The English Teacher Vol.

XLI(2) December 2012

ESL LEARNERS’ PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDES

TOWARDS THE USE OF PODCAST IN
DEVELOPING LISTENING SKILLS

Md. Masudul Hasan and Tan Bee Hoon

Universiti Putra Malaysia

ABSTRACT
Listening is considered as the most frequently used language skill in almost any
communication, yet it is often observed to be particularly difficult, and
sometimes causes anxiety and frustration among foreign and second language
learners. Successful communication can be hindered without accurate
understanding of the spoken message. Several research studies have suggested
the use of podcast materials to develop ESL learners’ listening comprehension.
This study examines ESL students’ perceptions and attitudes towards the use of
podcasts in terms of developing their listening competence. Perceptions and
attitudes towards podcasts have been investigated through a survey
questionnaire. The vast majority of the respondents stated that they enjoyed
using podcast and that it had stimulated their interest in learning English. They
also acknowledged that the use of podcasts could help improve their language
skills particularly listening.

Keywords: podcast, ESL, listening comprehension, perception, attitude

Introduction
Communication competence involves mainly four skills: reading, writing
speaking, and listening. Among the skills, listening in learning a foreign and
second language has not been given much attention in spite of being the most
needed ability in everyday communication. Without precise understanding of the
spoken message, successful communication cannot be achieved. Like other
language skills such as reading, writing and speaking, listening can be learned
systematically. In earlier times, a trait of part of learning and teaching listening
was to use professionally produced newscasts, radio, and/or TV programs. With
new computer technologies and Internet resources such as podcast, English
language learners are now able to learn various skills of English Language.
Podcasting is considered one of the novel forms of audio and video materials
which offer language learners many opportunities to practice language skills,
especially in listening comprehension. Some research studies have already

160

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 160 11/28/12 1:48:04 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU

DFNQRZOHGJHGLWVSRWHQWLDOLW\DQGKDYHGRFXPHQWHGPXFKHYLGHQFHWKDWSRGFDVWV
FDQ JUHDWO\ DFFHOHUDWH OHDUQHUV¶ VSHDNLQJ DQG OLVWHQLQJ VNLOOV 7KLV VPDOO VFDOH
SLORWVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGWRH[DPLQH(6/VWXGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVRIDQGDWWLWXGHV
WRZDUGV WKH XVH RI SRGFDVWV IRU GHYHORSLQJ OLVWHQLQJ VNLOOV ,W IXUWKHU H[DPLQHG
ZKHWKHUVWXGHQWV KDGWKHSUHUHTXLVLWHVNLOOVWRHQVXUHWKH VPRRWKDQGHIIHFWLYH
LQWHJUDWLRQRISRGFDVWVLQOHDUQLQJOLVWHQLQJ

'HILQLQJ3RGFDVW
7KH ZRUG ³SRGFDVW´ LV WDNHQ IURP WZR ZRUGV L3RG DQG EURDGFDVW 5RVHOO
$JXLODU  3RGFDVWV DUH ERWK DXGLR DQG YLGHR ILOHV RQ WKH 1HW ZKLFK DUH
XVXDOO\ XSORDGHG DW UHJXODU LQWHUYDOV &KDQ &KHQ DQG '|SHO  GHILQHG
SRGFDVW DV D PHGLD VWUHDP FRQVLVWLQJ RI DXGLR DQGRU YLGHR DQG 3') ILOHV
/LVWHQHUVFDQGRZQORDGWKHLUIDYRXULWHSRGFDVWDQGWUDQVIHULWWRGHYLFHVVXFKDV
03 SOD\HU L3RG DQG PRELOH SKRQH .DSODQ/HLVHUVRQ  FLWHG LQ 5RVHOO
$JXLODU  L7XQHV LV FRQVLGHUHG DV RQH RI WKH EHVW SRGFDWFKHUV VRIWZDUH
/LVWHQHUVGRQRWQHHGWRYLVLWHYHU\ZHEVLWHIUHTXHQWO\IRUQHZSRGFDVWHSLVRGHV
WKH\FDQ QRZILQGD KXJHFROOHFWLRQRISRGFDVWV IURPWKHL7XQHVVWRUH5RVHOO
$JXLODU  7KHUH DUH PDQ\ W\SHV RI SRGFDVWV VXFK DV WHOHYLVLRQ SRGFDVWV
UDGLRSRGFDVWVFODVVURRPSRGFDVWVDQGLQGLYLGXDORUJURXSSRGFDVWV7HOHYLVLRQ
DQGUDGLRQHZVDUHH[LVWLQJSURJUDPVWXUQHGLQWRSRGFDVWVVXFKDVWKRVHFUHDWHG
E\ 9RLFH RI $PHULFD 92$ DYDLODEOH DW KWWSOHDUQLQJHQJOLVKYRDQHZVFRP
,QGLYLGXDORUJURXSSRGFDVWVDUHSRGFDVWVGHVLJQHGIRUPXOWLSOHSXUSRVHVVXFKDV
WKRVH GHYHORSHG E\ WKH ZHEVLWH DW KWWSJUDPPDUTXLFNDQGGLUW\WLSVFRP
%HVLGHVJLYLQJWLSVRQ(QJOLVKJUDPPDUWKLVZHEVLWHRIIHUVSRGFDVWVRQYDULRXV
WRSLFVVXFKDVKHDOWKHGXFDWLRQODZVIRRGDQGWHFKQRORJ\

3XUSRVHRIWKH6WXG\
3RGFDVW KDV EHHQ XVHG DV D WRRO LQ YDULRXV HGXFDWLRQDO PRGHV HJ EOHQGHG
OHDUQLQJ'XGHQH\ +RFNO\LQGHSHQGHQWOHDUQLQJ%XOO 5HLG
DQG FROODERUDWLYH OHDUQLQJ +LQH 5HQWRXO  6SHFKW  0DQ\ DFDGHPLF
LQVWLWXWLRQV LQFOXGLQJ 'XNH 8QLYHUVLW\+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\0,7DQG6WDQIRUG
8QLYHUVLW\ KDYH DOUHDG\ RIIHUHG FRXUVH PDWHULDOV YLD DXGLRYLGHR SRGFDVWV
6RUUHQWLQR3RGFDVWVKDYHEHHQXVHGDVVXSSOHPHQWDOUHVRXUFH%RQJH\
&L]DGOR  .DOQEDFK  DQG WR VXSSRUW WH[WERRN PDWHULDOV 6WDQOH\ 
/DQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ KDV EHHQ UHFRJQL]HG DV RQH RI WKH ILHOGV DERXW WR JHW KHOS
IURP WKH UDSLG JURZWK LQ SRGFDVWLQJ 5RVHOO$JXLODU  $ IHZ UHVHDUFKHUV
KDYH GRFXPHQWHG WKDW SRGFDVW SURPRWHV VHFRQG ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ GHYHORSV
YDULRXV VNLOOV RI (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH VXFK DV SURQXQFLDWLRQ 'XFDWH  /RPLFND
 YRFDEXODU\ 3XWPDQ  .LQJVOH\  DQG JUDPPDU ,VWDQWR 
2WKHUOLWHUDWXUHRQSRGFDVWFRPHVQRWIURPUHVHDUFKMRXUQDOVEXWIURPPDJD]LQH
DUWLFOHV FRQIHUHQFH SURFHHGLQJV ZKLFK DUH FRQFHUQHG ZLWK WHFKQLFDO LVVXHV RI

161

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 161 11/28/12 1:48:04 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU

