Atmosphere

A giant cover of gases wrapped around the earth, which is an integral part of the earth
and surrounds it, and act like a blanket, making the Earth's temperature vital to life. It is
called Atmosphere.
The weight of the atmosphere is 5.6 × 1025 tonnes and about half of its weight is found
at a height of is 5500 km from the ground.
It is clear from modern research that the final height (expansion) of the atmosphere is
between 16 thousand and km 32 thousand kilometers.

Composition of the Atmosphere

The composition of atmosphere is made up of the following elements -
Gas
Physically, the atmosphere is a mixture of different gases. The 10 major gases play an
important role in the context of the formation of atmosphere -

गैसें (Gases) volume in percentage आयतन (%)

नाइट्रोजन/ nitrogen 78.03

ऑक्सीजन/ oxygen 20.99

आगगन/argon 0.93

कार्गन डाईऑक्साइड/carbon dioxide 0.03

हाइड्रोजन/hydrogen 0.01

ननयोन/neon 0.0018

हीलियम/helium 0.0005

क्रिप्टान/krypton 0.0001

जेनान/xenon 0.000005

ओजोन/ozone 0.0000001

Nitrogen
• It is biologically inert and heavy gas.
• It is the major part of atmospheric gases, which is 78% by volume.
• Its rotation varies in the atmosphere, soil, and biosphere.
• Leguminous plants supply atmospheric nitrogenous nutrients by Rhizobium bacteria
and accept nitrogen as nitrate.
• It is responsible for acid rain in the form of nitric oxide.

SHIPRA CHAUHAN 1
Oxygen
• It is a life giving gas whose volume is 21% in the atmosphere.
• Plants release it into the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
• The condensation of this heavy gas is in the lower part of the atmosphere.

CARBON DIOXIDE
• Plants make glucose and carbohydrates from carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.
Its 0.03% in the atmosphere.
• Increasing its temperature leads to an increase in temperature. There has been a
global consensus on the reduction of its quantity by the Kyoto Protocol.
• Due to increase in gas concentrations due to various reasons, the problem of global
warming and climate change is arising.
Argon
• It is an inert gas and contains 0.93% of its atmosphere.
In addition, inert gases like Helium, Neon, Krypton, Zenon are also present in small
quantity in the atmosphere.

OZONE
The layer of ozone was first discovered in 1913 by Charles Fabry and Henry Bisson.
• The maximum concentration of ozone found in the atmosphere is very small, 20-35
km. Is at the height of.
• Ozone prevents deadly ultraviolet rays from the sun.
•At present, ozone layer depletion has emerged as a serious problem due to the
increasing amount of CFC and other ozone depleting substances. A hole was found in the
ozone layer over the Antarctic in 1985.
• Gases are heavy gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide etc. while the remaining
gases are light gases and are located in the upper parts of the atmosphere.
• Carbon dioxide and ozone are temporary gases while nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and
neon are permanent gases.

WATER VAPOR
• Only 4% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is always present.
• The highest volume of water vapor is around the equator and the minimum is only
around the poles.
• 5 km from the ground. Up to 90% of all water vapor is in the atmosphere.
• Water vapor is responsible for all types of condensation and precipitation related
seasonal events.
• It is known that 0.001% of the atmosphere in the atmosphere is safe.

Dust Particle
• It is also called aerosol. Dust particles from various sources into the atmosphere act as
humidity receptor nuclei.
• Dusts absorb heat by reflection and scattering of solar radiation.
• Due to descriptive scattering, the color of the sky is blue and the color that appears
from time to time at sunrise and sunset is due to dust.
• Dusts have a major role in determining the intensity and duration of dusk and twilight.

SHIPRA CHAUHAN 2
• Dust particles and smoke particles also act as humidity receptors.
• The maximum concentration of dust is found in the temperate and industrial areas
and the minimum concentration is found near the fluids.

The atmosphere is divided into two parts.

Homosphere
• Its average elevation is 80 -90 km from Sagar Tal. Till, which includes troposphere,
stratosphere and median.
• In this division, gases like oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium and
hydrogen are always in the same proportion.
Hetrosphere
It contains different molecular layers of nitrogen, oxygen, helium and hydrogen.
• Nitrogen layer - To the height of 90-200 km
• Oxygen layer - To the height of 200-1100 km
• Helium layer - To the height of 1100–3500 km
• Hydrogen layer - To the height of 3500-10000 km.

layers of earth’s atmosphere.

