Full Text 01

FE analysis of a dog clutch for trucks with
all-wheel-drive
FE-analys av en klokoppling för allhjulsdrivna lastbilar
Växjö, 2010-05-28
15p
Mechanical Engineering/4MT01E
Handledare: Hans Hansson, SwePart Transmission AB
Handledare: Andreas Linderholt, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik
Examinator: Anders Karlsson, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik
Thesis nr: TEK 054/2010
Författare: Mattias Andersson, Kordian Goetz
Organisation/ Organization Författare/Author(s)
Linnéuniversitetet Mattias Andersson, Kordian Goetz
Institutionen för teknik
Linnaeus University
School of Engineering
Dokumenttyp/Type of Document Handledare/tutor Examinator/examiner

Examensarbete/Master Thesis Andreas Linderholt Anders Karlsson
Titel och undertitel/Title and subtitle

FE-analys av en klokoppling för allhjulsdrivna lastbilar /
FE analysis of a dog clutch for trucks with all-wheel-drive
Sammanfattning (på svenska)
Examensarbetet är utfört för att försöka förbättra inkopplingen av allhjulsdrift på lastbilar. När en
lastbil kör på halt eller löst väglag kan hjulspinn uppstå vid bakhjulen. Om föraren kopplar in
allhjulsdriften när hjulen börjat slira uppstår en relativ rotationshastighet mellan halvorna i
klokopplingen. Om denna relativa rotationshastighet är för hög kommer halvorna i kopplingen
studsa mot varandra innan de kopplas ihop eller inte koppla ihop alls.
För att undvika detta problem har klokopplingens tandgeometri modifierats. FE simuleringar är
gjorda på den ursprungliga modellen samt alla nya modeller för att ta reda på vilken som kopplar
vid högst relativa rotationshastighet.
Resultaten visar att förbättringar kan göras. Enkla modifieringar på avfasningarnas avstånd och
vinklar visar att klokopplingen kan klara upp till 120 rpm i relativ rotationshastighet jämfört med
den ursprungliga modellen som endast klarar 50 rpm.
Nyckelord
Klokoppling, Allhjulsdrift, FE-analys
Abstract (in English)
The thesis is carried out in order to improve the transfer case in trucks with all-wheel-drive. When
the truck loses traction at the rear wheels, due to slippery surfaces, wheel-spin occurs. If the
driver engages the all-wheel-drive at a point where traction already has been lost, a relative
rotational speed in the dog clutch will occur. If this relative speed is too high the dog clutch
bounces of itself before coupling or it does not couple at all.
To avoid this problem, the geometry of the teeth is modified. FE simulations are done for the
existing model as well as for all the new models in order to find out which of them can handle the
highest relative rotational speed.
The results show that the original model is not the best one. Simple modifications of the teeth’s
chamfer distance and chamfer angle shows that the dog clutch can handle up to 120 rpm of
relative rotational speed whereas the original model only handles 50 rpm.
Key Words
Gleason type curvic coupling, Dog clutch, All-wheel-drive, FE analysis
Utgivningsår/Year of issue Språk/Language Antal sidor/Number of pages

2010 English 70
Internet/WWW
Abstract
The thesis is carried out in order to improve the transfer case in trucks with all-wheel-drive. When
the truck loses traction at the rear wheels, due to slippery surfaces, wheel-spin occurs. If the driver
engages the all-wheel-drive at a point where traction already has been lost, a relative rotational speed
in the dog clutch will occur. If this relative speed is too high the dog clutch bounces of itself before
coupling or it does not couple at all.
To avoid this problem, the geometry of the teeth is modified. FE simulations are done for the
existing model as well as for all the new models in order to find out which of them can handle the
highest relative rotational speed.
The results show that improvements can be done. Simple modifications of the teeth’s chamfer
distance and chamfer angle shows that the dog clutch can handle up to 120 rpm of relative rotational
speed whereas the original model only handles 50 rpm.
Acknowledgements
The thesis is performed at Linnæus University and SwePart Transmission AB during the spring
semester 2010.
We would like to thank the following persons:
- Andreas Linderholt, (Linnæus University, School of Engineering, Växjö) for supervision of

the whole project and many important hints when it comes to the computer software
- Hans Hansson, (SwePart Transmission AB, Liatorp) for introducing the problem and
providing us with all necessary data
- Johan Lundgren and Magnus Ragnarsson, (Linnæus University, Mechanical Department,