FUHDWLQJ DQG VXEVFULELQJ SRGFDVWV 'HVSLWH LWV VLJQLILFDQFH WR WKH DFDGHPLF
VXFFHVV RI (6/ OHDUQHUV UHVHDUFK VWXGLHV RQ SRGFDVW DQG / OLVWHQLQJ
FRPSUHKHQVLRQLQDFDGHPLFFRQWH[WVDWWHUWLDU\OHYHOLVVFDQW

7KHHGXFDWLRQDOEHQHILWVRISRGFDVWKDYHEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGE\PDQ\UHVHDUFKHUV
\HW WKH LGHD KDV VWLOO QRW EHHQ LQWURGXFHG LQ WKH ORFDO FRQWH[WV LQ WHUPV RI
GHYHORSLQJ OHDUQHUV¶ OLVWHQLQJ VNLOOV 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ XQWLO QRZ WKHUH LV OLWWOH
UHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGWRJDXJHVWXGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVSRGFDVWV
LQGHYHORSLQJOLVWHQLQJFRPSHWHQFHDWWHUWLDU\OHYHO LQ0DOD\VLDDQGWKLV VWXG\
DLPVWRILOOLQWKHJDS7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVH[SORUDWRU\VWXG\ZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWH
VWXGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVRIDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVWKHXVHRISRGFDVWVLQGHYHORSLQJ
WKHLUOLVWHQLQJFRPSHWHQFH,WIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWHGZKHWKHUVWXGHQWVKDGDGHTXDWH
NQRZOHGJHRISRGFDVWLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKHVPRRWKDQGHIIHFWLYHLQWHJUDWLRQRI
SRGFDVWV

5HYLHZRI5HODWHG6WXGLHV
/HDUQLQJOLVWHQLQJVNLOOVLQVHFRQGODQJXDJHLVRQHRIWKHPRVWGLIILFXOWWDVNVIRU
DQ\OHDUQHUVEHFDXVHWKHUHDUHQRUXOHVDVLQJUDPPDU*UDKDP/LVWHQLQJ
VNLOOV FDQ EH DFTXLUHG RYHU WLPH ZLWK ORWV RI SUDFWLFH 5RVW  VWDWHV WKDW
³>O@LVWHQLQJ HQFRPSDVVHV UHFHSWLYH FRQVWUXFWLYH DQG LQWHUSUHWLYH DVSHFWV RI
FRJQLWLRQ ZKLFK DUH XWLOL]HG LQ ERWK ILUVW ODQJXDJH / DQG VHFRQG ODQJXDJH
/OLVWHQLQJ´S/LVWHQLQJFRPSUHKHQVLRQZKLFK)ORZHUGHZDQG0LOOHU
FDOOHGDQ³LQWHJUDWHGDSSURDFK´LVDFRPSOH[PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOSURFHVV
/LVWHQHUVGRQRWSDVVLYHO\DEVRUEDPHVVDJHEXWDFWLYHO\ UHFRQVWUXFWLW LQWKHLU
PLQGV)ORZHUGHZDQG0LOOHU/LVWHQLQJXVXDOO\FRPSULVHVERWKERWWRP
XSSURFHVVLQJ± IURP ZRUGVWRLGHDVDQGWRSGRZQSURFHVVLQJ± IURPLGHDVWR
ZRUGV5RVWDVFLWHGLQ)ORZHUGHZ 0LOOHU(DUO\UHVHDUFKVWXGLHV
RQ OLVWHQLQJ 9DQGHUJULIW  5RVW  VXJJHVW PDFURVWUDWHJLHV IRU
GHYHORSLQJ OLVWHQLQJ FRPSHWHQFH 0DFURVWUDWHJLHV RI OLVWHQLQJ VNLOOV LQYROYH
PDQ\ DFWLYLWLHV UHVSRQGLQJ PRQLWRULQJ FODULI\LQJ LQIHUHQFLQJ DQG HYDOXDWLQJ
/\QFK  3UHGLFWLQJ FODULI\LQJ DQG YDOXDWLQJ DUH FRQVLGHUHG DV WKH PRVW
LPSRUWDQW OLVWHQLQJ VNLOOV /\QFK  $ QXPEHU RI UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH
FRQGXFWHG SURGXFWEDVHG UHVHDUFK WR JDXJH WKH HIIHFWV RI YDULDEOH HJ DXGLR
DQGYLGHRPDWHULDOVRQOLVWHQLQJFRPSUHKHQVLRQDQGUHYHDOWKDWUHSHWLWLRQGRHV
LQGHHG OHDG WR DQ LQFUHDVH LQ OLVWHQLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLRQ VFRUHV VHH /L 
2¶%U\DQ +HJHOKHLPHUIRUH[DPSOHV

7KHXVHRI PXOWLPHGLDLQWHDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJ YDULRXV VXEMHFWVRIIHUVOHDUQHUV
PXOWLPRGDOSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGPXOWLFRGLQJRILQIRUPDWLRQ&KDQ&KHQ 'RSHO
0D\HU3UHVHQWO\WKHXVHRIPXOWLPHGLDWRROVKDVDSSHDOHGPRUHWR
HGXFDWRUV WHDFKHUV DQG VWXGHQWV IRU LWV KXJH SRWHQWLDOLW\ FDSDELOLW\ DQG

162

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 162 11/28/12 1:48:04 PM

 The English Teacher Vol. XLI(2) December 2012

usefulness. The use of multimedia is becoming a new mode of communication in

teaching different courses. Educational technologists are of the opinion that use
of multimedia application both inside and outside the classroom accelerates
students’ learning process and achievement (Chan, Chen, & Dopel; 2008).
Multimedia files such as podcast include different modes of presentation such as
narration, picture, sound, and animation which help learners process information
quickly through different sensory channels (Mayer, 2000). Moreover, podcast
materials provide language learners repeated exposure to the target language
which is beneficial to learning. It offers language learners with samples of real
language and authentic materials (Thorne & Payne, 2005).

Research has shown that podcast helps independent learning (Stoten, 2007),
enhances academic success (Lee & Chen, 2007), reduces stress and promotes
students’ cooperation (Lee & Chen, 2007; Vess, 2006), provide learners with
examples of real speech and other authentic materials (Chan & Lee, 2005;
Thorne & Payne, 2005; Stanley, 2005). In language learning, several studies
have stated that learners can use podcast for developing various skills of English
language (Kim & King, 2011; Lord, 2008; O’Bryan & Hegelheimer, 2007;
Rosell-Aguilar, 2007). Rosell-Aguilar (2007) explains that podcasting facilitates
self-paced learning as well as provides slower learners a platform for
remediation. Kaplan-Leiserson (2005) points out that podcasting can provide
another channel for material review as well as assists learners’ listening skills.

Language learning is influenced by many factors and the most significant and
facilitating factor is positive attitude (Mian, 1998). Teachers often find it difficult
to motivate students both inside and outside the classroom. The use of podcasts
can assist this aspect. Several studies (Kavaliauskienė & Anusienė, 2009; Lord,
2008) have been conducted previously on English language students’ podcast use
and their attitudes and perceptions of the podcasts’ design and usefulness. In
most of the cases, students’ perceptions of the podcasts were found to be
positive. For example, Kavaliauskienė and Anusienė’s (2009) research study
examined learners’ perceptions of online listening to podcasts. The participants
of the study were from Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania. Most of the
participants (76%) showed positive attitudes to the techniques of developing
listening skills using podcasts.

