CONCRETE MASONRY

Changes to the 2011 / 2013

TMS 402 & 602
Building Code Requirements and
Specifications for Masonry Structures
 Quick Survey – Get to Know

How many are currently involved in projects which

require the IBC 2012?
How many design structures utilizing Concrete
Masonry?
 Brief Overview

Discuss Transition to the 2012 IBC (and Beyond)

Significant Code Changes WHEN Moving to the 2011
TMS 402 from the 2005/2008
Items you should be using in your designs now
from 2011 and from the 2013!
TMS 402 – 2011 – HERE IT IS!

2011 TMS 402 – Building Code

Requirements for Masonry
Structures (TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE
5) and Commentary - referenced
afterwards as the “Code”
Specification for Masonry Structures
(TMS 602/ACI 530.1/ASCE 6) and
its Commentary – referenced
afterwards as the “Specification”

DON’T BUY IT!

4
 The “MSJC” Standard
MSJC or ACI 530? The document is under
the control of TMS as the main body.
Typically published ever 3 years
IBC 2006 – 2005 TMS 402/602 (MSJC / ACI 530)
IBC 2009 – 2008 TMS 402/602 (MSJC / ACI 530)
IBC 2012 – 2011 TMS 402/602 (MSJC / ACI 530)
IBC 2015 – 2013 TMS 402/602 (MSJC / ACI 530)
IBC 2018 – 2016 TMS 402/602 (MSJC / ACI 530)

Why a 2013 Code?? Just getting to 2011…

International Code Council (ICC / IBC) rule changes: Additional time
required to review standards before incorporation into the
International Building Code (IBC).
2013 TMS 402/602 was developed in a “shortened cycle” to allow
adoption by the 2015 IBC. Next edition of TMS 402/602 targeted for
2016 to get back on the 3-year revision cycle.

4
Changes in 2012 IBC for Masonry

2012 IBC references ASCE 7-10 for

loads and 2011 TMS 402 for Masonry
As with past IBC’s, the 2012 IBC
exempts ASCE 7 Chapter 14, which
modifies some material standards.
Thus those provisions do not apply
unless adopted locally.
Wind loads updated based on new
ASCE 7 “Strength” Level Wind Loads

6
2011 TMS 402 Code
Chapter 1 Chapter 2: Allowable stress design
1.1 Scope
Chapter 3: Strength design
1.2 Contract documents SHHHHH, I wouldn’t
1.3 Approval of special systems Chapter 4: Prestressed masonry
1.4 Standards cited in this Code buy the 2011 version
Chapter 5: Empirical design
1.5 Notation if I were you….
1.6 Definitions Chapter 6: Veneer
1.7 Loading
1.8 Material properties
Chapter 7: Glass Unit Masonry
1.9 Section properties Chapter 8 AAC Masonry
1.10 Connection to structural frames
1.11 Masonry not laid in running bond Appendix B: Design of Masonry
1.12 Corbels Infills (NEW)
1.13 Beams
1.14 Columns
1.15 Pilasters
1.16 Details of reinforcement
1.17 Anchor bolts
1.18 Seismic design requirements
1.19 Quality assurance program
1.20 Construction
 Reorganization: 2013 TMS 402 Code
Part 3: Part 4:
Part 5:
Part 2: Design Engineered Prescriptive
Part 1: General Design Design
Appendices &
Requirements References
Methods Methods

Chapter 1 – Chapter 4: Appendix A

General Chapter 8: Chapter 12:
General – Empirical
Analysis & ASD Veneer
Requirements Design
Design
Chapter 2 – Chapter 13: Appendix B:
Chapter 5: Chapter 9:
Notations & Glass Unit Design of
Structural SD
Definitions Masonry Masonry infill
Elements

Chapter 3 – Chapter 14: Appendix C:

Chapter 6: Chapter 10:
Quality & Partition Limit Design
Reinforcement, Prestressed
Construction Walls of Masonry
Metal Accessories
& Anchor Bolts
Chapter 11:
References
Chapter 7: AAC
Seismic Design
Requirements
New Look 2011 TMS 402

New Side-by-Side
format for the Code
& Commentary and
the Specification &
Commentary for
easier use by users

9
New in the 2011 TMS 402
Updated to ASCE 7-10.
Required major recalibration as a
result of the change by ASCE 7 to
base wind loads on a “strength”
level versus a service level. As a
result, wind “triggers” changed for:
Empirical Design
Veneer
Glass Unit Masonry

