Spur Gear

Lecture 2
 Face Width F

Addendum
circle

Pitch circle

Tooth
Thickness
Width of space

Circular pitch

Addendum a

Deddendu
m circle
Working
Clearance Deddendum Depth
circle b
Clearance

Whole Depth
Gears

 Addendum a=1/P a=1/Diametral pitch

 P=N/d no. of teeth/diameter of pitch circle
 Circular pitch (p)=πd/N
 Pp= π
 Deddendum b=1.25/P
 C=.25/P
 Whole Depth h=a+b
 Working Depth=a+b-c
 Line of action

rbp Ф rp Base circle

rp
Pressure Angle
Ф

Pitch Circle

Common Tangent Addendum

circle
Line

Deddendum
circle

rg rbg
 Spur gears, illustrated in Fig, have teeth parallel to the axis of rotation and
are used to transmit motion from one shaft to another, parallel, shaft.
Nomenclature of Gear

 The pitch circle is a theoretical circle upon which all calculations are usually
based; its diameter is the pitch diameter.

 The pitch circles of a pair of mating gears are tangent to each other.
 A pinion is the smaller of two mating gears. The larger is often called the
gear.
 The circular pitch p is the distance, measured on the pitch circle, from a
point on one tooth to a corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.
 Thus the circular pitch is equal to the sum of the tooth thickness and the
width of space.
Nomenclature of Gear

 Module: The module m is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of
teeth.

 The Diametral pitch P is the ratio of the number of teeth on the gear to the
pitch diameter. Thus, it is the reciprocal of the module.
Nomenclature of Gear

 The addendum a is the radial distance between the top land and the pitch
circle.
 The dedendum b is the radial distance from the bottom land to the pitch
circle
 The whole depth ht is the sum of the addendum and the dedendum.
 The clearance c is the amount by which the dedendum in a given gear
exceeds the addendum of its mating gear.
 The backlash is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the
thickness of the engaging tooth measured on the pitch circles
The Lewis Bending Equation

 Wilfred Lewis introduced an equation for estimating the bending stress in

gear teeth in which the tooth form entered into the formulation.
Dynamic Effect

 When a pair of gears is driven at moderate or high speed and noise is

generated, it is certain that dynamic effects are present.
 Several of these gears were tested to destruction by meshing and loading
them at zero velocity.
 The remaining gears were tested to destruction at various pitch-line
velocities.
 For example, if a pair of gears failed at 500 lbf tangential load at zero
velocity and at 250 lbf at velocity V1, then a velocity factor, designated Kv,
of 2 was specified for the gears at velocity V1.
The Barth equation for Dynamic Effect
Loading Factor Kc
Temperature Factor Kd
Reliability Factor ke
Fatigue Strength Fraction
 Given a 1050 HR steel, estimate
 (a) the rotating-beam endurance limit at 106 cycles.
 (b) the endurance strength of a polished rotating-beam specimen
corresponding to 104 cycles to failure
 (c) the expected life of a polished rotating-beam specimen under a
completely reversed stress of 385 Mpa.
Contact Stresses (Hertzian Stress)
Contact Stresses
Surface Durability
AGMA Bending Stress Equations

Contact stress eq AGMA

AGMA Bending Strength Equations
Overload Factors, Ko

 The overload factor Ko is intended to make allowance for all externally

applied loads in excess of the nominal tangential load Wt in a particular
application
 Examples include variations in torque from the mean value due to firing of
cylinders
 in an internal combustion engine or reaction to torque variations in a piston
pump drive.
Dynamic Factor Kv

 Accounts for increased forces with increased speed

 Affected by manufacturing quality of gears
 Indication of transmission error: departure from uniform angular velocity.
 A set of quality numbers Qv define tolerances for gears manufactured to a
specified accuracy.
 Dynamic Factor equation:
Dynamic Factor Kv

Most Commercial Quality Gears 3≤Qv ≤7

Precision Quality 8 ≤Qv ≤12

Kv can also obtain value directly from Fig. 14–9

Dynamic Factor Kv
Size Factor Ks

 Accounts for fatigue size effect, and non-uniformity of material properties for
large sizes
Load-Distribution Factor Km

 The load-distribution factor modified the stress equations to reflect

nonuniform distribution of load across the line of contact due to misalignment
of the teeth on the pinion relative to those on the gear.
 Misalignment could be because of
I. Inaccurate gear teeth
II. Misalignment of the axis of shaft
III. Elastic deformation of gear, shaft or bearing
IV. Clearance between machine element.
Load-Distribution Factor Km

 Face load-distribution factor

Load-Distribution Factor Km
Load-Distribution Factor Km
 Cma can be obtained from Eq. (14–34) with Table 14–9