Similarly, Francom (2009) used a questionnaire to investigate students’

perceptions of the weekly podcasts. The findings of the study suggested that both
teachers and students found podcast as an effective teaching and learning tool
that bought success to students. Pilcher (2010) explored nurses’ willingness to
use podcast technology for educational purposes. Li’s (2009) research also aimed
at finding out about the perception of Hong Kong ESL Secondary 6 students

163

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 163 11/28/12 1:48:04 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU

WRZDUGVSRGFDVWV0RVWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVRIWKHVWXG\DJUHHGWKDWSRGFDVWVKDG
HQKDQFHGWKHLUODQJXDJHVNLOOV7KHVWXGHQWVVKRZHGJUHDWLQWHUHVWLQFDUU\LQJRQ
WKHVH OLVWHQLQJ KDELWV .LP DQG .LQJ  QRWHG WKDW VWXGHQWV DQG WHDFKHUV¶
DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV SRGFDVWV YDULHG GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKHLU SUHYLRXV H[SHULHQFHV ZLWK
YDULRXVW\SHVRIFRPSXWHUWHFKQRORJLHV6WXGHQWVZLWKKLJKFRPSXWHUVNLOOVPD\
IRVWHUSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVSRGFDVWV

'XFDWHDQG/RPLFNDLQWKHLUPL[HGPHWKRGVWXG\LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHHIIHFWV
RI XVLQJ SRGFDVWV WR GHYHORS VWXGHQWV¶ SURQXQFLDWLRQ $ WRWDO RI  VWXGHQWV LQ
LQWHUPHGLDWH*HUPDQDQG)UHQFKFRXUVHVGHYHORSHGILYHSRGFDVWVWKURXJKRXWWKH
VHPHVWHU)LQGLQJRIWKHVWXG\VXJJHVWHGWKDWUHVSRQGHQWV¶SURQXQFLDWLRQGLGQRW
LPSURYH VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQ WHUPV RI FRPSUHKHQVLELOLW\ GXH WR FRXUVH WLPH OLPLW
+RZHYHU WKH VWXGHQWV
 DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ LQFUHDVHG
VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIWHU XVLQJ SRGFDVW PDWHULDOV 6LPLODUO\ .QLJKW¶V  VWXG\
H[DPLQHVWKHXVHRISRGFDVWVIRUSKRQHWLFH[HUFLVHV$JURXSRIUHVSRQGHQWV
SDUWLFLSDWHGDQGSRGFDVWVRI JUDGHGSKRQHWLFV ZHUHGHYHORSHGDQGXSORDGHG
WRWKH ZHEVLWH IRUVWXGHQWV6WXGHQWVRIWKLVSURMHFWIRXQGWKHSRGFDVWH[HUFLVHV
HIIHFWLYHIRUGHYHORSLQJWKHLUOLVWHQLQJDELOLW\7KH\OLNHGWKHDELOLW\WRUHSHDWWKH
UHFRUGLQJV PDQ\ WLPHV DQG IHOW WKDW WKHLU FRQILGHQFH LQ WUDQVFULSWLRQ KDG
LPSURYHGDQGWKHLUWHVWVFRUHVKDVDOVRLQFUHDVHGGXHWRXVLQJSRGFDVWV

6LPLODUO\ &KDQ HW DO  LQYHVWLJDWHG WZR SRGFDVW SURMHFWV FRQGXFWHG DW D
XQLYHUVLW\ LQ 6LQJDSRUH ZKLFK ZHUH GHVLJQHG WR VXSSOHPHQW FODVVURRP
LQVWUXFWLRQ IRU &KLQHVH DQG .RUHDQ VWXGHQWV ZKR OHDUQHG (QJOLVK DV D IRUHLJQ
ODQJXDJH $ VHPLVWUXFWXUHG LQWHUYLHZ ZDV FRQGXFWHG WR DVFHUWDLQ WKHLU
SHUFHSWLRQV RI WKH SRGFDVWV¶ TXDOLW\ DQG XVHIXOQHVV &KDQ HW DO LQIHUUHG WKDW
UHVSRQGHQWV ZKR XVH SRGFDVWV RQ WKH PRYH RU RXWVLGH WKHLU DERGHV KDG
VLJQLILFDQW SRVLWLYH DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV SRGFDVWV DQG WKH\ ZHUH IRXQG WR EH
LQWHUHVWHGWRSRGFDVWEDVHGOHDUQLQJDIWHUWKHH[SRVXUHWRWKHSRGFDVWFRXUVH

7KH XVH RI SRGFDVWV DOVR UHGXFHV VWXGHQWV¶ DQ[LHW\ DQG FUHDWHV D VHQVH RI
EHORQJLQJWRDOHDUQLQJFRPPXQLW\/HH &KDQ/RUGHYDOXDWHGD
MRLQW SURMHFW RQ SRGFDVWV LQ DQ XQGHUJUDGXDWH 6SDQLVK SKRQHWLF FODVV WR DVVHVV
VWXGHQWV¶ SURQXQFLDWLRQ DQG DWWLWXGHV 7KH ILQGLQJV FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH PDMRULW\
RI WKH VWXGHQWV KDG SRVLWLYH DWWLWXGH WRZDUGV SRGFDVWV 7KH\ HQMR\HG XVLQJ
SRGFDVWV DQG ZHUH LQFOLQHG WR OLVWHQ WR WKH SRGFDVWV LQVLGH DQG RXWVLGH WKH
FODVVURRP

3HUFHSWLRQV DQG DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV SRGFDVWV KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG DQG LQ PRVW
FDVHV SRVLWLYH DWWLWXGHV ZHUH GRFXPHQWHG 0DMRULW\ RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV RI WKH
UHYLHZHGVWXGLHVKROGSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVWKHPHWKRGRIXVLQJSRGFDVWVLQ

164

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 164 11/28/12 1:48:04 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU

ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ 7KH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV VWDWHG WKDW WKH PHWKRG
ZDVH[FLWLQJWKDWWKH\HQMR\HGXVLQJLW0RVWRIWKHVWXGHQWVDFNQRZOHGJHGWKDW
WKH XVH RI SRGFDVWV FRXOG KHOS LPSURYH WKHLU ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ VNLOOV $JDLQVW
WKLVEDFNGURSWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGWRILQGRXWLI0DOD\VLDQWHUWLDU\
OHYHOVWXGHQWVKDYHVLPLODUSHUFHSWLRQVDQGDWWLWXGHVRUQRWWRZDUGVSRGFDVWXVH
LQOHDUQLQJ(QJOLVK

0HWKRGRORJ\
7KHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKHVWXG\ZHUHIURPDQLQWDFWFODVVIURP3XWUD8QLYHUVLW\RI
0DOD\VLD )LIW\WKUHH VHFRQG \HDU XQGHUJUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH
VWXG\2XWRIWKHVWXGHQWVZHUHIHPDOHDQGPDOH7KH\ZHUHEHWZHHQWKH
DJHVRIDQG\HDUV

