES, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pr. Iosif Enasoae, Alexandru loan
Cuza University, Romania.................................................................................................... 209

29. TH E DERIVATION STUDY OF M ETA PHO R, Prof. Larisa M Alekseeva, PhD

Yekaterina V. Isaeva, Prof. Svetlana L. Mishlanova, Perm State National Research
University, Russia.................................................................................................................. 217

30. TH E HUMAN LOVE - SOLIDARITY AND CH RISTIAN CH A R ITY , Assoc.

Prof. Dr. Pr. Iosif Enasoae, Res. Assist. Nadia-Elena Vacaru, Alexandru loan
Cuza University, Romania.................................................................................................... 225

31. TH E JU STIC E, HUMAN VIRTUES AND SOCIAL VALUE, Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Pr. Iosif Enasoae, Alexandru loan Cuza University, R om ania........................................233

32. TH E M ORAL O RDER OF W ORK, Research Assist. Nadia-Elena Vacaru,

Alexandru loan Cuza University, Romania........................................................................ 245

33. TH E PR IN C IPLES O F TRANSLATION O F TH E TA TA R E N L IG H TEN IN G

LITER A TU R E INTO TH E RUSSIAN LANGUAGE, Assoc.Prof. Iskander
Edikhanov, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, R ussia....................................... 253

34. TH E SYSTEM O F SA CRIFICES IN TRA D ITIO N A L C U LTU R E O F T H E

PEO PLES O F TH E VOLGA REG IO N , Assist.Prof. Larisa Lepeshkina, Volga
 SGEM 2014

c ,„ c University of Service-Department o f Philosophy and Culturol

R egion Slate u .. &y
Russia...............................
»*ATinN O F E X PL O R E R ’S ID EN TITY IN TH E C O iiu c
O F T FIEe I ^ W O R K Lidia Rakhmanova, Saint Petersburg State u „,versuyE

R u ssia ...................................
, rn S T U M E AS A R E F L E C T O R O F C U LTU R a .
36 TRADITIONAL Historicai Sciences, Professor Valery Ovsyannikov, Can.l
INTERACTION, Docto Alekhina. Volga Region State University 0f

.
n r I ) r < ; IN , a t VIAN LITER A TU R E (LA TE 20TH - EARLY 21ST
37 , TRAVELOCUES IN L A T ^ ^ ^ ^ R E C O N ST R U C T IO N O F [VfENTAL
CENTURY): DECOP S Daugavpils University, L atv ia................................. ...
BORDERS, Prof. Maija Bunma, u auga v
ljr D U T v TFACHING CO M M U N ITY O F RUSSIA LA TE XIX -
38, UNIVERSITY_ T E A C m ^ ^ m a W F E S T A T IO N O F CO RPO RA TE
liu Y r iT Y , Mikhail V. Gribivskiy, Alexander N. Sorokin , Tom sk State University,

Russia...............................................
Aivn MAN IN VJATKA R E G IO N 'S T R A D IT IO N A L CULTURE:
GENDER PORTRAITS'S SPEC IFIC, Doc. Hist. Sc„ Prof. Trushkova I.Yu., Vyatka
State Humanity University, Russia.........................................................................................

ARCHAEOLOGY
„ _ aT
HISTORIC FO R TIFIC A TIO N S - M ED IE V A L CASTLES
1°ND A IR B O R N E LASER SCANNING, Wojctech Ostrowski, K rzysztof Bakula,
Rafai Zaplata, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland............................................... 307

ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT M ETA L C O IN U SIN G D IFFER EN T

fvPFR IM E N T A L TECHNIQUES AND M E TH O D S O F M U LTIV A RIA TE
A N A L Y S E DSc Mand! Orlic, DSc. Zlatko Kregar, DSc. M anjan Biscan,, P rof DSc.
Slobodan Milosevic, P r o f DSc. Julijan Dobrimc, Polytechnic o f Zagreb Department of
Civil Engineering, Croatia.....................................................................................................

42 A R C H IT E C T U R E OF “TH E FA M ILY M A U SO L E U M S” ON DANUBE

LIMES BETWEEN SINGIDUNUM AND PO N TE S, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gordana
Milosevic-Jevtic, University o f Belgrade Faculty o f Architecture, S e rb ia .....................323

43 ARTISTIC BRONZE W ARE O F A N C IEN T P E R M T R IB E S F R O M THE

VOLGA-VYATKA INTERFLUVE DU RIN G T H E I M IL L E N N IU M AD, Assoc
Prof. Dr. Nadezhda Leshchinskaya, Udmurt State University, R u ss ia ........................... 331

iv
 SGEM 2014 International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conform
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Sci

h is t o r y

, r MANGES IN SLAVONIA DURING 18TH C E N T U R Y

55. A G R IC U L T U R A L , oftegcher Education Osijek, Croatia..........................^

. v n PFASANTRY IN VYATKA REG IO N D U R i ^

54. A G R IC U l-T C R E ^ ]gor v chem odanov, Vyatka State H„ ma^
SECOND HALF o r .......................................................................................
University, Russia.............