The layers are: 1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Ionosphere 5.
Exosphere.

Troposphere:
 The first layer of the atmosphere is called troposphere. 90 percent of the total amount
of atmosphere is found in it.

SHIPRA CHAUHAN 3
 The term troposphere was first used by Tijrans-de-Bor.
 It is 8 km at the poles. And 18 km on the equator. Up to the height of
 In this division, at a height of 165 meters per 10C temperature decreases and every
km. The temperature decreases by an average of 6.550C. This is called the normal heat
collapse rate.
 The work of heating and cooling in this part is done by radiation, conduction and
convection.
 All the seasonal activities occurring in the atmosphere are found in the troposphere
itself. Extremely high speed winds near the troposphere are called jet streams.
 The upper limit of this circle is known as the TROPOPAUSE . The troposphere is
determined by the temperature - 57 ° C which lies on the equator. The biosphere is
found up to this troposphere.

TROPOPAUSE
 1.5 km separating the troposphere and stratosphere. Obese infections are called
tropopause.
 Temperature drops with increasing tropopause.
 Its height is 17–18 km at the equator. (Temperature- 80 ° C) 8-10 km at the poles.
(Temperature -45° C)

Stratosphere:
 In 1992, the stratosphere was discovered and named by Tijrans-de-Bor.
 The stratosphere is expanding to a height of 50 km above the troposphere . The
thickness of this circle is highest at the poles and lowest at the equator.
 Initially the temperature in this division is constant, but After the elevation of 20 km ,
there is a sudden increase in temperature. This is due to the presence of ozone gases,
which increases the temperature by absorbing ultraviolet rays.
This division is free from seasonal movements, so the best for flight of aircraft and
aircraft are called

Ozone layer (OZONOSPHERE)

 15 to 35 km in the lower part of the stratosphere. There is a mantle of ozone gas
between.
 Ozone gas absorbs up to 98% of the ultraviolet rays coming out of the sun.
 In this level, Temperature increases at a rate of 5 ° C per km.
 Due to this other temperature, sound and noise are produced in the atmosphere.
At present, ozone-depleting substances are strictly banned through the Montreal
Protocol and other measures to address the problem of ozone depletion.

3. Mesosphere:
 The height of this division is 50 to 80 km. There is a sudden drop in temperature with
height.
 The temperature at the middle boundary falls from -80 to -100C, which is the
minimum temperature of the atmosphere. This minimum temperature range is called
"Mesopause".

4.Ionosphere:

SHIPRA CHAUHAN 4
 Its height is 80-640 km from the ground level. Is between There is an excess of
electrically charged particles and temperature increases with height.
 Radio waves of different frequencies are reflected from this layer of the atmosphere.
The ionosphere is divided into several layers.
 The presence of blue sky, Sumeru Jyoti, Kumeru Jyoti and meteor glow and cosmic
rays are characteristic of this part.

The ion system is divided into different layers such as -

a. D-Layer:
D stretch of 80-96 km It reflects long wavelengths ie low frequency radio waves.
b. E-Layer:
o E1 layer 96 to 130 km And E2 layer 160 km It is also called Kennelly-Heaviside
layer. This reflects radio waves of medium and short wavelengths ie medium and
high frequency. There is presence of polar light (Aurora Light) here. It is found in
the form of North polar light (Aurora Borealis) and South polar light (Aurora
Australis).
F-Layer:
o Extension of F1 and F2 layers 160–320 km. It is also called the Appleton layer.
This changes the medium and short wavelengths ie radio waves of medium and
high frequency.
d. G-Layer:
The G layer extends 400 km This reflects the radio waves of all short, medium
and long wavelengths ie low, medium frequency.

Exosphere:
 Lemon Spitzer has given specific information on this division
 Its height is 640–1,000 km. Is between
 According to the latest researches, there are also different layers of nitrogen, oxygen,
helium and hydrogen. It also has the predominance of electrically charged particles.
 1,000 km in this division. After this the atmosphere becomes very sparse and
eventually 10,000 km. After the elevation, it gradually merges into space.

SHIPRA CHAUHAN 5