4XDQWLWDWLYH GDWD ZHUH JDWKHUHG XVLQJ DQ DGDSWHG FORVHHQGHG TXHVWLRQQDLUH WR
JDXJH VWXGHQWV¶ RSLQLRQ DWWLWXGHV EHOLHIV DQG ZLOOLQJQHVV UHJDUGLQJ WKH XVH RI
SRGFDVW LQ GHYHORSLQJ OLVWHQLQJ FRPSHWHQFH %HIRUH WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH
TXHVWLRQQDLUHDQLQWURGXFWRU\VHVVLRQRQSRGFDVWZDVFRQGXFWHG7HUPVVXFKDV
SRGFDVWVRXUFHVRISRGFDVWVWRROVUHTXLUHGWRXVHSRGFDVWVDQGSRGFDVWXVHVLQ
OHDUQLQJ YDULRXV VNLOOV RI (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH ZHUH H[SODLQHG WR WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV
6RPH SRGFDVW ZHEVLWHV ZHUH LQWURGXFHG IRU H[DPSOH ZZZHVOSRGFRP
ZZZWHGWDONVFRP KWWSDHVORUJSRGFDVWV DQG 92$ 6SHFLDO (QJOLVK 7KH
TXHVWLRQQDLUH FRPSULVHV  TXHVWLRQV /LNHUWW\SH TXHVWLRQV \HVQR TXHVWLRQV
DQG RSHQHQGHG TXHVWLRQV ZHUH XVHG WR DVVHVVHG VWXGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQV DQG
DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG SRGFDVW 7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZDV DGRSWHG IURP )UDQFRP 
DQG3LOFKHUDQGPRGLILHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVSHFLILHGUHVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV
7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUH KDV IRXU SDUWV 7KH ILUVW SDUW RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH FRQWDLQV
GHPRJUDSKLF TXHVWLRQV 7KH VHFRQG WKLUG DQG IRXUWK SDUWV RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH
ZHUH GHVLJQHG WR JDXJH VWXGHQWV¶ IDPLOLDULW\ ZLWK SRGFDVWV DQG RWKHU
WHFKQRORJLFDO WRROV VWXGHQWV¶ EHOLHI DQG RSLQLRQ WRZDUGV SRGFDVWV DQG
SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ZLOOLQJQHVVWRDFFRPPRGDWHSRGFDVWLQJSHGDJRJ\UHVSHFWLYHO\

7KH UHVSRQGHQWV ILOOHG RXW WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH LQ FODVV 7KH\ ZHUH JLYHQ KDOI DQ
KRXU WR FRPSOHWH WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH $OO WKH  UHVSRQGHQWV SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH
VXUYH\ DQG UHWXUQHG WKH FRPSOHWHG TXHVWLRQQDLUH 4XDQWLWDWLYH GDWD ZHUH
DQDO\VHGXVLQJ([FHOWRJHWGHVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFVZKLOHWKHTXDOLWDWLYHGDWDZHUH
DQDO\VHG DQG FDWHJRULVHG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH WKHPHV WKDW HPHUJHG IURP WKH RSHQ
HQGHGTXHVWLRQV

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
3RGFDVWLQJ SURYLGHV DFFHVV WR DXWKHQWLF PDWHULDOV DQG GHYHORSV OHDUQHUV¶
ODQJXDJH VNLOOV JLYHV RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR QRWLFH YRFDEXODU\ DQG JUDPPDWLFDO

165

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 165 11/28/12 1:48:04 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU

VWUXFWXUHV ,W LV DOVR FRQVLGHUHG DV D SRZHUIXO OHDUQLQJ PHWKRG DERXW PDQ\
DVSHFWVVXFKDVFXOWXUHKLVWRU\SROLFLHVRIWKHDUHDVZKHUHWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJHLV
VSRNHQ *HQHUDOO\ WKH ILQGLQJV VXJJHVW WKDW ODQJXDJH OHDUQHUV DUH SRVLWLYH
WRZDUGVXVLQJSRGFDVWWHFKQRORJ\DQGWKH\ZHUHLQWHUHVWHGWRLQWHJUDWHSRGFDVW
WHFKQRORJ\ LQWR WKHLU ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV 6RPH RI WKH UHDVRQV IRU WKH
SRVLWLYH SHUFHSWLRQV LQFOXGHG WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU VWXGHQWV WR OHDUQ DW WKHLU RZQ
WLPH DQG WR OLVWHQ WR VSHFLILF PDWHULDOV WKDW WKH\ PLVV RU GR QRW XQGHUVWDQG
PXOWLSOH WLPHV $WWLWXGHV DQG SHUFHSWLRQV WRZDUGV SRGFDVWV KDYH EHHQ
LQYHVWLJDWHGDQGLQPRVWFDVHVUHVXOWVZHUHIRXQGWREHSRVLWLYH

7KLV H[SRVLWRU\ VWXG\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG WR LQYHVWLJDWH VWXGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQV DQG
DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV WKH XVH RI SRGFDVWV LQ GHYHORSLQJ WKHLU OLVWHQLQJ FRPSHWHQFH
4XHVWLRQQDLUH ZDV GHVLJQHG WR JHQHUDWH D IHZ DVSHFWV HJ GHPRJUDSKLF
LQIRUPDWLRQRIWKHVWXGHQWVUHVRXUFHVDYDLODEOHWRWKHPWRXVHSRGFDVWDQGWKHLU
DWWLWXGHVDQGZLOOLQJQHVVWRZDUGVWKHXVHRISRGFDVWLQGHYHORSLQJWKHLUOLVWHQLQJ
VNLOOV6RPHLQWHUHVWLQJILQGLQJVJHQHUDWHGIURPWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHDUHKLJKOLJKWHG
LQWKHIROORZLQJSDUDJUDSKV

)DPLOLDULW\ZLWK3RGFDVWVDQG2WKHU7HFKQRORJLFDO7RROV
7KH GDWD FROOHFWHG IURP WKH VWXGHQWV UHYHDOHG WKDW DOO WKH VWXGHQWV SRVVHVVHG
QHFHVVDU\ HTXLSPHQW IRU XVLQJ SRGFDVWV VXFK DV FRPSXWHU DQGRU ODSWRS
VRIWZDUH PRELOH SKRQH DQG L3RG ERWK DW KRPH DQG LQ WKHLU XQLYHUVLW\ 7KH
SDUWLFLSDQWV ZHUH DVNHG ZKHWKHU WKH\ ZHUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH WHUP SRGFDVWV DQG
GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI WRROV UHTXLUHG WR GRZQORDG DQG OLVWHQ WR SRGFDVWV
6XUSULVLQJO\ QRQH RI WKH UHVSRQGHQW KDG HYHU KHDUG RI WKH WHUP ³SRGFDVW´
+RZHYHU DOO RI WKHP DUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK DXGLR DQG YLGHR ILOHV IRXQG RQ WKH
,QWHUQHW3DUWLFLSDQWVVWDWHGWKDWWKH\KDGWKHH[SHULHQFHRIGRZQORDGLQJGLIIHUHQW
W\SHV RI DXGLR DQG YLGHR ILOHV IURP WKH ,QWHUQHW XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI WRROV
7KH\ KDG QHYHU GRZQORDGHG RU OLVWHQHG WR DQ\ SRGFDVW IRU GHYHORSLQJ WKHLU
OLVWHQLQJVNLOOV0RVWRIWKHVWXGHQWVZHUHIDPLOLDUZLWKL7XQHVRQHRIWKH
EHVW SRGFDWFKHUV EXW WKH\ ZHUH QRW IDPLOLDU ZLWK LWV XVDJH IRU VXEVFULELQJ
SRGFDVWV

.LP DQG .LQJ  FODLPHG WKDW VWXGHQWV¶ DQG WHDFKHUV¶ DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV
SRGFDVWV YDULHG GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKHLU SUHYLRXV H[SHULHQFHV ZLWK YDULRXV W\SHV RI
FRPSXWHU WHFKQRORJLHV /DFN RI FRPSXWHU NQRZOHGJH LV RQH RI WKH VLJQLILFDQW
EDUULHUVWRWKHDFFHSWDQFHDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRISRGFDVWVLQGHYHORSLQJYDULRXV
VNLOOVRI(QJOLVKODQJXDJH.LP .LQJ6WXGHQWVZLWKKLJKHUFRPSXWHU
FRPSHWHQFH PD\ IRVWHU SRVLWLYH DWWLWXGHV RI DFFHSWLQJ SRGFDVWV IRU GHYHORSLQJ
YDULRXVVNLOOVRI(QJOLVKODQJXDJH


