Sistema de reducción de engranajes, para reducir la velocidad.

Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería

DISEÑO DE MAQUINAS
AUTOMATICAS:
ENGRANAJES EN
GENERAL
Helard Alvarez Sanchez
halvarez@uni.edu.pe
 TRANSMISION POR ENGRANAJES
Objetivos:
a) Reconocer y describir las características principales de los
engranes rectos, helicoidales y cónicos.
b) Especificar los números de dientes adecuados.
c) Definir la relación de velocidades.
d) Definir el valor del tren o la reducción total.
 Lecture Slides

Chapter 13

Gears – General

The McGraw-Hill Companies © 2012

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQcX-kuGqz8
 Types of Gears

Spur Helical
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQDXUbzB7jk

Bevel Worm
Figs. 13–1 to 13–4 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Nomenclature of Spur-Gear Teeth

Fig. 13–5 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Nomenclature of Spur-Gear Teeth

Fig. 13–5 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Tooth Size

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Tooth Sizes in General Use (Mott)

Table 13–2
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Standardized Tooth Systems (Spur Gears- Shigley)

Table 13–1

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Standardized Tooth Systems (Spur Gears - Mott)

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 Ejemplo
Un par de engranajes compuesto por un piñon de 64 dientes y un engranaje de
16 dientes, con paso diametral de Pd=8, con angulo de presion de 20o.
Determine sus parametros geometricos.
GEAR PINON
Standard modules (mm)
Input data: 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 1 Input data:
Number of teeth: N = 64 1.25 1.50 2.00 2.50 3 Number of teeth: N = 16
Diametral pitch: P d = 8 Transverse 4 5 6 8 10 Diametral pitch: P d = 8 Transverse
Pressure angle: f = 20 degrees Transverse angle 12 16 20 25 Pressure angle: f = 20 degrees Transverse angle

Computed results: Standard diametral pitches Computed results:

Pitch diameter: D = 8.0000 in Transverse Coarse pitches Pitch diameter: D = 2.0000 in
Circular pitch: p = 0.3927 in Transverse 1 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 Circular pitch: p = 0.3927 in
Addendum: a = 0.1250 in 3 4 5 6 8 10 Addendum: a = 0.1250 in
Dedendum: b = 0.1563 in (Coarse) 0.1520 in (Fine) 12 14 16 18 Dedendum: b = 0.1563 in (Coarse) 0.1520 in (Fine)
Clearance: c = 0.0313 in (Coarse) 0.0270 in (Fine) Fine pitches Clearance: c = 0.0313 in (Coarse) 0.0270 in (Fine)
Outside Diameter: D o = 8.2500 in 20 24 32 48 64 72 Outside Diameter: D o = 2.2500 in
Root diameter: D R = 7.6875 in (Coarse) 7.6960 in (Fine) 80 96 120 Root diameter: D R = 1.6875 in (Coarse) 1.6960 in (Fine)
Whole depth: h t = 0.2813 in (Coarse) 0.2770 in (Fine) Whole depth: h t = 0.2813 in (Coarse) 0.2770 in (Fine)
Working depth: h k = 0.2500 in Standard circular pitches (in) Working depth: h k = 0.2500 in
Tooth thickness: t = 0.1963 in 10.0 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 Tooth thickness: t = 0.1963 in
tooth space = 0.1963 in + backlash 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 tooth space = 0.1963 in + backlash
Equivalent module: m = 3.18 mm 4.0 3.5 Equivalent module: m = 3.18 mm

Distan center: C= 5.0000 in

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Standardized Tooth Systems
 Common pressure angle f : 20º and 25º
 Old pressure angle: 14 ½º
 Common face width:

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Conjugate Action
 When surfaces roll/slide
against each other and
produce constant angular
velocity ratio, they are said
to have conjugate action.
 Can be accomplished if
instant center of velocity
between the two bodies
remains stationary between
the grounded instant centers.

Fig. 13–6
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 Conjugate Action
 Forces are transmitted on
line of action which is
normal to the contacting
surfaces.
 Angular velocity ratio is
inversely proportional to the
radii to point P, the pitch
point.

 Circles drawn through P

from each fixed pivot are
pitch circles, each with a
pitch radius.
Fig. 13–6
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 Involute Profile
 The most common conjugate profile is the involute profile.
 Can be generated by unwrapping a string from a cylinder, keeping
the string taut and tangent to the cylinder.
 Circle is called base circle.