10
New in the 2011 TMS 402
Recalibration of Stresses
Removal of 1/3 stress increase option that was
formerly permitted for Allowable Stress Design
when considering wind or seismic loads (Don’t
worry there are other benefits coming later!)
Harmonization of ASD and SD shear provisions
Some Allowable Stresses increased.
Reduces impact of removal of 1/3 stress increase
Eliminated the conflict between the TMS 402 -
ASD loading provisions permitting the 1/3 stress
increase and the ASCE 7-05 prohibition of the
1/3 stress increase.
11
2011 Allowable Stresses - General
Anchor Bolts: No change
A major Revision took place in 2008 which increased
Allowables; Harmonized with Strength Design
Bearing Stress
Increased from 0.25 f′m to 0.33 f′m
Nominal strength also increased from 0.60 f′m
to 0.80 f′m
Changes based on comparison with other codes

12
2011 402 Allowable Stresses –
Unreinforced Masonry

Flexural Tension
Ft Increased by
33% based on
reliability
analysis

Flexural tension usually controls with

13
unreinforced masonry
2011 402 Allowable Stresses –
Unreinforced Masonry

Note: Prescriptive Seismic

Reinforcement required b/c SDC “C”

14
2011 ASD Allowable Stresses –
Reinforced Masonry
Allowable Axial compression stress:
Unchanged
Allowable steel reinforcement stress:
Increased from 24 ksi to 32 ksi (Grade 60 steel) based on
comparison to strength design.
Allowable masonry stress - Combined Flexure & Axial loads:
Increased from 0.33f’m to 0.45f’m
Based on comparison to strength design
Shear strength provisions:
Now similar to strength design
Now permitted to ADD masonry and steel shear strength
15
2011 ASD Allowable Stresses –
Reinforced Masonry

16
 2011 Allowable Stress Design
Reinforced Masonry - Shear
Shear strength provisions:
Now similar to strength design
Now permitted to ADD masonry and steel shear strength

Fv = Fvm + Fvs

Fvm
2
[
= (4.0 − 1.75(1.0)) f m′
1
] Fvm
1   M 
=  4.0 − 1.75
2 

  f m′  + 0.25
 Vd   
P
An
For Typical Beam For Typical Wall

 Av Fs d 
Fvs = 0.5 
 An s 
17
2011 Special Shear Walls

1   M   P
Fvm =  4.0 − 1.75   f m′  + 0.25
4   Vd    An
Masonry allowable shear stress
decreased by a factor of 2, from ½
to ¼.
ASD: Design load required to be increased by
1.5 for shear

18
Impact of 2011 Shear Provisions

2011 ASD shear provisions require

approximately the same amount of reinforcement
as strength design provisions
2011 ASD shear provisions require significantly
less reinforcement than the 2008 ASD provisions
for ordinary shear walls
2011 ASD shear provisions require
approximately the same amount of reinforcement
as the 2008 ASD provisions for special shear
walls
19
 2011 TMS - LAP Splice
0.13 d b 2 f y γ  0.13d b 2 f yγ 
ld = ld =  ξ
 K f' 
K f m'  m 

8 in. Max.
Cover (K) for computation of
development length has been Lap Splice Length may be

changed from 5db to 9db reduced provided No. 3

or larger transverse bars
are placed within 8 in. No. 3 or larger
from each end of lap transverse bars

8 in. Max.
Lap splices are permitted to
be reduced where transverse
reinforcement is placed
within 8” of the end of the
splice if it is fully developed in
grouted masonry.
20
Development Length Comparison for
Change in K limit from 5db to 9db
Development Length (in)
Bar Size 2008 Code 2011 Code
8 in. CMU 12 in. CMU 8 in. CMU 12 in. CMU
3 15 15 12 12
4 20 20 14* 12
5 25 25 23* 14*
6 43* 39 43* 27*
7 59* 46 59* 37*
8 91* 60 91* 57*
9 118* 73* 118* 73*
f’m = 1500 psi, fy=60 ksi, bars centered in wall
* denotes K is controlled by masonry cover 21
New in the TMS 402 2011 – Possible
Splice Reduction with Transverse Steel
Placed within 8” of the end of the
splice and fully grouted
Not more than 1.5” horizontally from
vertical steel
Horizontal bar must be ‘fully
developed’ on each side of lap
Bent bar (shown)
Bond beam steel
Minimum lap required of 36 bar
diameters

22
 Possible Splice Reduction with
Transverse Steel
Example: 8” CMU, 1 vertical bar centered in cell, grade 60 steel

23
Courtesy of the National Concrete Masonry Association
New in the 2011 TMS 402
Leff per 1.13.1
Deep Beam Provisions
added. Apply to beams where dv

the effective span-to-depth

ratio, Leff /dv is less than:
3 for continuous span
2 for simple span

Requires additional analysis as well as

minimum flexural and shear reinforcement
(Code Section 1.13.2)
24
Deep Beam Clarification (2013)
5.2.2 Commentary
New in the 2011 TMS 402
Deflections
Requirements for deflections of beams and
lintels have been clarified and simplified.
The 0.3-inch deflection limit has been
removed, retaining only the L/600 requirement.
An equation for Ieff has been added
An exception for when deflections need not be
checked (span < 8d).