166

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 166 11/28/12 1:48:04 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU

$ IHZ TXHVWLRQV ZHUH GHVLJQHG WR DVN VWXGHQWV WR VHOIHYDOXDWH WKHLU RZQ
NQRZOHGJHRQEDVLFFRPSXWHUDSSOLFDWLRQVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHIRXU FDWHJRULHVLH
QR SULRU H[SHULHQFH EHJLQQHU LQWHUPHGLDWH DQG H[SHUW XVHU $V H[SHFWHG
PDMRULW\ RI WKH VWXGHQWV  UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH\ KDYH NQRZOHGJH RQ EDVLF
FRPSXWHUDSSOLFDWLRQVWXGHQWVFRQVLGHUHGWKHPVHOYHVDVH[SHUWXVHUV
VWXGHQWVUDQNHGWKHPDVLQWHUPHGLDWHXVHUVDQGRQO\VWXGHQWVZHUHIRXQGDV
EHJLQQHUV  0RVW RI WKH VWXGHQWV  VDLG WKDW WKH\ DUH IDPLOLDU ZLWK PDQ\
FRPSXWHU DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV ,QWHUQHW 6HDUFK (QJLQHV )DFHERRN <RX7XEH
HWF

6WXGHQWV¶3HUFHSWLRQVDQG$WWLWXGHVWRZDUGV3RGFDVWV
6WXGHQWV¶SHUFHSWLRQVRIDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVWKHXVHRISRGFDVWVLQGHYHORSLQJ
OLVWHQLQJ VNLOOV RI (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH ZHUH IRXQG WR EH SRVLWLYH  6WXGHQWV
VXSSRUWHG WKH LGHD RI DGRSWLQJ SRGFDVWV DV ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ PDWHULDOV IRU
GHYHORSLQJ GLIIHUHQW VNLOOV RI (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH  RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV DJUHHG
ZLWKWKHQRWLRQWKDWXVHRISRGFDVWVDOORZVODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVPRUHIOH[LELOLW\LQ
ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ PDNHV OHVVRQ LQWHUHVWLQJ DQG HQMR\DEOH GHYHORS WKLQNLQJ
VNLOOV DQG HQKDQFH OHDUQHU DFKLHYHPHQW  VWXGHQWV VWDWHG WKDW SRGFDVWV FDQ
JUHDWO\ KHOS GHYHORS VWXGHQWV¶ OLVWHQLQJ FRPSHWHQFH  VWXGHQWV DJUHHG WKDW
SRGFDVW FDQ EH VXLWDEOH WRRO IRU GHYHORSLQJ VSHDNLQJ VNLOOV RI WKH OHDUQHUV
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKHP UHDGLQJ DQG ZULWLQJ FDQQRW EH LPSURYHG XVLQJ SRGFDVW
PDWHULDOV

3RGFDVWVSURYLGHWHDFKHUVZLWKWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVRIIDFLOLWDWLQJODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ
DQG DOVR FKDOOHQJH WKH WUDGLWLRQDO WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ PHWKRGV 7UDGLWLRQDO
FODVVURRP GR QRW JLYH PRUH LPSRUWDQFH WR OLVWHQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV 3RGFDVWV DUH DQ
H[FHOOHQWPHDQVWRPRWLYDWHVWXGHQWVEHFDXVHVWXGHQWVXVHGHYLFHVWKDWDUHSDUWRI
WKH VWXGHQWV¶ H[SHULHQFHV 5HVSRQGHQWV RI WKLV VWXG\ DOVR DFNQRZOHGJHG WKDW
SRGFDVWLVDQH[FHOOHQWWRRODQGFDQEHWRGHYHORSWKHLUOLVWHQLQJVNLOOV

$FFRUGLQJWR:DUVFKDXHUDQG+HDOH\WUDLQLQJLVRQHRIWKHNH\HOHPHQWV
LQFRPSXWHUDVVLVWHGODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJFRQWH[W7UDLQLQJHQDEOHVOHDUQHUVWRXVH
PXOWLPHGLDILOHVDQGRWKHURQOLQHUHVRXUFHVHIIHFWLYHO\$EGRXVHWDODOVR
VWDWHGWKDWVWXGHQWVQHHGLQFODVVWUDLQLQJDERXWKRZWRVXEVFULEHGRZQORDGDQG
VDYHSRGFDVWXVLQJSRGFDWFKHUVXFKDVL7XQHV5HVSRQGHQWVZHUHDVNHGZKHWKHU
WUDLQLQJ LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKHP WR XVH SRGFDVWV IRU GHYHORSLQJ VNLOOV RI (QJOLVK
ODQJXDJH $OO WKH UHVSRQGHQWV XQDQLPRXVO\ VDLG WKDW WUDLQLQJ ZDV QHFHVVDU\
1RQH RI VWXGHQWV KDG HYHU DWWHQGHG DQ\ WUDLQLQJ SURJUDPPH RU VHPLQDU RQ
SRGFDVWV $OWKRXJK VWXGHQWV  FODLPHG WKDW WKH\ KDG VXIILFLHQW NQRZOHGJH
RQFRPSXWHUDSSOLFDWLRQVIRUVXEVFULELQJDQGGRZQORDGLQJSRGFDVWILOHV\HWWKH\
IHOWWKDWWKH\QHHGHGWKHWUDLQLQJ


167

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 167 11/28/12 1:48:05 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU


3DUWLFLSDQWV¶:LOOLQJQHVVWR$FFRPPRGDWH1HZ3HGDJRJ\
5HVSRQGHQWV RI WKLV VWXG\ ZRXOG OLNH WR XVH SRGFDVW PDWHULDOV LQ IXWXUH WR
GHYHORSYDULRXVVNLOOVRI(QJOLVKODQJXDJH5HVSRQGHQWVRIWKLVVWXG\IHOW
WKDW WKH\ ZRXOG KDYH LPSURYHG PRUH LI WKH\ KDG XVHG SRGFDVW WHFKQRORJ\ IRU
GHYHORSLQJ VNLOOV RI (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH 7KH\ H[SUHVVHG WKHLU RSLQLRQ WKDW WKH\
ZDQWHG WR XVH SRGFDVW WR LPSURYH YDULRXV VNLOOV RI (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH VXFK DV
VSHDNLQJ OLVWHQLQJ UHDGLQJ ZULWLQJ JUDPPDU DQG YRFDEXODU\ $OPRVW DOO WKH
VWXGHQWVSUHIHUUHGXVLQJSRGFDVWVWRGHYHORSWKHLUOLVWHQLQJDQGVSHDNLQJ
VNLOOV7KHLUWHDFKHUVXVXDOO\GLGQRWXVHDQ\DXGLRDQGYLGHRPDWHULDOVWRWHDFK
OLVWHQLQJ 5HVSRQGHQWV RI WKH VWXG\ VWDWHG WKDW WKH\ ZRXOG KDYH DSSUHFLDWHG LI
WHDFKHUVKDGXVHGSRGFDVWVLQWHDFKLQJOLVWHQLQJ