Or can read Cma directly from Fig. 14–11

Rim Thickness Factor Kb

 When the rim thickness is not sufficient to provide full support for the tooth
root, the location of bending failure may be through the gear rim rather than
at the tooth fillet.

tR: Rim thickness

ht: whole depth of the gear tooth
Rim Thickness Factor Kb
Geometry Factor J

 Accounts for shape of tooth in bending stress equation

 Includes
 A modification of the Lewis form factor Y
 Fatigue stress-concentration factor Kf
 Tooth load-sharing ratio mN
 AGMA equation for geometry factor is
Geometry Factor J
Geometry Factor J

 1) Pressure Angle Ф
 2) # of teeth Gear/Pinion
 3) # of teeth of mating gear/Pinion
 4) value of J
Helical-Gear Geometry Factor J

 Get J' from Fig. 14–7, which assumes the mating gear has 75 teeth
 Get multiplier from Fig. 14–8 for mating gear with other than 75 teeth
 Obtain J by applying multiplier to J'

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Fig. 14–7
 Modifying Factor for J

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Fig. 14–8
Surface Strength Geometry Factor I (ZI in
metric)
 Called pitting resistance geometry factor by AGMA

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Elastic Coefficient CP (ZE)

 Obtained from Eq. (14–13) or from Table 14–8.

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 Elastic Coefficient

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Surface Condition Factor Cf (ZR)

 To account for detrimental surface finish

 No values currently given by AGMA
 Use value of 1 for normal commercial gears
AGMA Strength Equations
Bending Strengths for Through-hardened
Steel Gears
Bending Strengths for Nitrided Through-
hardened Steel Gears
 Bending Strengths for Nitriding Steel Gears

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Fig. 14–4
 Contact Strength for Through-hardened Steel Gears

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Fig. 14–5
 Bending Strengths for Iron and Bronze Gears

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 Contact Strength for Iron and Bronze Gears

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Temperature Factor KT (Yq)

 AGMA has not established values for this factor.

 For temperatures up to 250ºF (120ºC), KT = 1 is acceptable.

For temperature >250oF

KT= (460+TF)/620

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Reliability Factor KR (YZ)

 Accounts for statistical distributions of material fatigue failures

 Does not account for load variation
 Use Table 14–10
 Since reliability is highly nonlinear, if interpolation between table values is
needed, use the least-squares regression fit,

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Table 14–
Stress-Cycle Factor YN

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Fig. 14–14

Stress-Cycle Factor ZN

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Fig. 14–15
Hardness-Ratio Factor CH (ZW)

 Since the pinion is subjected to more cycles than the gear, it is often hardened
more than the gear.
 The hardness-ratio factor accounts for the difference in hardness of the pinion and
gear.
 CH is only applied to the gear. That is, CH = 1 for the pinion.
 For the gear,

 Eq. (14–36) in graph form is given in Fig. 14–12.

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 Hardness-Ratio Factor CH

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Fig. 14–12
Hardness-Ratio Factor

 If the pinion is surface-hardened to 48 Rockwell C or greater, the softer gear

can experience work-hardening during operation. In this case,

Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Fig. 14–13

 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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 Example 14–4

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Helical Gears

 Simple modification of spur Gear

 A helical gear has teeth in the
form of helix around the gear.
Advantages
 Noise: Produce less noise than spur
gears of equivalent quality because
the total contact ratio increased.
 Load carrying Capacity: Helical
gears have greater load carrying
capacity than equivalent size of
spur gear because total length of
line of contact is increased.
 Manufacturing: A limited number of
cutters are used to cut a wide
variety of helical gears by varying
helix angle.
Disadvantages

 Since teeth are inclined to axis

of rotation helical gears are
subjected to axial thrust loads.
 This axial thrust load can be
eliminated by using herringbone
.
Types

 Parallel(operate on two parallel

shaft)
 Crossed(Operate on two non-
parallel shaft)
Parallel Helical Gears
Parallel Helical

 Transverse circular pitch pt is in

the plane of rotation.(ac)

 Normal circular pitch pn is in the

plane perpendicular to the
teeth(ae)

Parallel Helical

 Axial pitch px is along the direction of the shaft axis

 Normal diametral pitch .

 Than
Parallel Helical

 The pressure angle φn in the normal direction is different from the pressure
angle φt in the direction of rotation, because of the angularity of the teeth.
These angles are related by the equation
 Power in Spur Gearing
Transmitted power
H
Pitch-line velocity is the linear velocity of a point on the gear at
theradius of the pitch circle. It is a common term in tabulating gear
data.

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 Power in Spur Gearing
power relation in customary units,
Useful

SI units,
In

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Force Analysis – Helical Gearing

Fig. 13–37
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Parallel Helical