26
 New in the 2011 TMS 402
Requirements for placement of non-contact lap
splices have been clarified
Splicing of bed-joint reinforcement clarification
Bending of foundation dowels have been clarified.

27
New in the 2011 TMS 402

Anchor bolt
installation
requirements have
been revised.
Reference only to
running bond or “not
in running bond”
rather than reference
to stack bond or
other bond patterns.
28
2012 IBC Special Inspection

Special Inspection
Tables for Masonry have
been deleted from IBC
Chapter 17, and it now
simply references the
2011 TMS 402 Quality
Assurance Tables

29
New in the 2011 TMS 402
TMS 402 Quality Assurance tables were
expanded to include specific references to
applicable code and specification requirements.
(Similar references, which formerly were in the
IBC Special Inspection Tables, are not included
in the 2012 IBC, and thus were added here)

30
 2011 TMS 402 Grouting
Basic Requirements
Grout is placed in lifts not exceeding 5’-0” 5’-4”,
except;

Grout lifts can be increased to 12’-8” if:

The masonry has cured for at least 4 hours.
The grout slump is between 10 and 11 in.
No intermediate reinforced bond beams are placed
between the top and the bottom of the pour height.
 Low-lift grouting to build a 24-foot tall wall.

24 ft.
5’-4”
 High-lift grouting to build a 24-foot tall wall.

24 ft.
Cleanout
 Method to high-lift grout a 24-foot tall wall

24 ft.
Cleanout
2011 Self-Consolidating Grout
Introduced self-consolidating grout (SCG).

Must have:
Minimum 2,000 psi compressive strength;
Slump flow of 24 to 30 inches; and
Visual Stability Index (VSI) less than or equal to 1
per ASTM C1611.
PARTITIONS

36
 CMU partition walls
2013 TMS 402-13 Chapter 14
CMU Partitions: ALWAYS may be designed using engineering
methods, or MAY be designed using prescriptive methods.
PROVIDED…..
Always in running bond for horizontally spanning walls
“Not laid in running bond” only to span vertically AND be solidly grouted.
Limits on building height, wind speeds and seismic loads exist.
Support vertical service load of 200 #/ft max in addition to own weight.
Resultant of vertical load in center 1/3 of wall thickness.
No axial tension
Max spans for service level unfactored lateral loads given for 5 psf and 10 psf
NOT ALLOWED in SDC D, E, or F.
Walls designed by prescriptive methods shall be “non-participating elements”
or not tied hard to main structure in a way to impart load to partition.
Only in Enclosed buildings
NOT ALLOWED in Risk Category IV structures
 CMU partition walls
2013 TMS 402-13 Chapter 14
 CMU partition walls
2013 TMS 402-13 Chapter 14
8” PARTITION Walls (5 psf):
Span = 26x t/12 =26 x 8”/12 ; Span = 17.33’
8” PARTITION Walls (10 psf):
Span = 18x t/12 =18 x 8”/12 ; Span = 12.00’
12” PARTITION Walls (5 psf):
Span = 26x t/12 =1 x 12”/12 ; Span = 26’
12” PARTITION Walls (10 psf):
Span = 18x t/12 =18 x 12”/12 ; Span = 18.00’
Cantilever partition walls: h/t = 6 for solid CMU ; h/t = 4 for hollow CMU.
NOTE: These values need adjusting to account for Openings.
 CMU partition walls
2013 TMS 402-13 Chapter 14
For partition walls to brace each other at intersections
ANCHORAGE must be by one of the following;
50% of units laid in an overlapping bonding pattern with at least 3”
of bearing on the unit below.
Walls anchored at the intersection on intervals of not more than 16”
with joint reinforcement or ¼” mesh galvanized cloth.
Other anchors with equivalent areas as above.
F’m