3HUFHSWLRQV DQG DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV SRGFDVWV KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG LQ VHYHUDO
VWXGLHV DQG LQ PRVW FDVHV SRVLWLYH DWWLWXGHV ZHUH GRFXPHQWHG ,Q WKLV VWXG\
UHVSRQVHV IURP WKH VWXGHQWV FOHDUO\ VKRZHG WKDW VWXGHQWV ZHUH H[FLWHG DERXW
OHDUQLQJGLIIHUHQWVNLOOVRI(QJOLVKODQJXDJHDIWHUSRGFDVWVZHUHLQWURGXFHGLQWKH
FODVVURRP 5HVSRQGHQWV KHOG SRVLWLYH DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV WKH PHWKRG RI XVLQJ
SRGFDVWVLQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ5HVSRQGHQWVVWDWHGWKDWWKHPHWKRGZDVH[FLWLQJ
WKDWWKH\HQMR\HGXVLQJLWDVLWVWLPXODWHGWKHLULQWHUHVWLQOHDUQLQJWKHODQJXDJH
0RVWRIWKHVWXGHQWVDFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWWKHXVHRISRGFDVWVFRXOGKHOSLPSURYH
WKHLUODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJVNLOOV

6WXGHQWV ZHUH DVNHG WR VWDWH WKH UHDVRQ IRU XVLQJ SRGFDVW IRU GHYHORSLQJ WKHLU
OLVWHQLQJ VNLOOV 6RPH RI WKH VWXGHQWV VDLG WKDW XVLQJ SRGFDVW PDWHULDOV FDQ
GHYHORS WKHLU VNLOOV RI (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH HDVLO\ DQG TXLFNO\ 2QH VWXGHQW VWDWHG
WKDW ³/LVWHQLQJ WR D UHFRUGHGPDWHULDO LV PXFK EHWWHU WKDQ WR D OHFWXUH LQ WHUPV
EHFDXVHLWFDQEHSOD\HGDJDLQDQGDJDLQ´$QRWKHUSDUWLFLSDQWVDLGWKDW³,I\RX
JLYH SHRSOH WKH RSWLRQ RI OLVWHQLQJ DW KRPH LQ PD\EH D PRUH FRPIRUWDEOH
HQYLURQPHQW DQG JLYH WKHP WKH RSWLRQ WR KHDU LW DJDLQ WKH\ PLJKW SURFHVV
EHWWHU´ $QRWKHU VWXGHQW FRPPHQWHG ³, GRQ¶W KDYH H[SHULHQFH ZLWK FODVV RQ
SRGFDVWV KRZHYHU LI WKHUH LV D FROODERUDWLRQ RI WUDGLWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ DQG XVLQJ
SRGFDVW LQ OHDUQLQJ LW ZRXOG EH PRUH HIIHFWLYH IRU OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV´  2QH
VWXGHQW RSLQHG ³,W LV D QHZ WKLQJ IRU PH ,W IHDWXUHV DUH UHDOO\ DSSHDOLQJ DQG
LQWHUHVWLQJ WR PH /HDUQLQJ SURFHVV FRXOG EH PDGH PXFK HDVLHU ZLWK SRGFDVWV
:HOO,PLJKWHQGXSDVDOR\DOSRGFDVWXVHULQIXWXUH´$QRWKHUVWXGHQWVWDWHG
WKDW ³, WKLQN SRGFDVW LV DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ ZD\ IRU (6/ OHDUQHUV WR LPSURYH WKHLU
OLVWHQLQJDQGVKRXOGEHXVHGPRUHRIWHQ,IWHDFKHUVSURYLGHSRGFDVWPDWHULDOVWR
XVWROLVWHQDWKRPHDQGZHPLJKWSURFHVVEHWWHU´7KHUHVSRQGHQWV¶FRPPHQWV
FOHDUO\VKRZWKDWWKH\DUHLQWHUHVWHGZLWKWKHLGHDRIXVLQJSRGFDVWVWRGHYHORS
WKHLUOLVWHQLQJVNLOOVRI(QJOLVKODQJXDJH

168

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 168 11/28/12 1:48:05 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU


6WXGHQWVPHQWLRQHGWKHLUZLOOLQJQHVVWRXVHWKHSRGFDVWWHFKQRORJ\DVDOHDUQLQJ
WRRO WR GHYHORS OLVWHQLQJ VNLOOV RI (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH 7KH\ VWDWHG WKDW WHDFKHUV
VKRXOG XVH SRGFDVW PDWHULDOV WR PRWLYDWH VWXGHQWV 7KH SDUWLFLSDQWV VHHPHG WR
KDYH WRWDOO\ DFFHSWHG WKH UDWLRQDOH IRU DGRSWLQJ SRGFDVWV IRU GHYHORSLQJ WKHLU
OLVWHQLQJ VNLOOV RI (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH 7KH\ EHOLHYHG WKDW SRGFDVWV DV D YLDEOH
HGXFDWLRQDO WRRO KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR EULQJ DERXW GHILQLWH LPSURYHPHQWV WR WKHLU
OLVWHQLQJVNLOOVRI(QJOLVKODQJXDJH

&RQFOXVLRQ
,Q HDUOLHU WLPHV D WUDLW RI SDUW RI OHDUQLQJ DQG WHDFKLQJ OLVWHQLQJ ZDV WR XVH
SURIHVVLRQDOO\ SURGXFHG QHZVFDVWV UDGLR DQGRU 79 SURJUDPV :LWK QHZ
FRPSXWHU WHFKQRORJLHV DQG ,QWHUQHW UHVRXUFHV VXFK DV SRGFDVWV DXGLREORJV
,SRGVDQGWZRZD\V\QFKURQRXVYLGHRUHFRUGLQJ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVDUH
QRZDEOHWROHDUQDQGWDNHFRQWURORIWKHLUODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJWKURXJKWKHFUHDWLRQ
RI WKHLU RZQ YLGHR DQG DXGLRFDVWLQJ SURMHFWV (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH OHDUQHUV FDQ
ORRNIRUSRGFDVWVDQGVXFKPDWHULDOVSURYLGHVWXGHQWVZLWKSOHQW\RIPHDQLQJIXO
ODQJXDJHUHDOZRUOGFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGDFFHVVWRQHZLQIRUPDWLRQ/LVWHQLQJ
LVVRPHWLPHVFRQVLGHUHGDVRQHRIWKHLQYDOXDEOHFRPSRQHQWV LQ WKHSURFHVVRI
GHYHORSLQJVXFFHVVIXODFDGHPLFOLWHUDF\VNLOOV7KHUHDUHYDULRXVZD\VWRORFDWH
DQGGRZQORDGSRGFDVWV7KHPRVWSRSXODUZD\WRVXEVFULEHWRDSRGFDVWLVWRXVH
L7XQHV LQ $SSOH VRIWZDUH 8VHU FDQ GRZQORDG WKH IUHH L7XQHV VRIWZDUH RQWR
FRPSXWHU

/DQJXDJHOHDUQHUVFDQVXEVFULEHWRGRZQORDGDQGOLVWHQWRH[LVWLQJSRGFDVWV,Q
DGGLWLRQWHDFKHUVDQGVWXGHQWVFDQFUHDWHSRGFDVWVRIWKHLURZQ7KHUHDUHPDQ\
SRGFDVW UHVRXUFHV DOUHDG\ DYDLODEOH RQOLQH VRPH DUH VSHFLILF WR ODQJXDJH
OHDUQLQJ DQG VRPH DUH GHVLJQHG IRU QDWLYH VSHDNLQJ DXGLHQFHV 7KH LPSRUWDQW
SRLQW LV WKDW SRGFDVWV GHVLJQHG E\ QDWLYH VSHDNHUV RI (QJOLVK SURYLGH OHDUQHUV
PDQ\ FKDQFHV WR OLVWHQ UHDO DQG DXWKHQWLF PDWHULDOV 3RGFDVWV GHVLJQHG IRU
(QJOLVK ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ LQFOXGH JUDPPDU WLSV YRFDEXODU\ WKHPHV EDVHG
SRGFDVWV SURQXQFLDWLRQ DQG LGLRPV )RU H[DPSOH *UDPPDU *LUO ±4XLFN DQG
'LUW\7LSVIRU%HWWHU:ULWLQJLVDQHGXFDWLRQSRGFDVWVHULHVWKDWRIIHUVVKRUWRQH
WRSLF(QJOLVKJUDPPDUOHVVRQV