Växjö) for cooperation and many important observations from the experimental tests
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 PURPOSE AND GOAL ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 LIMITATIONS............................................................................................................................................... 3
2. THEORY....................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD........................................................................................................................ 4

2.2 ABAQUS .................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT METHODS .................................................................................................................... 8
3. METHOD .................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 MODELLING IN SOLIDWORKS........................................................................................................................ 12

3.2 SIMPLIFYING THE PROBLEM .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 DEFINING THE MODEL ................................................................................................................................. 14
4. RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 EXISTING GEOMETRY .................................................................................................................................. 18

4.2 MODIFIED TEETH ....................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3 MODIFIED CHAMFERS ................................................................................................................................. 20
4.4 RESULTS SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 22
5. ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................................................. 24
5.1 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING GEOMETRY ................................................................................................................. 24

5.2 ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED TEETH ...................................................................................................................... 25
5.3 ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED CHAMFERS ................................................................................................................ 26
6. CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 27
7. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................ 28
8. APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................. 29
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
This thesis is carried out on behalf of SwePart Transmission AB in Liatorp. SwePart designs and
manufactures precision grinded gears and customer specific gearboxes as well as other transmission
parts for vehicles and industry. SwePart Transmission AB shall by means of high competence and
cost efficiency remain a leading supplier of transmission products.
The main idea for this thesis is to investigate how improvements can be made to the transfer case in
trucks with all-wheel-drive. The transfer case is located between the gearbox and rear wheel axels as
shown in Figure 1.1. It is responsible for distributing power from the rear wheel drive shaft to the
front wheels, and by doing so it creates all-wheel-drive.
Transfer case
Figure 1.1. Drive train for trucks with all-wheel-drive
Normally a truck is driven by the rear wheels; when this is the case the front wheel driveshaft rotates
freely in the transfer case. When all-wheel-drive is engaged power is delivered through the transfer
case via three gears. The last gear then delivers power to the front wheel driveshaft through a dog
clutch shown in Figure 1.2. This dog clutch will be the focus of this thesis.
Figure 1.2. Dog clutch
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Mattias Andersson, Kordian Goetz
1.2 Problem Description
Currently the all-wheel-drive system is engaged manually by the driver. This causes some issues to
appear in certain cases. One of these issues is when the truck loses traction at the rear wheels, due to
slippery surfaces, which creates wheel-spin. In many cases this even leads to the truck getting stuck.
Before this happens the driver can engage the all-wheel-drive allowing the truck to gain traction from
the front wheels. If the driver engages the all-wheel-drive at a point where traction already has been
lost, a relative rotational speed will occur in the dog clutch as shown in Figure 1.3. If this relative
speed is too high the dog clutch will bounce of itself before coupling or not couple at all.
Figure 1.3. Relative rotational speed
Two concepts to deal with this problem have been identified. The first concept involves
development of an automatic system for engaging all-wheel-drive. This solution could eliminate the
issue with the relative rotational speed altogether. The second concept involves re-design of the
geometry of the dog clutch to allow coupling at a higher relative speed.
The first concept would provide more advantages; nevertheless it is not going to be considered due
to the time limitations for the project as well as the demand from the industry side that the project
cannot result in an increased manufacturing cost.
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1.3 Purpose and Goal
The purpose of this thesis is to understand the importance of the geometric shape of the teeth in a
dog clutch and to determine whether the design can be improved. Also an increased understanding
for FE modelling and the Abaqus software should be obtained. The thesis should after completion
provide a decent guideline for further research in similar problems.
The main goal of the project is to handle FE simulations of a dog clutch which is part of the transfer
case in all-wheel-drive trucks. The first part of the investigation is to create a 3D model of the
existing dog clutch and make FE simulations in order to determine at which maximal relative
rotational speed it couples. In further steps different shapes of the teeth will be considered which in
the end will allow a comparison of all results and selection of the best one. If any of the new designs
show an increase in performance, the next step (not necessarily part of this project) will be to
manufacture and provide tests in real conditions.
1.4 Limitations
One of the main limitations for this thesis is the use of theoretical models. To confirm the results
from this thesis, physical experiments should be made to correlate the results from the FE
simulations with actual results. This was not done in this thesis due to time and equipment
limitations.
Another limitation is the available computing power at the university. The computers used for
simulations are Intel® Core™2Duo CPU E8600 @ 3.33GHz with 3.25GB of RAM. This has led to
simulations taking up to 36 hours and thus limiting the pace of the entire thesis. Also a maximum of
five Abaqus licenses are available. As a result of these limitations simplifications were made in order
to obtain reliable results.
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2. Theory
2.1 The Finite Element Method