57 CARTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTS O F TH E BUCHAREST CITY IN T l

NINETEENTH CENTURY,Senior Lecturer PhD Cezar Gherasim, Senior Led. E
PhD Madalina-Teodora Andtei, Spirt, Haret Un.vers.ty - Faculty „ f Q e o ^ "
Romania.................................................................................................................
° 8raphy5
.
48. CITY MONUMENT IN RUSSIAN PROVINCE IN TH E NINET efn .
BEGINNING OF THE TW ENTIETH CENTURY: PER c f p P * '
TRANSFORMATION, Prof. Dr.Irina Rutsinskaya,Assoc Prof. Dr. Galina c ^
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia ' mirnova>
.
59. CORPORATE IDENTITY OF RUSSIAN EDUCATIONAI
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY: ANALYZING TH E RESEA RCH APPR 0 Ar AND
Assoc.Prof. Alexander Sorokin, Assoc.Prof. Mikhail Gribivskiy, Assis S’
Alexandra Solonenko, Tomsk State University, Russia.............. ' ^r° f
.............................. 459
60. COSSACK EMIGRANTS IN BULGARIA (1920 - 1930), Prof
Ratushnyak, Kuban State University, Russia........................ ’ ‘ Cleg
................................467
61. EDUCATION FOR AN IDEAL PRINCE IN W ALACHIA AT TH F F v n
THE XV AND THE BEGINNING OF THE XVI CENTURIES, Assist °F
Ramona Neacsa Lupu, Pr. Conf. PhD. Marian Vilciu, , Lect. PhD. Alina^A1
Valahia University of Targoviste, Romania § e* >
............................................... 473
62. FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGIES OF THE ROYAL H O n sir ^
ROMANIA IN INTERWAR PERIOD, PhD Daniel Citiriga, Ovidius U n i v e o L r
Constanta, Romania................................ ^ °*
..................................................................... 481
63. GENDER IMPACT ON SOCIAL M OBILITY O F P R O V lN riA ,
COMMUNISTS IN THE FIRST DECADE OF SOVIET PO W ER W p
Igor Kuznetsov, Murom Institute of Vladimir State University, Russia ’ ' 439

64. HISTORY AND MEMORY IN THE RELATIO N SH IP BETW EEN THE

NATIONS OF NORTH EAST ASIA, Alexander Kozhevnikov, N ationafpese ™
University Higher School of Economics, Russia............................. 495

65. IMMIGRATION AND CHANGES OF SOCIAL PO I ICY IN

CZECHOSLOVAKIA BEFORE SECOND W ORLD W AR, P ® L u b l i " n i c j a

vi
 Contents

ECONOM IC LIFE IMPACT IN WESTERN SIBERIA

IN THE SECOND M ID-TO-LATE XIX CENTURY, Vladimir Shaidurov, National
mineral resource University, Russia......................................... 5j j

67. M IGRATION IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST: GREAT COLONIZATION

AND DEPOPULATION, Salavat Abylkalikov, National Research University Higher
School of Economics, R ussia............................................................... 519

68. M IGRATIONS AND TH E IR INFLUENCE ON THE ETHNIC

COM POSITIO N O F TH E NORTHERN ASIAN POPULATION IN THE
SECOND HALF O F THE 19TH CENTURY, Dr. Vladimir Shaidurov, National
Mineral Resource University, Russia................................................................................527

69. ON R ESTR IC TIO N O F ETH N IC M INORITIES RIGHTS IN THE RUSSIAN

EM PIR E IN TH E SECOND HALF OF THE 19™ AND EARLY 20™
CENTURIES (AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE CASE OF RUSSIAN GERMANS),
Vladimir Shaidurov, National mineral resource University, Russia.............................. 535

70. PO LISH C O LON IA LISM . FROM UTOPIA TO REALITY, Dr. Maria

Lukowska, University o f Lodz, Poland............................................................................. 543

71. PO W E R LEG ITIM A C Y IN XV-XVI CENTURY WALACHIA - POLITICAL

ID EO LO G Y AND SO CIA L REA LITIES, As. Phd. Ramona Neacsa Lupu, Pr. Conf.
Phd. Marian Vilciu, Lect. Phd. Alina Anghel , Valahia University of Targoviste,
Romania................................................................................................................................. 559

72. R EA D IN G C IR C L E S IN HUNGARY IN THE 20™ CENTURY, Ilona Szoro

Hungarian Library Supply Nonprofit Company, Hungary.............................................. 565

73. R E G IO N A L H IST O R IC A L M EM ORY PERPETUATION: RUSSIAN

O R T H O D O X C H U R C H ES, Prof. Dr.Irina Rutsinskaya , Assoc. Prof. Dr. Galina
S m irnova,, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia............................................ 573

74. SLO V A K N A TIO N A L A C TIV ITIES IN AM ERICA AT TH E BEGINNING

O F 20TH C EN TU RY , Ing. Rudolf Bos6k, Prof.h.c. Ing. Martin Bos6k, PhD.,
University o f Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia..............................................................579

75. SO M E A SPEC TS O F DYNAM ICS O F EUROPEAN CULTURE DURING

X VI-XX C E N T U R IE S: M A TH EM A TIC A L ANALYSIS AND M ODELING,
L.A.Dmitrieva, Yu.A. Kuperin, I.A.Smirnov, St-Petersburg State University,
R u ssia .......................................................................................................................................