7KLV VPDOO VFDOH H[SRVLWRU\ VWXG\ LQYHVWLJDWHG XQGHUJUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV¶
SHUFHSWLRQVDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVSRGFDVWVLQWHUPVRIGHYHORSLQJWKHLUOLVWHQLQJ
VNLOOV 7KHUH KDYH EHHQ WR GDWH D IHZ DWWHPSWV LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH WR LQYHVWLJDWH
XQGHUJUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV¶ SHUFHSWLRQ RI SRGFDVWV LQ WHUPV RI GHYHORSLQJ WKHLU
OLVWHQLQJVNLOOV7KLVVWXG\DOVRLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHWHFKQRORJ\DYDLODEOHWRWKHPIRU
SRGFDVW DFFHVV 7KH ILQGLQJV RI WKLV H[SRVLWRU\ UHVHDUFK VWXG\ KDYH VRPH

169

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 169 11/28/12 1:48:05 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU

LPSOLFDWLRQIRU(QJOLVKODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVDQGWHDFKHUVDQGPDWHULDOVGHYHORSHUV
DQG WKRVH LQWHUHVWHG LQ WKH XVH RI SRGFDVW LQ ODQJXDJH HGXFDWLRQ 7KH VWXG\
H[SHFWV WKDW GDWD RQ OHDUQHUV¶ DWWLWXGHV DQG SHUFHSWLRQ RI GHYHORSLQJ OLVWHQLQJ
VNLOOVWKURXJKSRGFDVWFDQFDWHUPRUHLQVLJKWIXOLQGLFDWRUVRIWKHLUXVHIXOQHVVIRU
(6/VWXGHQWV7KHILQGLQJVRIWKHVWXG\FDQLQIOXHQFH(QJOLVKODQJXDJHWHDFKHUV
WR DGRSW WKLV QRYHO WHFKQRORJ\ LQ WHDFKLQJ (QJOLVK DV VWXGHQWV KDYH SRVLWLYH
DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV SRGFDVW 7KH VWXG\ UHFRPPHQGV WKDW UDWKHU WKDQ LQWHJUDWLQJ
LQVWUXFWLRQDO WHFKQRORJ\ DFWLYLWLHV LQ WHDFKLQJ OLVWHQLQJ (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH
WHDFKHUV QHHGV WR LQWHJUDWH SRGFDVW LQWR (6/ FXUULFXOXP 5HVXOWV RI WKH VWXG\
DOVRHQFRXUDJHWHDFKHUVWRLQLWLDWHWUDLQLQJRQSRGFDVWVIRUWKHPDVZHOODVWKHLU
VWXGHQWVWREHWWHUKDQGOHVHOIVWXG\OLVWHQLQJPDWHULDOVGHOLYHUHGYLD03SOD\HUV
RUPRELOHGHYLFHV

7KH VWXG\ ZDV OLPLWHG WR LQYHVWLJDWH (6/ OHDUQHUV¶ SHUFHSWLRQV RI SRGFDVW IRU
GHYHORSLQJ OLVWHQLQJ FRPSHWHQFH )XUWKHU VWXGLHV LQYROYLQJ WKH XVH RI SRGFDVWV
DUH UHFRPPHQGHG VLQFH SRGFDVWV KHOS GHYHORS OHDUQHUV OHDUQ GLIIHUHQW VNLOOV RI
(QJOLVKODQJXDJH$GGLWLRQDOUHFRPPHQGDWLRQIRUIXUWKHUVWXG\LVWRIRFXVRQWKH
HIIHFWV RI SRGFDVWV RQ (6/ OHDUQHUV¶ OLVWHQLQJ DQG VSHDNLQJ VNLOOV FDQ EH
LQYHVWLJDWHG 0RUHRYHU WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ OHDUQHUV¶ OHDUQLQJ VW\OH DQG
SRGFDVWVFDQEHLQYHVWLJDWHG

5HIHUHQFHV
$EGRXV0&DPDUHQD00 )DFHU%50$//WHFKQRORJ\8VHRI
DFDGHPLF SRGFDVWLQJ LQ WKH IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH FODVVURRP 5H&$// 
±

%RQJH\%&L]DGOR* .DOQEDFK/([SORUDWLRQVLQFRXUVHFDVWLQJ
SRGFDVWV LQ KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ &DPSXV:LGH ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHPV 
±

%XOO 6  5HLG (  ,QGLYLGXDOLVHG UHYLVLRQ PDWHULDO IRU XVH RQ D
KDQGKHOGFRPSXWHU,Q-$WWHZHOO &6DYLOO6PLWK(GV/HDUQLQJZLWK
PRELOH GHYLFHV 5HVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW SS ± /RQGRQ 8.
/HDUQLQJ6NLOOVDQG'HYHORSPHQW$JHQF\

&KDQ $  /HH 0 - :  $Q 03 D GD\ NHHSV WKH ZRUULHV DZD\
([SORULQJ WKH XVH RI SRGFDVWLQJ WR DGGUHVV SUHFRQFHSWLRQV DQG DOOHYLDWH
SUHFODVVDQ[LHW\DPRQJVWXQGHUJUDGXDWHLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\ VWXGHQWV
,Q '+5 6SHQQHPDQQ  /%XUU (GV *RRG SUDFWLFH LQ SUDFWLFH
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH6WXGHQW([SHULHQFH&RQIHUHQFHSS1HZ6RXWK
:DOHV:DJJD:DJJD

170

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 170 11/28/12 1:48:05 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU


&KDQ :0 &KHQ ,5  '|SHO 0  3RGFDVWLQJ LQ IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH
OHDUQLQJ ,QVLJKWV IRU SRGFDVW GHVLJQ IURP D GHYHORSPHQWDO UHVHDUFK
SURMHFW ,Q 0 /HY\ ) %OLQ & %UDGLQ 6LVNLQ  2 7DNHXFKL (GV
:RUOG&$//*OREDOSHUVSHFWLYHVRQFRPSXWHUDVVLVWHGODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ
SS±1HZ<RUN /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH

'XFDWH /  /RPLFND /  3RGFDVWLQJ᩿ $Q HIIHFWLYH WRRO IRU KRQLQJ
ODQJXDJH VWXGHQWV¶ SURQXQFLDWLRQ" /DQJXDJH /HDUQLQJ  7HFKQRORJ\


'XGHQH\ *  +RFNOH\ 1  +RZ WR WHDFK (QJOLVK ZLWK WHFKQRORJ\
3HDUVRQ/RQJPDQ

)ORZHUGHZ - 0LOOHU /  6HFRQG ODQJXDJH OLVWHQLQJ 7KHRU\ DQG
SUDFWLFH&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

)UDQFRP - 5  $ VWXG\ RI WKH HIIHFWV RI SRGFDVWLQJ RQ VWXGHQW VXFFHVV
DQGVWXGHQWDWWLWXGHDWRQH1RUWKHUQ2QWDULR&ROOHJH8QSXEOLVKHG0DVWHU
RI(GXFDWLRQGLVVHUWDWLRQ1LSLVVLQJ8QLYHUVLW\&DQDGD