Engineering problems rendering in differential equations are very often too complicated to be solved
analytically. The finite element (FE) method is a numerical approach by which these general
differential equations can be solved in an approximate manner (Figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1. Steps in engineering mechanical analysis
The differential equations, which describe the physical problem, are assumed to hold over a certain
region. These regions can be one-, two- or three-dimensional. It is a characteristic feature of the finite
element method that the region is divided into smaller parts, so called finite elements which allow
carrying out the approximation over each element (Figure 2.2).
Figure 2.2. Illustration of modelling steps
When the type of approximation for each element has been selected, the corresponding behaviour
can be determined. Having determined the behaviour of all elements, it is relatively simple to patch
them together in order to obtain an approximate solution for the behaviour of the entire body.
The FE method can be applied to various physical phenomena due to the fact that the main principle
is based on general differential equations. Thus the FE formulation is suitable for diverse problems
such as heat conduction, torsion of elastic shafts, diffusion, groundwater flow and the elastic
behaviour of one-, two- and three-dimensional bodies, including beam and plate analysis.
The approximation of the FE method is usually polynomial. It is in fact a kind of interpolation over
the element, where it is assumed that the variable is known at certain points in the element. These
points are called nodal points and usually they are located at the boundary of the element (Figure
2.3).
4
Figure 2.3. a) Four elements with linear T-value variation within each element
b) Resulting approximate T-value distribution along the element (linear approximation)
It is important to notice, that the approximate T-value distribution along the entire element is known
once the particular T-values at nodal points are known. In this way the original problem with
infinitely many unknowns (i.e. degrees of freedom) can be replaced by a problem with a finite
number of unknowns (5, for the case presented in Figure 2.3). Following this way of thinking it is
obvious, that the more unknowns, the more accurate the approximate solution. The system with a
finite number of unknowns is called a discrete system, while the continuous system corresponds to
the system with an infinite number of unknowns.
Having defined the model it is important to divide it into a finite number of elements, this is called to
mesh. There are several types of elements which are basically characterised by their shape (hexagonal,
tetragonal, wedge-based etc.). Basically a good mesh is one which consists of as high number of
elements as possible, none of them should have negative volume, and none of them should be
excessively distorted during the analysis. Figure 2.4 shows the FE mesh and the deflections of an
ordinary structural component due to lateral loading.
Figure 2.4. Finite element mesh and deflections of a laterally loaded structural component
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A good example of the mesh application can be a steel beam supported by rubber components, as
shown in Figure 2.5 a). In order to investigate its dynamic response in detail, the deformation modes
at some resonance frequencies of the rubber component itself were determined (Figure 2.5 b)).
Figure 2.5. a) Steel beam supported by rubber components