76 ST A G E S O F F O R M A T IO N AND D EV ELO PM EN T O F O FFIC IA L

PE R IO D IC A L S IN RUSSIAN PR O V IN C ES IN TH E 19TH CENTURY (FOR
E X A M PL E N EW SPA PE R S PE R M PR O V IN C IA L G A ZETTE), PhD Rimma
Mitina, Perm state academy o f arts and culture, Russia....................................................595
SGEMJ0l4Jn

77. THE CONTRJB ^ I O N ^ ^ jJ q d E.R \ IZ A T IO N a ' t ' $C lF

HALF OF THE X X CENTURIES, Assoc.Prof. A l e x ^ D 0 > l,

State University, Russia.................................................................................... T0^ '

„ T H r CONTRIBUTION OF TO M SK R E S E A R C H A N o 6$
PARKIN TDEVELOPMENT OF
H E EC Y B E R ^ A T , 0 v
R

1960s. A sso c.Prof. Alexander Sorokin, Toms State University, Russia C s )fv ^ A |

79 t h e f e d e r a l is t p r o j e c t s t v p o l o c v
t*h e END OF THE VVWI, ....................................................
in c e n t r a
Lecturer Daniel Citinga, Ovidius I:n(VC ny
( £otJROpf
fp ^ a t
, , ........ 6»9

Romania............................... stanta

80 THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC INSTITU TE IN P H Y SIC S IN T H f ^

OF USSR AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO TH E G R O W TH n * S*A» ^
SCIENTIFIC CAPACITY IN 1920-1930-ies, Assoc.Prof. Alexander / SI^ H I a T
State University, Russia ................................................................................ ^ i n , T^ V

81. THE FIRST WORLD W AR AND R U SSIA N U N IV E R S IT Y ^

COMMUNITY: EVERYDAY LIFE OF W A R T IM E , Assoc P r ^ ^ H l X
Gribivskiy, Tomsk State University, R u ssia ....................................... ' r° f-

82. THE RUSSIAN IDEA IN THE STA TE AN D CULTURAL I r r 631

FROM HISTORY TO THE PRESENT, Prof. Marina Gusarova a ° F RUss ,
Zelenova, Murom Institute o f Vladimir State University, Russia ? SS*St‘ ^ r° f Efe^'

83. THE STOLYPIN'S AG RARIAN REFO RM S A N D T H p .d 639

THE RUSSIAN GERMANS SITUATION: 1907 - 19I6 D w, /Vlf>ACTs n
National mineral resource University, Russia ’ r' mir ShaidUr

84. THE WORK OF THE N O VO SIBIRSK A N D rrx x . ^

NEWSPAPERS IN THE GREAT P A TR IO TIC W A R Y f I S ^ ^ G lO N c
Netesova, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia MariaVitaJievna

85. TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS OF RO M AN IA IN TH F ................. ..

Senior Lecturer PhD Ceza, Gherasno, Senior Lecturer n(frei,
Spiru Haret University Faculty of Geography, Romania...............................................

sr. TRANSFORMATIONS OF EUROPEAN PO LITIC A L AND ECONOMIC

f v s ™ LN THE 20TH CENTURY. THE CASE O F CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN
THE YEARS 1938 AND 1945, PhD Lubomir Nenicka, Silesian University in Opava
School of Business Administration Department of Social Sciencess,
Czech Republic..............................................................................................................
 Contents

P H IL O S O P H Y

87. "RUSSIAN" TRADITION’S SINGULARITY IN MODERN BIOETHICAL

STUDIES, Dr. Prof. Irina Aseeva, PhD Natalia Volokhova , South-West State
University, Russia............................................................................................................... 679

88. A PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE CHRISTIAN ORTHODOX

HYMNOGRAPHY, Lecturer Nicusor Tuca, Ovidius University of Constanta,
Romania............................................................................................................................... 685

89. ABOUT POSSIBILITY O F SEEKING VIRTUE, Mgr. Marie Skybova, Ph.D.,

University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic............................................................... 693

90. ALEXEY LOSEV ABOUT THE MYSTERY OF ART STYLE, Prof.DSc.

Konstantin Zenkin, Moscow P.I.Tchaikovsky Conservatory, Russia....................

91. ART AS EDUCATION: JAN PATOCKA ON THE RELATION OF ART TO

DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL HISTORY, Milos Sevcik, University of West Bohemia,
Czech Republic............................................................................................ 709

92. CONCEPTUALIZING CULIANU’S MODEL, Dr. Dorin David, Transilvama

University of Brasov, Romania....................................................... 715

93. CULTURAL TRADITIONS REVITALISATION AND ITS CONTEXTS, Mgr

Kristina Jakubovska, Constantine The Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia 721

94. DROM OLOGY, PO LITICS AND LOGISTICS OF PERCEPTION, Tomas

Hauer, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.....................................729

95. EXTREM IST RATIONALITY IN SUICIDE TERRORISM , Sergey Chudinov,

Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, R ussia...............735
■f
96. FROM M ORPHOLOGY (ELIADE) TO MORPHODYNAMICS (CULIANU),
Dr. Dorin David, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania..................................... 743

97. GLOBALIZATION AT THE BEGINNING OF 21st CENTURY, Prof. Viera

Gazova, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovakia......................................................... 749

98. HEALING EFFECT OF THE ACT OF HOLY ANOINTING O IL IN THE

RITUAL OF HOLY UNCTION, PhD student Gianni Plesca, Prof Adrian M.
Gheorghe, Ovidius University of Constanta, Romania.................................................... 757