41
 CMU Unit Strength Table
2013 TMS 602 Table 2

Net area
Net area compressive strength of ASTM
compressive
C90 concrete masonry units, psi (MPa)
strength of
concrete masonry,
Type M or S Mortar Type N Mortar
psi
1,700 --- 1,900
1,900 1,900 2,350
2,000 2,000 2,650
2,250 2,600 3,400
2,500 3,250 4,350
2,750 3,900 ----
Statistical Development
Effect of f′m = 2000 psi vs. f′m = 1500 psi
Allowable Stress Design
Small effect when allowable tension stress controls
Significant effect when allowable masonry stress controls
Strength Design
Small effect on flexural strength
Significant effect on axial strength
Significant effect on maximum reinforcement requirements
Both ASD and SD
13% decrease in development and splice length
15% increase in masonry shear strength
Effectively changes γg to 0.87 for masonry shear strength
 2013 Partially Grouted Shear Walls:
In-Plane Shear Strength

ASD
8.3.5.1.2
Fv = (Fvm + Fvs )γ g SD V = (V + V )γ
9.3.4.1.2 n nm ns g

γg = 0.75 for partially grouted shear walls and 1.0 otherwise

0.90
Mean St Dev = 0.776
Fully grouted
1.16
1.16 0.17
(Davis et al, 2010)
Partially grouted 0.90 0.26
(Minaie et al, 2010)
2013 TMS 402 Bond Beams
Figure CC-2.2-2 and SC - 1
(1)
(4)
(3) (2)

(2)

(1)
(5)

Example of sloped Example of stepped

bond beam bond beam
Notes:
(1) Masonry wall
(2) Fully grouted bond beam with reinforcement
(3) Sloped top of wall
(4) Length of noncontact lap splice
(5) Spacing between bars in noncontact lap splice
 2013 TMS 402 Modulus of Rupture
Values Table 9.1.9.2
Masonry Type Mortar Type
Portland cement/lime or Masonry Cement
mortar cement

M or S N M or S N

Normal to Bed Joints

Solid Units 133 100 80 51
Hollow Units*
Ungrouted 84 64 51 31
Fully Grouted 163 158 153 145
Parallel to bed joints in running bond
Solid Units 267 200 160 100
Hollow Units
Ungrouted and partially grouted 167 127 100 64
Fully grouted 267 200 160 100
Parallel to bed joints not laid in running bond
Continuous grout section parallel to 335 335 335 335
bed joints
Other 0 0 0 0
 2013 Modulus of Rupture:
Effect of Increase
Example: 8 inch CMU, bars at 48 inch, Type S masonry cement
 5 ungrouted cells   1 grouted cell 
2011: f r = 38 psi  + (153 psi )  = 57 psi
 6 cells   6 cells 
 5 ungrouted cells   1 grouted cell 
2013: f r = 51 psi  + (153 psi )  = 68 psi
 6 cells   6 cells 

Load Combination δ (inch)

Results from 18 ft high fr = 57 psi fr = 68 psi
bearing wall trial design:
D+0.6W 0.70 0.55
out-of-plane loads
0.6D+0.6W 0.65 0.50
D+0.75(0.6W)+0.75Lr 0.38 0.22

Primary impact is to reduce calculated

deflections under out-of-plane loading
2013 Joint Reinforcement (9.3.3.7)
• Seismic Design Categories (SDC) A and B
– At least two 3/16 in. wires (heavy duty joint reinforcement)
– Maximum spacing of 16 in.

• SDC C, D, E, and F; partially grouted walls

– At least two 3/16 in. wires
– Maximum spacing of 8 in.

• SDC C, D, E, and F; fully grouted walls

– At least four 3/16 in. wires
– Maximum spacing of 8 in.
 2013 Joint Reinforcement
Equivalent Reinforcement Options
Equivalent Bar Replaces this
Joint Reinforcement
Reinforcement Reinforcement
2 - 3/16 in. wires at 16 in. 0.0347 in2/ft #4 @ 56in.; #5 @ 80 in.

2 – 3/16 in. wires at 8 in. 0.0694 in2/ft #4 @ 32 in.; #5 @ 40 in.

4 – 3/16 in. wires at 8 in. 0.1388 in2/ft #4 @ 16 in.; #5 @ 24 in.