b) Deformation modes of rubber component at some resonance frequencies
All the problems listed above show that widely different physical phenomena can be analyzed by the
FE method. It is also important to mention that nowadays none of the calculations are done
manually and that is why complicated problems require sufficient calculation capabilities of the
computer equipment.
(Ottosen et al, 1992)
6
2.2 Abaqus
Abaqus is a set of powerful simulation programs, shown in Figure 2.6, used in engineering problems.
They are based on the finite element method and can solve problems ranging from simple linear
analyses to challenging nonlinear simulations. Abaqus is designed as a general-purpose simulation
tool and can be used to study more than just structural (stress/displacement) problems. Other areas
include heat transfer, mass diffusion, acoustics, and soil mechanics.
Figure 2.6. Abaqus products
Abaqus mainly consists of two analysis products. The first is Abaqus/Standard which is a general-
purpose analysis product that can solve linear and nonlinear problems involving the static, dynamic,
thermal, and electrical response of components. The second is Abaqus/Explicit which is a special-
purpose analysis product and uses an explicit dynamic finite element formulation. It is suitable for
modelling brief dynamic events such as impact and blast problems.
The difference between the two is that Abaqus/Explicit marches a solution forward through time in
small time increments without solving a coupled system of equations, or even forming a global
stiffness matrix at each increment. In contrast Abaqus/Standard solves a system of equations at each
solution increment using an implicit method. Explicit and implicit methods are discussed in the next
section.
Abaqus/CAE (Complete Abaqus Environment) is an interactive graphical environment that includes