99. H ERM ENEUTICS OF “THE KINGDOM M ESSAGE” IN TH E CO NTEX T

OF IN TER RELIG IOU S DIALOGUE, Assoc. Prof Dr. Martin Dojcar PhD., Tmava
University in Tmava Faculty of Education Department of Educational Studies,
Slovakia..................................................................................................................................765
 liosia, ^

nFW EV'S AESTHETICS ° F EV E R V . DAY U P E ’ >•-,» Ch

100. JOHN 0 ity, P oland................ ...................... ..........
Jagielloo'3" 0 „ „ , NM O K IA L IDEA AND TH E . , ” >
« v i 7 ’S COMo** n V p f Tatiana Abramzon

s ^ s s 8 t a s s a » “ .................' “ ‘ s ‘>
Technical Un.v sv sT E M Q f T H £ - ,7 ,,
102 . MORAL C O N F tK T A N D ^ phD Dmitry

' •>
UniVerS,ty0 n r SENSE AND NEW INFORM AT ION T E C „N 0 l

» « S S ® “*“
Yury ’ aup FCT OF TH E TRANSLATION OF P0 l r „
-
,04 PHILOSOPHICAL-AS Prof, Dr. o f Philology Natalia S h u t e X ^ IN
& L T U R A L aD A L O G ^ r Modem Foreign -

s s ar sont ^ to' « Departm en’ ................................................ ..

n r Y OF TECH N ICA L IM A G ES OR
105.. L O % C^ S d TH MONKEY, Tomas Hauer, VSB-Tech„ic„ ^

oOfstrava, Czech Republic....................................................................... 80,

. MODIFICATIONS OF THE HUM AN BODYrS IM A n * „
106. POSTMODERNJVl TRADITION, Assoc. Prof. Viera Jakubovska p?D
: ^ « S R S p H « L m cersU y ii,N ,,ra.S ,0 V 4 h ,a .................................... ^

PRINCIPLES OF RATIONALITY, Ph.D. Martina Cihalova, Palack, u„iWtsit>

in Olomouc, Czech Republic................................. .................. .
r , , . . nN f a c i n g c u r r e n t c h a l l e n g e s OF n ih il is t ic
r , « r f m A s w Prof. Andre] Rajsky PhD. Tmava Umversrty m Tmava F a ^ f ,
CULTURE, assoc studies. Slovakia........................................ . # k■8u31
Education Depart"™* of Educat.onal Studies, Slovakia. ^

rnR lST lA N APOLOGIST ATTITUDE TO W A RDS PHILOSOPHY

OF T H E IR TIME, Vasile Adrian, PhD, Ovidius University of C o w * .
Romania.
0 T7 m a n AND TH E CONSEQUENCES OF ORIGINAL SIN IN
THETV1S10N OF APOSTLE PAUL, PhD student Gianni Plesca, Ovidius University
o f Constanta, Romania.....................................................................................................

THE MORTAL CODE INTO THE MULTIMEDIA AMME

PHENOMENON, Elena Samoylova, Pyatigorsk State Lingutstte Untversny
Russia .....................................................................................

x
 Contents

112. THE PO LITICA L PHILOSOPHY AS "U TO PIA " IN DELEUZE AND

GUATTARI, Dr. Natascia Tosel, University of Padua- Department of Philosophy
Sociology Pedagogy and Psychology, Italy...................................................................... 857

113. THE POSSIBILITY OF ESCAPING FROM TIM E, Mgr. Lucia Zimanova,

Constantine The Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia............................................ 865

114. THE RELIGIOUS MAN IN A SECULARIZED WORLD, Lecturer Nicusor

Tuca, Ovidius University of Constanta, Romania............................................................ 873

115. TH E ROLE O F LANGUAGE IN TH E FORM ATION OF NATIONAL

IM AGES O F THE W ORLD, Assoc.Prof. Alexander Nikitin, Prof. Elizaveta
Savrutskaya, Assist.Prof. Dmitry Semenov, Linguistics University o f Nizhny Novgorod,
R ussia.................................................................................................................................... 881

116. THE TRIPOD O F THE IM AGES, Prof. Carlos de Azambuja Rodrigues, Fine
Arts - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil..........................................................887

117. VALENCES O F FREEDOM IN PHILOSOPHY AND CHRISTIAN

THEOLOGY, Comeliu Dragos Balan, Ovidius University of Constanta, Romania...893

118. W HY SHOULD M ETAPHYSICS BE IM POSSIBLE?, Assoc.Prof. Dr. David

Svoboda, Prokop Sousedik, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.................901
 Section Philosophy

V A L E N C E S O F FR E E D O M IN PH ILO SO PH Y
AND C H R IS T IA N TH E O LO G Y

L e c tu re r d r. C o rn e liu -D ra g o s BALAN
’’Ovidius” University o f Constanta, Faculty of Theology, Romania

ABSTRA CT
The concept o f freedom has been understood differently in j o n l y free
classical G reek w orld, freedom belongs only to a ^ Linguistic history of
citizens w ere considered truly free and not s aves slaye owners. in such
the word "freedom " dem onstrates its origin in which he reigns are
society only the m aster is free, slaves, women and ch.ldren,
without freedom . , which, however,
Over tim e, every ideology claim ed that defend* dassic conservative sense ol
they u n d e rstan d ccompletely
•hey understand o m p le te ly different oone bV e- c ah m
n e by c uh eu r .^ ^)e
freedom
t v , (differsV o from m that tra d itio n a l i er >
th a t o f a traditiona , ^ . ^ u;ir,
^ absolutely, on
Eastern C hristianity claim s that God s abS° 1![lt^n S o m e th in g , G od Himself restrict His
Which depend all, without H im self depen „j the im age and I'Eeness
freedom to His "absolutes" created b ein g s As t e a * ^ fr e e d o m which is