Fig. 13–8

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Circles of a Gear Layout

Fig. 13–9 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Sequence of Gear Layout
• Pitch circles in contact
• Pressure line at desired
pressure angle
• Base circles tangent to
pressure line
• Involute profile from
base circle
• Cap teeth at addendum
circle at 1/P from pitch
circle
• Root of teeth at
dedendum
circle at 1.25/P from Fig. 13–9
pitch circle
• Tooth spacing from
circular pitch, p = p / P

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Relation of Base Circle to Pressure Angle

Fig. 13–10 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Tooth Action
 First point of
contact at a
where flank of
pinion touches
tip of gear
 Last point of
contact at b
where tip of
pinion touches
flank of gear
 Line ab is line of
action
 Angle of action
is sum of angle
of approach and
angle of recess
Fig. 13–12 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Tooth Action

Fig. 13–12 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Rack
 A rack is a spur gear with an pitch diameter of infinity.
 The sides of the teeth are straight lines making an angle to the line
of centers equal to the pressure angle.
 The base pitch and circular pitch, shown in Fig. 13–13, are related
by

Fig. 13–13
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Internal Gear

Fig. 13–14

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 Contact Ratio
 Arc of action qt is the sum of the arc of approach qa and the arc of
recess qr., that is qt = qa + qr
 The contact ratio mc is the ratio of the arc of action and the circular
pitch.

 The contact ratio is the average number of pairs of teeth in contact.

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Contact Ratio
 Contact ratio can also be found from the length of the line of action
 Ver MOT

 The contact ratio should be at least 1.2

Fig. 13–15 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Contact Ratio

Ver Libro de MOTT pag. 319

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
 Interference
 Contact of portions of
tooth profiles that are not
conjugate is called
interference.
 Occurs when contact
occurs below the base
circle
 If teeth were produced by
generating process (rather
than stamping), then the
generating process
removes the interfering
portion; known as
undercutting.

Fig. 13–16 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Interference of Spur Gears
 On spur and gear with one-to-one gear ratio, smallest number of
teeth which will not have interference is

 k =1 for full depth teeth. k = 0.8 for stub teeth

 On spur meshed with larger gear with gear ratio mG = NG/NP = m,
the smallest number of teeth which will not have interference is

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Interference of Spur Gears
 Largest gear with a specified pinion that is interference-free is

 Smallest spur pinion that is interference-free with a rack is

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Interference
 For 20º pressure angle, the most useful values from Eqs. (13–11)
and (13–12) are calculated and shown in the table below.

Minimum NP Max NG Integer Max NG Max Gear Ratio

mG= NG/NP
13 16.45 16 1.23
14 26.12 26 1.86
15 45.49 45 3
16 101.07 101 6.31
17 1309.86 1309 77

Ver ejemplo
de problema
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 Forming of Gear Teeth
 Common ways of forming gear teeth
◦ Sand casting (Moldeo en arena)
◦ Die casting (Fundición a presión)
◦ Powder-metallurgy (Sinterisado)
◦ Extrusion (Extrusion)
◦ Injection molding (for thermoplastics) (Inyeccion de moldes)
◦ Cold forming (Conformado en frio)

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Cutting of Gear Teeth
 Common ways of cutting gear teeth
◦ Milling (Fresado)
◦ Shaping (Cepillado)
◦ Hobbing (Generacion con fresa madre)

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Milling (Fresado)

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Shaping with Pinion Cutter (Cepillado)

Fig. 13–17
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Hobbing (Generacion con fresa madre)

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Parallel Helical Gears
 Similar to spur gears,
but with teeth making
a helix angle with
respect to the gear
centerline
 Adds axial force
component to shaft
and bearings
 Smoother transition
of force between
mating teeth due to
gradual engagement
and disengagement

Fig. 13–2
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 Parallel Helical Gears
 Tooth shape is involute helicoid

Fig. 13–21

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Parallel Helical Gears

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Parallel Helical Gears
 Transverse circular pitch pt is
in the plane of rotation
 Normal circular pitch pn is in
the plane perpendicular to the
teeth

 Axial pitch px is along the

direction of the shaft axis

 Normal diametral pitch

Fig. 13–22 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Parallel Helical Gears
 Relationship between angles

Fig. 13–22 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Parallel Helical Gears
 Viewing along the teeth, the apparent
pitch radius is greater than when
viewed along the shaft.
 The greater virtual R has a greater
virtual number of teeth N'

 Allows fewer teeth on helical gears

without undercutting.

Fig. 13–23 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Standard Tooth Proportions for Helical Gears

Table 13–4 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Example 13–2

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Example 13–2

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 Ejemplo

Un par de engranajes compuesto por un

piñon de 15 dientes y un engranaje de 45
dientes helicoidales, con paso diametral
transversal de 8, con angulo de presion
transversal de 14.5°, y un angulo de helice
de 30°. Determine:
- Diametro de paso transversal.
- Paso circular transversal, paso circular
normal
- Angulo de presion normal
- Paso axial
- Ancho de cara minimo (F=2 paso
axial)

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Interference with Helical Gears
 On pinion and gear with one-to-one gear ratio, smallest number of
teeth which will not have interference is

 k =1 for full depth teeth. k = 0.8 for stub teeth

 On pinion meshed with larger gear with gear ratio mG = NG/NP =
m, the smallest number of teeth which will not have interference is

 Largest gear with a specified pinion that is interference-free is

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Interference with Helical Gears

 Smallest spur pinion that is interference-free with a rack is

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Ejemplo

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Straight Bevel Gears
 To transmit motion between
intersecting shafts

Fig. 13–3

Video
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
 Straight Bevel Gears