capabilities for creating or importing models of the structure to be analysed and decomposing the
geometry into meshable regions. It contains eight modules that are used to define a model for the
analysis. In these modules physical and material properties are assigned to the geometry together with
loads and boundary conditions. The modelling process will be described further in section 3.3.
(Dassault Systèmes, 2008)
7
2.3 Implicit and Explicit Methods
In any finite element simulation the first step is to create a discretized model of the geometry which is
to be analysed, this is done by using a collection of finite elements. Each finite element is connected to
another by shared nodes and the collection of nodes and finite elements is called the mesh. It is the
displacements of these nodes which are the fundamental variables that Abaqus calculates in a stress
analysis. When these displacements are known, the stresses and strains in each finite element can be
calculated easily.
As mentioned earlier an implicit method, such as that used in Abaqus/Standard, requires that a
system of equations is solved at the end of each solution increment. The following example is an
attempt to create a conceptual understanding of how stresses are calculated in a bar using an implicit
method.
Figure 2.7. Cantilever Bar
The bar shown in Figure 2.7 is fixed at one end and loaded at the other. In this case it will be
modelled with two elements and the discrete model is shown in Figure 2.8.
Figure 2.8. Discretized model of the cantilever bar
For a model to be in static equilibrium, the sum of all forces in each node must equal zero, i.e. all
internal and external loads at each node must balance each other. The external load, P, and the
internal loads, I, will cause stresses in each node as shown in the free-body diagrams of each node in
figure 2.9.
8
Figure 2.9. Free-body diagrams
The strain in element 1 is given by
𝑢𝑏 − 𝑢𝑎
𝜀11 =
𝐿
where 𝑢𝑎 and 𝑢𝑏 are the displacements at nodes a and b, and 𝐿 is the original length. The stress is, for
a linear elastic problem obtained by
𝜎11 = 𝐸𝜀11
where E is the Young’s modulus. The stress, 𝜎11 , is equal to the axial force, P, divided by the cross-
sectional area, A. From these expressions a relationship between displacements, internal force and
material properties is obtained:
𝐸𝐴 𝑏
𝐼𝑎1 = 𝜎11 𝐴 = 𝐸𝜀11 𝐴 = (𝑢 − 𝑢𝑎 )
𝐿
Therefore equilibrium at node a can be written as
𝐸𝐴 𝑏
𝑃𝑎 + 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑎 = 0
𝐿
For node b the internal forces in element 1 and 2 must be considered in the equilibrium equation.
This results in the following expression:
𝐸𝐴 𝑏 𝐸𝐴 𝑐
𝑃𝑏 − 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑎 + 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑏 = 0
𝐿 𝐿
The equilibrium equation for node c is
𝐸𝐴 𝑐
𝑃𝑐 − 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑏 = 0
𝐿
To obtain displacements of all nodes, implicit methods require the equilibrium equations to be solved
simultaneously. This is best achieved by using matrix techniques and the equilibrium equations can
be written in matrix form as follows:
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𝑃𝑎 𝐸𝐴 1 −1 0 𝑢𝑎
𝑃𝑏 − −1 2 −1 𝑢𝑏 = 0
𝑃𝑐 𝐿
0 −1 1 𝑢𝑐
or
𝐏 − 𝐊𝐮 = 𝟎
In this case the Young’s modulus, cross-sectional area, and length of the elements are assumed to be
identical. In other cases the term EA/L, known as the element stiffness, could be different for
different elements.
This example, however, describes a static problem. The corresponding dynamic problem requires the
addition of a mass matrix, 𝐌, and an acceleration matrix, 𝐮. This results in the following system of
dynamic equilibrium equations:
𝐌𝐮 + 𝐊𝐮 = 𝐏(t)
By using an implicit method this system of equations can be solved to obtain the unknown variables.
Once they are known they can be used to calculate the stresses in the bar. Implicit finite element
methods require that these systems of equations be solved at the end of each solution increment.
An explicit method on the other hand does not require the solving of a simultaneous system of
equations or even the calculation of a global stiffness matrix. In an explicit method, such as that in
Abaqus/Explicit, the solution is advanced kinematically from one increment to another. This is
illustrated in the following example of how forces spread through a bar.
The bar shown in Figure 2.10 is fixed in one end and loaded at the other and the model is divided
into three elements.
Figure 2.10. Cantilever bar divided into elements
In the first time increment the force, P, will cause node 1 to have an acceleration, 𝑢1 . Consequently
the acceleration causes node 1 to have a velocity, 𝑢1
𝑃
𝑢1 = ⇒ 𝑢1 = 𝑢1 𝑑𝑡
𝑀1
where 𝑀1 is the mass of element 1.
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This causes a strain rate in element 1
−𝑢1
𝜀𝑒𝑙 1 =
𝑙
By integrating the strain rate through the time of increment 1 the increment of strain is obtained
∆𝜀𝑒𝑙 1 = 𝜀𝑒𝑙 1 𝑑𝑡
The total strain, 𝜀𝑒𝑙 1 , is the sum of the initial strain, 𝜀0 , and the increment of strain. When the total
strain in the element is known the element stress is obtained by
𝜎𝑒𝑙 1 = 𝐸𝜀𝑒𝑙 1
The stresses in element 1 apply internal forces to the connecting nodes as shown in Figure 2.11.
Figure 2.11. Internal forces in the bar
These element stresses are used in the second increment to calculate dynamic equilibrium at nodes 1
and 2.
𝑃 − 𝐼𝑒𝑙 1
𝑢1 = ⇒ 𝑢1 = 𝑢1𝑜𝑙𝑑 + 𝑢1 𝑑𝑡
𝑀1
𝑃
𝑢2 = ⇒ 𝑢2 = 𝑢2 𝑑𝑡
𝑀2
𝑢2 − 𝑢1
𝜀𝑒𝑙 1 = ⇒ ∆𝜀𝑒𝑙 1 = 𝜀𝑒𝑙 1 𝑑𝑡
𝑙
𝑜𝑙𝑑
⇒ 𝜀𝑒𝑙 1 = 𝜀𝑒𝑙 1 + ∆𝜀𝑒𝑙 1 ⇒ 𝜎𝑒𝑙 1 = 𝐸𝜀𝑒𝑙 1
In the next increment there are stresses in both element 1 and 2 and the process continues until the
analysis reaches the specified time.
To sum up; an explicit method calculates each increment faster but needs smaller increments than an
implicit method. For the contact-type analysis in this thesis, very small increments are needed and
therefore an explicit method is used.
(Dassault Systèmes, 2008)
11
3. Method
3.1 Modelling in SolidWorks