absolute and uncreated God, mar1 is c f hunian freedom to the win ti j ation
God's freedom
itse lf God's
itself freedom.. The
The only
only d,ne^ .,‘7 freedom . c
i7 divine freedom. Coo nn u .».o- .o- f F
d .t ■ ^ic.p ^thc
there isn't by nature, but by participa ^ whjch is achieve his
there isn’t by nature, but by P ^ f ^ God> w hich man break his
m this freedom is communion commandments,^ ^ ^ #^
commandments. O th e r w is e , by anC| death and stop
c°mmunion with God and s u b je c t to d hin1 ..hredlv the
who loves him and builds gods w i° ^ ^ modem world is un ° forefathers
°n e o f the concepts through we ®har®Cg®"ential to man How ever, the
freedom. The original freedom, whl
w » -.- .o fsin^ , ot
o f Iai
falsehood eled. tContemporary
s c » - - ranceied. o— r -
sin. Nowadays man has become
becom e a s was n0t 10191 ThusarKin hegeliano-marxiyt
was "°l ° . rnmplex
original freedom o f the t o -
secularized man feels God Master and sla . God is ( ^ the
dialectics we have the report b icide, while Fo nQod js * e ev . nin ^
'sadistic father" which inci c proUdhon sai d spoken > n0l
whose view hinders; freedom and G ( ^ eXlSts,
reSu
^heisL
atheist ^yHogism
0056 V,ewon
syllogism on the
the relationship
relat,0"h ilo bet wo,..
? 0?opher -
Jean-Paul Sa
free-/
reQi,w._j b , y 6the
, e x iste n tia list pphilosopn
so p h er„ Jean-Paul Sartre ».
* - ni *freedom j ..ibLlflc
mile
Tfle ’r e fh r,
arT1 free, so G od does doesn't exist”. • u t the notion o f freedom being
mis, n . e> to d a y, h u m a n fre e d o m exists, bu reveafed one, but one
>nvem , 0od’ the ideal o f fre e d o m tow ard m an usP,res £he differences between
e bv man. In the fo llo w in g lines 1 w ill <ry. f(0us philosophical currents
-- over time, m die van* j
'"vented by man. In the over 1-»»n
hat has meant the co n cep t° c f Christian oiogy
and what represents the concep ^ by, christ,an’ 893
b y w o rd s: freedom, c o n c e p t, p h ,losc 1

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 . -J- • i r • S rif” tir' r Conferences on Social Sciences and Arts
SGEM 2014 International MuUidiscjphnary —— — —

1. INTRODUCTION
In time, the topic of freedom has been much discussed, the philosophers trying to
delineate the nature of freedom, its origin, its character, the existence of several types of
liberty, the issue of constraints, trying to reconcile individual and collective freedom.
Though hard to define, freedom constitutes for each one o f us a familiar experience and
we, similarly to other philosophers, could consider that being free is first of all not being
prevented from doing what you wish to do, so freedom is conceived as absence of
external constraint. Nevertheless, the stoic philosophers have tried to justify the fact that
freedom is independent from any external condition, the wise managing to detach
himself front all that is not within his power, liberty being conceived as the ideal state of
human nature. For the classic philosophy, freedom will mean inner independence and
capacity o f self-determination following the principles o f reason. Descartes will
decompose the concept of freedom into two stages: a negative one or the “liberty of
indifference” (the power to choose even what is false and what is bad) and the positive
one or the “ illuminated freedom” (oriented towards the knowledge o f what is good).
Man, divine through his infinite will, needs to admit that only God has a truly free will.
The Christian freedom relies on the new ontology discovered in Christ and granted
through the grace of the Holy Spirit. What God provides from the beginning as a gift
and man cultivates through a Christian life, is lifted in the Church to the quality of
ontological state.
Later on, Jean-Paul Sartre will consider that man has an original and creative free will
giving him absolute responsibility.

2. Interpretations of freedom - a philosophical perspective

In the theoretical debates on the issues concerning freedom, in the history o f the
philosophic thinking, several types o f solutions have been proposed.
A first interpretation is the one in which the liberty o f spontaneity appears. It is found
with the thinkers who identify freedom in the unique, unrepeatable actions, sprung from
vital or emotional impulses devoid of external constraints. It is the whimsical freedom,
the freedom to do whatever one pleases, much commented by the French philosopher
Henri Bergson: “The feeling o f liberty is bred with our bones so that neither the efforts
nor the most severe analyses are able to destroy it'’[1 ].
After an analysis o f several situations, the French philosopher concludes that only if we
were to live in a pure duration and not in space-time we could do an act o f liberty, in the
sense that we could make a decision from the bottom o f our whole being. Freedom,
according to Bergson, has two essential qualities: spontaneity and originality.
First o f all, liberty is spontaneity. Man is free if his action is not the result o f a weighing
o f reasons, but springs directly from the intimate developm ent o f conscience. This
philosopher distinguishes between different degrees o f freedom. A n act appears all the
freer as its roots go deeper and develop into richer series o f the intimate duration. Man
 Section Philosophy

becomes more perfectly free as his heeds express ami dmw their fome from richer and

essential part o f its ripe fruit, according to Bergson s ph.losop y. * — - -

Originality, as an attribute o f freedom, is characterized by Bergson as; o^ o w s .^ ^
free when our acts emanate from our whole persona.uy w h » they^ ^ ^ ^
they have that indefinable similarity to the one borrow ed and all that
artist”[11• Free is the man annulling in himself all Um hm g him, in order to
was imposed on him, all the a u to m atism s an ,con^ r iz e d freedom as above, the
penetrate up to the center o f h is b ein g . A fte r h aving

p h ilo so p h er c o n c lu d e s: “free acts are rare [I]- ^ ^ d iffe r e n c e . W e find it