Bar reinforcement yield stress = 60 ksi

Joint reinforcement yield stress = 70 ksi

Splice length: 48db (9.3.3.4 (e))

Anchor around edge reinforcing bar, either by bar placement between
adjacent cross-wires or with a 90° bend in longitudinal wires and at
least 3-in. bend extensions. (9.3.3.3.2.3)
2013 Reinforcement and Mortar
Reinforcement
• Mechanical splices in flexural reinforcement in plastic hinge zones of
special reinforced walls: required to develop the specified tensile
strength of the spliced bar, rather than 1.25fy (7.3.2.6 (e))

• Welded splices: reinforcement required to either conform to ASTM

A706, or a chemical analysis and carbon equivalent of the
reinforcement steel will need to be determined. (8.1.6.7.2, 9.3.3.4
(c))

Mortar

• Masonry cement mortar is now permitted for fully grouted

participating elements in Seismic Design Category (SDC) D and
higher. (7.4.4.2.2)
 2013 Tolerances for Initial Bed
Joint Article 3.3 B 1.
Footing tolerances
• Level alignment of footings: ± ½ in.
Does not work
2011 Bed joint tolerances
• Initial bed joint: ¼ in. to ¾ in.

Tolerance increased from ¾

in. to 1¼ in. when the first
course of masonry is solid
grouted and supported by a
concrete foundation.
Figures for ‘d’ Distance
Figures SC-14 and SC-15
MORTAR

54
 MORTAR

M
 MORTAR Confusion
What is the minimum required compressive strength for masonry mortars? We
often get Low Mortar tests.
Simply put, there are NO minimum compressive strength requirements for field-
batched masonry mortar in any current ASTM or building code.
There are, however, minimum compressive strength requirements for mortars
prepared and tested in the laboratory (ASTM C270).
TWO Primary ASTM testing for Masonry Mortar:
ASTM C270 Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
ASTM C780 Standard test Method for Preconstruction and Construction Evaluation of
Mortars for Plan and Reinforced Unit Masonry
ASTM C780: Section 5.2.6 states “………The measured value shall not, however, be
construed as being representative of the actual strength of the mortar in the masonry.
ASTM C270: Section 3.1 “Specification C 270 is NOT a specification to determine
mortar strengths through field testing. (ie, only applies to lab prepared mortar)
In practice, the compressive strength requirements for masonry mortar contained in
ASTM C270 are often misapplied to field-batched mortar.
 2013 ASTM C90:
Normalized Web Area
ASTM C-90 reduced limits on web thickness of CMU units
and added normalized web area

Face Shell Web Normalized

Nominal
Thickness Thickness Web Area
Width (in.)
(in.) (in.) (in2/ft2)
3 and 4 ¾ ¾ 6.5
6 1 ¾ 6.5
8 1–¼ ¾ 6.5

Shear stresses in web need to be checked with

unreinforced masonry if normalized web area is less than
27 in.2/ft2. (8.2.6.3 ,9.2.6.2)
2013 Normalized Web Area
Advantages of reduced web area:
• Lighter weight units
• easier to lay
• minimal reduction in seismic weight, at least for partial grouted
• Easier to lay; do not have to lift over bars with A and H blocks
• Increased R-value of walls
• more insulation
• less thermal shorts

Caution: http://www.fendtproduct
s.com/products/concrete
• Reduces equivalent net thickness, which reduces fire ratings -masonry-units/h-form-
block.html

Practical minimum normalized web area to

avoid breakage is about 11-12 in2/ft2.
Example: Normalized Web Area
Given:
• 8 ft high unreinforced 8 inch CMU wall
• Type S PCL mortar; face shell bedding
• Factored wind load of 46 psf
• Flexural tensile stress = 32.7 psi; allowable = 33 psi
Required: Check shear stress in webs for a unit with a single center web that is
1.25 in. thick and 4-5/8 in. high.
Solution: From ASTM C90, find normalized web area

Awn =
Awt
×144 =
(1.25in.)(4.63in.) ×144 = 6.5in.2 / ft 2 This is minimum
(Ln )(H n ) (16in.)(8in.) normalized web area;
most block will have
Awn - normalized web area at least twice this
Awt - minimum web area area.
Ln - nominal length of unit
Hn - nominal height of the unit
Example: Normalized Web Area
0.6 × 46lb
× 1 ft width (8 ft ) 1.25in. web thickness
V=
wl
=
ft
= 110lb / ft
b= = 0.938in / ft
 1ft 
2 2 16in. 
 12in 

 7.63in. 1.25in. 
Q = (1.25in. face shell thickness)12 in  −  = 47.8in 3 / ft
 ft  2 2 

fv = =
(
VQ 110lb / ft 47.8in3 / ft )
= 18.2 psi
Ib 309in / ft (0.938in / ft )
4

Increase shear stress since the web is not full height.

Actual shear stress is 18.2 psi(8in./4.63in.) = 31.4 psi.

Allowable shear stress:

Fv = 1.5 f m′ = 1.5 2000 psi = 67.1 psi OK