29-04-2021

Dr. Gaurav Sancheti

gauravsancheti@gmail.com

➢ Factors affecting the overall arrangement of various

components of an airport are:

▪ Number of runways
✓ Will depend on the volume of traffic

▪ Orientation of runways
✓ Direction of wind
✓ Extent of area available for development

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➢ General arrangement of runways should comply with

the following conditions:

▪ Avoid delay in landing, taxiing and takeoff and

cause least interference in these operations

▪ Should have shortest taxiway possible

▪ Provision of adequate taxiways

▪ Adequate separation in the air traffic pattern

➢ General factors considered for setting the orientation of

runway are as follows:

1) Gathering preliminary information

✓ Contours maps of the area

✓ Records of direction, force and duration of wind

✓ Fog characteristics of the area

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2) Head Wind

✓ Wind from opp. direction of the nose of aircraft

✓ It gives two advantages

i. Breaking effect during landing

ii. Greater uplift of wings during takeoff

✓ This reduces the runway length upto 10%

3) Cross Wind Component

✓ Wind direction cannot be always parallel to the
direction of runway
✓ Wind may blow at some angle q, for some part
of the year

✓ Safe landing/takeoff will be interrupted by this

✓ This component should not exceed 25kmph

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4) Wind Coverage

✓ The % age of time in a year during which the

cross wind component remains within 25kmph

✓ Orientation should be such that, minimum wind

coverage of about 95% is obtained

✓ For busy airports it should be 98% to 100%

5) Wind Rose
✓ Graphical representation of wind data on a chart

✓ Time period of 5 to 10 years is considered

✓ Its irregular shape resembles a rose, hence the

name wind rose is given

✓ It is assumed that the duration of wind in any

one direction covers an angle of 22.50

✓ It also helps in determining runway capacity

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Plotting of Wind Rose - Type I

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Plotting of Wind Rose - Type II

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The ideal orientation from Wind Rose diagram may

have to be changed due to following factors:

✓ Excessive grading

✓ Noise nuisance

✓ Obstructions

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Runway length is based on the following assumptions:

✓ No wind is blowing on the runway

✓ The aircraft is loaded to its full capacity

✓ Airport is situated at sea level

✓ No wind blowing on the way to destination

✓ The runway is leveled in longitudinal direction

✓ Standard temperature of 150 is maintained

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Runway length is much affected by the way an aircraft

lands of takeoffs:

✓ Normal Landing

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✓ Normal Takeoff

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✓ Emergency stop

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❑ Actual length of runway is determined after applying

following three corrections:
1) Correction for elevation
▪ Air density decreases as the elevation increases
▪ Hence the lift on wings decreases
▪ So aircraft will require more speed and hence
the longer length of runway
▪ As per ICAO, for every 300 m rise in elevation,
above the MSL, 7% of the runway length may
be increased

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2) Correction for temperature

▪ Same effect as that in case for elevation
correction
▪ After the basic length is corrected for elevation,
it is further increased @ 1% for every 10 rise in
airport reference temperature
▪ Airport reference temperature =
✓ T1 = monthly mean of the average daily temperature for the
hottest month of the year

✓ T2 = monthly mean of the maximum daily temperature for

the same month

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2) Correction for temperature

▪ Standard temperature at airport is obtained by

reducing standard MSL temperature of 150 C
@ 6.50 / 1000 m rise in elevation

▪ ICAO recommends that if correction due to

elevation plus temperature > 35% of the basic
runway length, model test studies must be
carried out before finalizing the runway length

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3) Correction for gradient

▪ With increase in gradient, an aircraft puts in
more effort to attain the desired ground speed

▪ The max difference in elevation b/w the highest

and lowest points on runway divided by the
total length of runway is effective gradient

▪ After being corrected for elevation and

temperature, the runway length should be
further increased @ 20% for every 1% of
effective gradient (FAA)

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