A second way o f in te rp re tin g freed o m is th e Duns S cott’s form ula:
anticipated by the Stoics a n d re su m e d in the

“liberum arbitrum indifferentiae'\2\. ^ined by any reason or

Liberty is defined as the fa c u lty o f d ec id in g w ithout b e im puises and passions,
motive. It supposes a voluntary a c t o f domml t ining dem ands on the self, w hich
freedom from prejudice a n d illu sio n s, fro m any involuntary or patho ogica
could privilege a re a s o n o f ac tio n over a n o th en ^ 0 f such a freedom .
indifference, but d<# e r a t e , voluntary i n f e r e n c e tadudtog as

Th. - • • J L n o f th e c o n c e p t o f liberty < * > « ^ ,y ses, carr,ed out by

V It re p re s e n ts a d o m in an t of som L ch) gr0sso modo, can be
h e te ro g e n e o u s sp iritu al f o r m ^ ^ contem porary phdosop y.
o n e o f th e m o st sig n ific a n t trend

sm.
parture p e n t o f the existentialist . freedom is man, wlth ll1*

ptlres, with his life experiences. Man, acc -th a complete global
dosophers becomes a n emotionally tense gift”, a constitutive an
Thus, for existentialism, liberty becomes rofr
^alienable s tru c tu re o t m an , being o c u s e ^ jts cxistmg o » therefore as
^ hat is p o s itiv e a b o u t e x iste n tia lism , „ernent o f m an as r ’ an y essence,
H eidegger a n d J .P .S a rtre , is th e a c k n o v »does not supp yalues
"Pint. B u t th e th e s is th a t m a n as e x iste n c e as h b ^ ^ ^ included
does n o t in v o lv e a n y p re -e x is tin g natu re, < ^

and any obligations, cannot be suppo e Hberty»’f presents his i eas ^ ^

jean-Paul Satre, considered a “ philosopher

% ing a n d the
‘berty, on G od and on human nature in ^ ^ uestion; ‘‘What ^ msornetirnes consisting
Xlsfentialism is a Humanism (1946). g 0f existen ’ . ^ namely he has
answer: being and nothingness, therefor ,g defmed by con be what he 1S,
bemg and at other times in not bemg\ lf itse[ f ’ condemned Freedom is the
16 conscience that he exists, is a be' ng [s not and is not w creating b e c o m e s ,

n m this sense, Sartre’s man is w a exCept what w ^ hurnan individua ,

erY essence o f man, man being not mg hig essence. sgnse? bberty 1
d,s values, his own moral system, hisAruti {^ be In
m not anymore what I was and I am n aj deterrmmsm
ranscendence, freed from any interna or
895

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SGEM 2014 International M ultidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on Social S c ie n c e „
—------------- -------------- —^_andj\ns

Sartre is an atheist existentialist and considers that man receives his existence fro
parents and that m an's “emergence" is an accident The hypothesis o f non-existe ^
transcendence, leves no room for anyone prescribing an essence to man; therefore6 h ^
emphasizes that man is ontologically free, and each man gives him self an essence%K
French philosopher declares that if God does not ex ist then “there is at least one bei
in whom the existence precedes the essence: man" (or the human reality, accordin ^
Heidegger), who has existed before one could define him. To say that “exist^ *°
precedes the essence" is to show that man first meets the world, namely he first eme ^
in the world and only then is he defined. Sartre is consequently in opposition to rtf
Christian theology, which states that “the (human) essence precedes the existence in tu
sense that God created man “in His image" (Genesis 1:27). If God does not exist the6
we are alone and our problems appear on a purely human level and therefore we need f
take on all the consequences triggered by this fact. “Dostoievski wrote: « i f there w e°
no God, everything would be allowed » . This is the starting point o f ex isten tialist
Indeed, all is permitted if God does not exist and, consequently, man does not find
neither in himself, nor outside o f him self - anything to hold on to "l 5 |.
Sartre claimed that man is absolutely free, which means that he is absolutely
responsible. There are three states, according to the vision o f the character Antoin
Roquentin, which annul the possibility to choose: running away, magic and fear
However, these three states are the result o f a free previous choice; consequently thev
practically do not annul the human freedom.
The French existentialist philosopher, analyzing the dazzling fear, the anguish tint
som etim es befalls man, considers that it is m an's conscience, that it is part of his
freedom to decide something against all that he has become up to a certain point that
his freedom cannot be determined by anything, that he is situated over a void, over an
abyss. This dazzling fright is the conscience that appears all o f a sudden in man, that he
can throw him self - given his freedom - in the void, without anyone or anything bavins
the pow er to withhold him, due to his free will. Therefore, for Sartre there is no absolute
freedom, man being permanently faced with the issue o f an internal or external
constraint. The French philosopher actually considers that “we only talk about liberty in
relation to a situation and there is no situation except through liberty,,[6 ).
The fourth interpretation o f liberty is the liberty o f action. Freedom no longer appears
now as an original quality, equally belonging to all men, but as a privilege of he who
has set him self free from external constraints and internal slavery (ignorance, blind
passion, instinctive impulses, and prejudice), allowing him to freely accomplish his
conscient tendency towards the realization o f the aims he has taken on.
Yet, as these aims do not represent the result o f m an’s subjectivism or whims but appear
out o f objective conditions o f m an’s life, the freedom o f action in the realization of
these aims depends on the extent to which the need was known and interiorized in the
m otives o f the action. U nderstood in this way, freedom marks the passage from the level
o f ignorance to the level o f knowledge; it is here that we could situate Kant’s
philosophical ideas about liberty. Thus, the German philosopher makes a distinction
betw een the two existential levels: phainom enon and noumenon. The character can be
itself: phenom enal (perceivable by the senses) subm itted to all the laws o f causal
determ ination and noum enal (intelligible character) thought as necessary, but never
subm itted to the causal laws. “In the first case, the liberty o f w ill is impossible; in the