 The shape of teeth,

projected on back
cone, is same as in
a spur gear with
radius rb
 Virtual number of
teeth in this virtual
spur gear is

Fig. 13–20 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Tooth Proportions for 20º Straight Bevel-Gear Teeth

Table 13–3 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Geometrical features of Straight Bevel Gears

Libro MOTT pag 293

 Relación de transmisión (VR)

1
VR 
1 2
2
+ Mismo sentido de giro
- Direccion opuesta
3:1 significa VR = 3

1 n1 N 2
Comunmente se puede decir: VR   
2 n2 N1
 Ejemplo de relación de tranmisión (VR)
Se desea obtener una reducción de 3:1 con un piñón de 22
dientes, cual es la cantidad de dientes del engranaje. Se sabe
además que el piñón esta conectado a un motor que gira a
1800 rpm, determinar con que velocidad girara el engranaje.

 NP=22 diente
 NG=
• Solución:
– VR = 3 = NG/NP
– NG = 3*22 = 66 dientes
– n2 =n1/VR=1800/3=600 rpm
Ejemplo de relación de tranmisión (VR)
Especifique el numero de dientes para un par de engranajes
para producir un valor lo mas cercano posible a un VR=6.5
Use un par de engranajes que no produzcan interferencia.
Haga uso de un Pd=8 y ángulo de presión 20°.
• Solución:
– VR = 6.5 = NG/NP

– NG = 117
– Np = 18
Es la primera combinacion que
no produce interferencia.
Tren de transmision (TV):
Varios pares de engranajes se colocan en serie.

Valor del tren (TV)

ingreso
TV 
salida
TV = (VR)1 (VR)2 (VR)3 …
 Ejemplo de aplicación 1
El motor gira a 500 rpm y se conecta a una caja de reducción de
doble reducción con la finalidad de reducir la velocidad para ser
entregado al eje de salida que está conectado a una bomba.
Determine la velocidad de giro del eje de la bomba y el TV
n4, N4
n1, N1
Motor
Bomba
n2, N2

Solución: n3, N3

1. n2 = 500 rpm*(20/70) = 142.8 rpm

2. n3 = n2 Dado:

3. n4 = 142.8 rpm*(18/54) = 47.6 rpm n1 = 500 rpm, N1 = 20

N2 = 70, N3 = 18, N4 = 54
4. TV= 500/47.6 = 10.5 (O 10.5:1)
n4=?
Ejemplo de aplicacion 2
El tren de engranajes mostrado tiene una velocidad angular de
ingreso de 1200 rpm, en sentido horario. Determine la
velocidad de salida y distancia entre centros (entre el eje 1 y
eje 6) del tren de engranajes.
N1=24, N2= 48 & Pd = 16
N3=24, N4= 48 & Pd=12
1 2 N5=15, N6= 35 & D = 3.5 in

3 4

5 6

4
2 6
ni
3 5
1
ns
Ejemplo de aplicacion 3
El tren de engranajes mostrado es usado con una
velocidad de ingreso de 1200 rpm, cw.
ni 1
6

3 no

5
4

N1=24 N2= 36 & Pd = 12

D3=2.0 in. & Pd=10 N4= 40

N5=16 & Pd=8 D6= 6.0 in

Ejemplo de aplicacion 4
El tren de engranajes mostrado es usado con una
velocidad de ingreso de 1750 rpm, cw. Encontrar el
valor del tren. El torque se incrementa o disminuye.
 Compound Gear Train
 A practical limit on train value for one pair of gears is 10 to 1
 To obtain more, compound two gears onto the same shaft

Fig. 13–28
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Example 13–3

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Example 13–4

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

Example 13–4

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Planetary Gear Train
 Planetary, or epicyclic
gear trains allow the axis
of some of the gears to
move relative to the other
axes
 Sun gear has fixed center
axis
 Planet gear has moving
center axis
 Planet carrier or arm
carries planet axis relative
to sun axis
 Allow for two degrees of
freedom (i.e. two inputs)
Fig. 13–30
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 Planetary Gear Trains
 Train value is relative to arm

Fig. 13–31

Fig. 13–30
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 13–6

Fig. 13–30
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 13–6

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Example 13–6

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 Force Analysis – Spur Gearing
Nota:
El sentido del giro del piñón (Conductor)
es el mismo que el sentido de giro del
torque.

Fig. 13–32

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 Force Analysis – Spur Gearing
 Transmitted load Wt is
the tangential load

 It is the useful component

of force, transmitting the
torque

Fig. 13–33
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 Power in Spur Gearing
 Transmitted power H

 Pitch-line velocity is the linear velocity of a point on the gear at the

radius of the pitch circle. It is a common term in tabulating gear
data.

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

 Power in Spur Gearing
 Useful power relation in customary units,

 In SI units,

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Force Analysis – Helical Gearing

Fig. 13–37
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Ver fuerzas en el archivo Formulas de Engranajes con modulo.pdf, (pagina 140 del pdf)

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Force Analysis – Bevel Gearing

Fig. 13–35 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design