*UDKDP6/LVWHQLQJFRPSUHKHQVLRQ7KHOHDUQHUV
SHUVSHFWLYH6\VWHP


+LQH 1 5HQWRXO 5  6SHFKW 0  &ROODERUDWLRQ DQG UROHV LQ UHPRWH
ILHOGWULSV,Q- $WWHZHOO  &6DYLOO6PLWK(GV/HDUQLQJZLWKPRELOH
GHYLFHV 5HVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW SS ± /RQGRQ 8. /HDUQLQJ
6NLOOVDQG'HYHORSPHQW$JHQF\

,VWDQWR - :  3HODQJL %DKDVD ,QGRQHVLD SRGFDVW ZKDW ZK\ DQG KRZ"
(OHFWURQLF-RXUQDORI)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ±

.DSODQ/HLVHUVRQ (  7UHQG 3RGFDVWLQJ LQ DFDGHPLF DQG FRUSRUDWH
OHDUQLQJ5HWULHYHG0DUFKIURPKWWSZZZOHDUQLQJFLUFXLWVRUJ

.DYDOLDXVNLHQơ *  $QXVLHQơ /  (QJOLVK IRU VSHFLILF SXUSRVHV
3RGFDVWV IRU OLVWHQLQJ VNLOOV&RDFWLYLW\3KLORORJ\ (GXFRORJ\ 

.LP '  .LQJ .  ,PSOHPHQWLQJ SRGFDVWV ZLWK (62/WHDFKHU
FDQGLGDWHV¶ SUHSDUDWLRQ ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQV DQG LPSOLFDWLRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
)RUXPRI7HDFKLQJDQG6WXGLHV

171

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 171 11/28/12 1:48:05 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU


.QLJKW 5DQQH  6RXQGV IRU VWXG\ 6SHHFK DQG ODQJXDJH WKHUDS\
VWXGHQWV¶ XVH DQG SHUFHSWLRQ RI H[HUFLVH SRGFDVWV IRU SKRQHWLFV
,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6RFLHW\ IRU ([SORULQJ 7HDFKLQJ DQG /HDUQLQJ  


/HH 0 - :  &KDQ $  5HGXFLQJ WKH HIIHFWV RI LVRODWLRQ DQG
SURPRWLQJ LQFOXVLYLW\ IRU GLVWDQFH OHDUQHUV WKURXJK SRGFDVWLQJ 7XUNLVK
2QOLQH-RXUQDORI'LVWDQFH(GXFDWLRQ

/L+&8VLQJSRGFDVWVIRUOHDUQLQJ(QJOLVK3HUFHSWLRQVRI+RQJ.RQJ
6HFRQGDU\  (6/ VWXGHQWV 'pEXW WKH 8QGHUJUDGXDWH -RXUQDO RI
/DQJXDJHV/LQJXLVWLFVDQG$UHD6WXGLHV

/RUG *  3RGFDVWLQJ FRPPXQLWLHV DQG VHFRQG ODQJXDJH SURQXQFLDWLRQ
)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH$QQDOV

/\QFK 7  6WXG\ OLVWHQLQJ $ &RXUVH LQ OLVWHQLQJ WR OHFWXUHV DQG QRWH
WDNLQJQG(G&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

0F&DUW\ 6  6SRNHQ ,QWHUQHW WR JR 3RSXODUL]DWLRQ WKURXJK SRGFDVWLQJ
-$/7&$//-RXUQDO

0D\HU 5(  0XOWLPHGLD OHDUQLQJ &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV

0LDQ$+0RWLYDWLRQDQGDWWLWXGHVRIEHJLQQLQJDQGLQWHUPHGLDWHOHYHO
3DQMDEL VWXGHQWV OHDUQLQJ (QJOLVK DV D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH 8QSXEOLVKHG
GRFWRUDOGLVVHUWDWLRQ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\RI3HQQV\OYDQLD,QGLDQD3$

2¶%U\DQ $ +HJHOKHLPHU9,QWHJUDWLQJ &$//LQWRWKHFODVVURRP
7KH UROH RI SRGFDVWLQJ LQ DQ (6/ OLVWHQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV FRXUVH 5H&$//
±GRL6

2¶%U\DQ $  +HJHOKHLPHU 9  8VLQJ D PL[HG PHWKRGV DSSURDFK WR
H[SORUH VWUDWHJLHV PHWDFRJQLWLYH DZDUHQHVV DQG WKH HIIHFWV RI WDVN GHVLJQ
RQOLVWHQLQJGHYHORSPHQW&DQDGLDQ-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG/LQJXLVWLFV

3LOFKHU-:LOOLQJQHVVRIQXUVHVWROHDUQZLWKWKHXVHRIWHFKQRORJ\$Q
([SORUDWRU\ PL[HGPHWKRGV LQYHVWLJDWLRQ 1RUWK &HQWUDO 8QLYHUVLW\
8QSXEOLVKHG'RFWRUDOGLVVHUWDWLRQ3UHVFRWW9DOOH\$UL]RQD

172

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 172 11/28/12 1:48:05 PM

 7KH(QJOLVK7HDFKHU9RO;/,'HFHPEHU


3XWPDQ 6 0  .LQJVOH\ 7  7KH DWRPV IDPLO\ 8VLQJ SRGFDVWV WR
HQKDQFH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI VFLHQFH YRFDEXODU\ 7KH 5HDGLQJ 7HDFKHU


5RVHOO$JXLODU )  7RS RI WKH SRGV ± ,Q VHDUFK RI D SRGFDVWLQJ
³SRGDJRJ\´IRUODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ&$//±

5RVW07HDFKLQJDQGUHVHDUFKLQJOLVWHQLQJ/RQGRQ/RQJPDQ


5RVW 0  / /LVWHQLQJ ,Q ( +LQNHO (G +DQGERRN RI UHVHDUFK LQ
VHFRQG ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ SS  0DKZDK 1-
/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP$VVRFLDWHV

6RUUHQWLQR)(.QRZOHGJH,Q0.KRVURZ3RXU(G(QF\FORSHGLDRI
LQIRUPDWLRQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ SS  +HUVKH\ 1<
,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFH5HIHUHQFH,*,*OREDO

6WDQOH\ *  3RGFDVWLQJ IRU (/7 5HWULHYHG IURP
KWWSZZZWHDFKLQJHQJOLVKRUJXNWKLQNUHVRXUFHVSRGFDVWVKWPO

6WRWHQ 6  7HDFKLQJ 7LSV 8VLQJ 3RGFDVWV IRU 1XUVLQJ (GXFDWLRQ 7KH
-RXUQDORI&RQWLQXLQJ(GXFDWLRQLQ1XUVLQJ±

7KRUQH 6  3D\QH -  (YROXWLRQDU\ WUDMHFWRULHV ,QWHUQHWPHGLDWHG
H[SUHVVLRQDQGODQJXDJHHGXFDWLRQ&$/,&2±

9DQGHUJULIW /  )DFLOLWDWLQJ VHFRQG ODQJXDJH OLVWHQLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLRQ
$FTXLULQJVXFFHVVIXOVWUDWHJLHV(/7-RXUQDO

9HVV ' /  ³+LVWRU\ WR JR :K\ L7HDFK ZLWK L3RGV´ >RQOLQH@ 7KH
+LVWRU\ 7HDFKHU  ± 5HWULHYHG IURP
KWWSZZZKLVWRU\FRRSHUDWLYHRUJMRXUQDOVKWYHVVKWPO

:DUVFKDXHU 0  +HDOH\ '  &RPSXWHUV DQG ODQJXDJH OHDQLQJ $Q
RYHUYLHZ/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ

173

MELTA 2012_11Hasan_p160_173.indd 173 11/28/12 1:48:05 PM

Copyright of English Teacher is the property of Malaysian English Language Teaching
Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a
listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print,
download, or email articles for individual use.