896
 Section Philosophy

second, the w ill is free from any constraint o f the impulses o f sensitivity, acting only
according to the advice o f reason” I7].
According to K a n t’s ideas, ontologically relying on our rational nature, liberty is
inserted, in tim e, into a cognitive, rational approach. If I am free, then I do not act
according to m y w him s or from a blind subjection, but from a deep awareness of things,
which finally coincides w ith the need for the truth. The truth imposes itself on the moral
conscience as a categorical imperative, which demands of man a consistant effort to go
over his subjective principle o f behavior and rise to the level of objectivity and
universality. Therefore, in the Kantian conceptual horizon there is only freedom in a
positive sense, liberty under the law. In other words, liberty means understanding the
necessity.
Some o f the philosophical meanings o f the concept of liberty g.eedom
disappeared as soon as they who delineated them pens ^ lue of freedom consists in the
has another m eaning than that o f these meditations. conscience in action, in
possibility to choose, because the decision is tie el = ineKpressive, would be dead,
expansion; w ith no pow er o f decision, the being would be ^ ^ nQ
Liberty m eans choice, and through this, it always h 0bHged to take on good or
freedom except in action, in choice and t lere ore
bad colors.

T„ p l.«
e in the Christian liberty a
It is a reality that the eontem porary so0' ^ ^ ^ promulgate, but rather ^ ^ 5
Possible source for the constitutions they ' P ^ aboutthe freedom1 0 ^ some
speak about religious freedom in genera . that they shou n dictated by
and cults to m an ifest them selves on the elementary norm
fundamental law s such as the rig t o Democracy has
lhe good sense. , nrr*cv is dominant. e . . ts 0f each
'n the contem porary European s« cie^ ^ J h i c h tatt°duce^ ^ '
stemmed from the pathos for freedom, dom „ f choice, acy has a
man and is the affirm ation o f
as the truth characteristic for de liberty ° ^ c0^ S<L ;n - who cannot roUght
^PHtual origin in the pro clam atio n o f the h ^ and J.S the dangers
° f the Age o f R eform in Eng . n a quite w° rrie d individuality- ^ nt
** enemies o f dem ocracy - spe man>s liberty d that *the p ^
about by dem ocracy, dangers mana pean c °nstltUt,^ing retig'011, nalJnd even
Benjamin C onstant, speaking about it e idea c o o « „ 0 privilege ^ „
returned to the only ^ ^ ^on. ^ ^
o f the liberty o f, clf f : . , clare their ^ eSTheSe ideas aspects o f®
tin g the individua s T-especl , , strictly P° he papacy rai
purely legal
™ xx/ho speaks esp eC,ai 1 ttnepl- , nf relevan
 r rnnforpncgi- ° n Social Sciences gnd A

, „ a,

• th
.V o f perceiving thee world,
^ w as
h jcha ,rh ey ?h av ein ' " ’iCh " *
f * narticuiar way . l0 the ex freedom escapes therefore the
duals can define d' en' s£ ^ s 0f this s0C,ielyaiI1 a„d tends to create new coordi„ates
" ! ndfne in reiation to 'be " ° ® religion* d o n ® ,nterests do „ 0t seem to have the
standing d for it by soCiety wh° o pnjatnin Constant argues that this
r it S e a S “ e to t ^ f t i i r in by the £
Lmton of choosing snored”® ^ manifest jmposes respect and awakeK
1 w as m ade possible by ds , free re I ^ ca n on]y pr0(J

indulgence, tolerance a d ric n a tu rel8 | . „ d erstood fu s t o f all as a divine-

institution than w ith scnse needs tci b <jf m a n >s ow „ w ill in a certain
u b e r t y in its theological C h n s as a m a m f e situ atlo n w a s rad ically changed,
t u m a n reality and only I" > « ,a m om en t w hen * ^ m o re often tha no.
area. C ertainly t h e r e j ^ r o n e d * favor a ,.b crtin e , * line w „ h the
w h en m oral liberty ^ liberahsm ,
confused either wi v man. mvidual’s will became determined
“morality” of the postmodern ^ ^ ,nd .dual ^ ^ ^ ^
When natural liberty became p freedom - aa Ws participation to the creation
by the social order. B y * ' d e te rm in a tio n tte _ ls
understands the md.v dual s _ wrttes Hans m ^ goal of
of social order. “PoW^ j L d g a n O i t of Pohtl“ ’ , power and the recognition of the
a u to n o r n fm - The,^ b ° o lu ti^ tio n of the P“W 'fte«lom - which is freedom the
life fatally leads to the abso ^ ^ human « and ma„ acts acc0rdmgly
State as absolute authority- regime - is a scnptions on which political

= K t*-S sssts»
subm it to us... t f ® children 1'H -
- - ■
but , , Used through its
th e ir turn, w ill love us d ^

w - * « *and
transfiguration ”t transom
T ^ " ^ efreedom

4. C h ris tia n t i b e r t ^ - ^ j i f t , v e n to us.

The Chris,ian-Orthodos ,.fe „ hlch therefore

hum ans, by God, after „h the Creator's will. However, he cou d
dignity- was m ade only throug wiU b ein g necessary as w ell
At th e creation time, m a a collaboration o f his o n b as to consent to it
Z be deified only .h r o u g h ,« ,a col ^ by grace b u t m an ^

C onsequently, M *> * * % becom e ‘ U m f -

for the accom phshm ^ wffls are necessary fo t() m a „ th e w ay tow ards a
existence the ' Z f m a g e "forms the starting P0I" t 0P in turn supposes liberty.
l„ other w ords, the tm g e m eans actlon, w htcn

898
 divine Revelation, the fundam ent o f liberty is the “image o f God” in
tp the a
■ding10
m they listened to God and acquirer!
L eignty over the surrounding vvor/d and 1 Wrtues> the fi
$ * names
* to a ll the anim als, to a ll th e h • / C l°G IIy fre f rst ™en ac .
learth"(Genesis2:20^
50 Adam proved n f , °G the s k v , / irradonnl their
LG>vlib erty o f his will, and on the oth erha n d^u'16 band>thath /A e J^ a //J mpuises-
Land is hill o f all the wisdom and skillf at he know s a boinB e ma/s o f
animals o f the earth. Sk" ,f^ s , as ,,e * h « is g00J ^ ' n g all
; w o f human hberty (Adam a„d , ab'e <o give ^ Mu, ,s

f W . By his act o f negative lib e r ty man s O b e d ie n c e ) s

ability, nor was he able to harm
hrtieaan Was ne,ther I ? Was an act n f
^destructible and n ot i„ ny Way ^ able t0 comp f neSative
sta
unt i f a manaocu ------- ~ ■ - - < = ------------^ — f ^ by
b h man wants to become God, as the devil had fooled him (Genesis 3:5) “Adam s
onsists in fa d in his will to become « g o d » without God, out o f pride, through
r nwn freedom o fw iir 113].
T tn ’s fault had terrible consequences on man and the surrounding world. “ The image
iGod' in man has become Perverted, without being completely destroyed, and the
'•wers of the soul fell from the primordial harmony. Lacking the help of the divine
P°'ce man’s will weakened, his reason concentrated on lust and anger, and these
R a tio n a l powers focused more on the material things, through which death and
corruption entered into human nature. Getting rid and separating himself from God by
Jjs 0wn will, man has turned towards the material world, gaining spiritual death, and
shortly after that, physical death, as well!14].
In the Orthodox theology, liberty is not submitted to reason but to affectiveness. Liberty
needs to be defined in the depth of conscience. Liberty has a teleological aspect - it is
m eant for the restauration o f the post-Adamic human nature. This restoring effort relies
on a marked potential for freedom, defined through the creation of man in the image of
God. Consequently, liberty is a condition o f becoming.
That the authentic liberty of the human personality is of Christian origin can be inferred
from the fact that the world o f the Antiquity did not know personal freedom but only
public liberty. The different philosophic conceptions on liberty, but also the different
ways of expression of freedom throughout time have proven their ephemeral nature.
Man, in his life, has to make choices. Each of the decisions we make during every
moment of our existence may mean a choice between life and death. Man is a free
person, and he can show his liberty including by correcting the errors of his life.
The freedom by which God honored man is freedom as state and not just as attribute ot
an approach of choice naturally accompanied by the anguish of lack of determination; it
is the freedom based on the knowledge o f what is good, good being the natural attribute
°f the human person and o f God. “If you continue in My word you are truly my
disciples. And you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free” (John 8:31-32),
says our Savior. There is no freedom outside the conscience of the truth, and the Truth
is the Son: “If the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed” (John 8:36). The only
constraint limiting man’s freedom is the commandment of deification, because only
^-possessive love gives man the feeling o f full love[15].
an participates to the eternal freedom o f God not in the posse non pecccire ol the
trnordial state, but only in the non possepeccare o f God’s grace and glory. This is the
 SGEM 2014 International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on Social Sciences_anH

liberty turned to good and it is in this way that freedom reaches its divine truthfulness
through love.
5. Conclusions
It can be noticed, increasingly obviously, lately, that people are trying to prove at all
costs that they have freedom. Freedom is actually engraved in the human bein^
Contemporary philosophers and writers speak, in their works, about human freedom. At
the same time, by means of the media, and also by other means, man is looking for
freedom, yet ever since the moment o f our forefathers acceptance o f the devil's
temptation, man has replaced freedom by autonomy and truth by appearance.
Freedom, according to the Christian meaning, is not freedom from the other but
freedom with the other. Freedom becomes identical to communion, to love. God is
communion o f Persons and he is love because He is Trinity.
While for Friedrich Nietzsche freedom is the power to say “no”, from the perspective of
Christianity, freedom is not to have obstacles in the way of love and, moreover, the
power to lay your life (soul) down for your neighbor at any moment.

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