The first step of the work is to model the geometry of the dog clutch. As the main tool SolidWorks
2009 Student Edition has been used.
SolidWorks is a 3D mechanical Computer Aided Design program which has been developed by
Dassault Systèmes Corporation. SolidWorks consists of three basic modes: part, assembly and
drawing. The first one, part, allows to create a part from the beginning. One begins with a simple 2D
sketch and then, by using some 3D functions, a complete model can be created. The assembly
module allows creating positional relations between the. The drawing module can be used in order to
create a 2D drawing which can be based either on a part model or on an assembly model.
The dog clutch, which is the main object of this thesis, consists of two separate parts which have
been created in the part module. Following technical drawings provided by SwePart Transmission
AB, the 2D cross-sectional sketch is created on one of the planes. Then, by using the revolve
function a 3D model is rolled out. The complete model is founded by using functions like: fillet,
chamfer, extrude, circular pattern and cut-revolve.
3.2 Simplifying the Problem

Most of the engineering problems taken from real working conditions require simplifications. These
simplifications are made to ensure that calculations can be performed in an acceptable way and still
obtain reliable results. They concern each point of the problem definition i.e. model geometry,
material properties, loads, boundary conditions, mesh creation, and solver settings.
The simplifications made in this thesis starts within the modelling of the original geometry of the dog
clutch in SolidWorks. Unnecessary geometry such as fillets, radiuses, and other details are removed to
allow a coarser mesh to be used and thus reduce simulation time significantly in Abaqus. A
comparison of original and simplified geometry is shown in Figure 3.1.
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.
Figure 3.1. Original Geometry
Figure 3.2. Simplified Geometry
Translation of the files from SolidWorks to Abaqus does not require any simplifications i.e. exactly
the same models can be managed in both programs. The input file in Abaqus requires several
parameters to be specified which influence the solution. One of them is material properties. The
material has been assumed to be steel with general properties:
E=210 GPa
υ=0.3
ρ=7500 kg/m3
where E – modulus of elasticity, υ – Poisson’s ratio and ρ – density. In fact, both parts of the dog
clutch are made of steel V-2250-96 which is characterized by properties which have been fulfilled by
presented assumptions; nevertheless it is not possible to achieve 100% accuracy in this field.
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In order to divide the model into a finite amount of elements, the mesh needs to be created.
Infinitesimal elements demand substantial capabilities of the computers used and for that reason are
not possible to use in practise create. Here, the element size is decided not to be larger than 6 mm.
This assures a relatively fine and continuous mesh without any elements with negative volume.
The two halves of the dog clutch are mounted on the front wheel drive shaft and a gear in the
transfer case, respectively. This means that one halve rotates with the front wheels while the other
rotates with the rear wheels. Since the problem addresses relative speed between the two halves, the
halve corresponding to the rear wheels is set to rotate while the other halve is fixed in rotational
degrees of freedom as well as axial. The decision to fix one halve is a result of the axial force being
small enough to assume that it will cause the moving halve to bounce back rather than move the
fixed halve.
As for rotation, if the truck is standing still with wheel-spin and maximum traction at the front
wheels, the inertial mass of the front wheel driveline is assumed to be great enough to consider the
corresponding halve of the dog clutch to be fixed. I.e. if the clutch does not couple fully it will
bounce without delivering any power to the front wheels.
3.3 Defining the model

As mentioned earlier, Abaqus/CAE consists of several modules which each contain special functions
to define a model that describes the physical problem to be analyzed. An Abaqus model consists, at a
minimum, of: discretized geometry, element section properties, material data, loads and boundary
conditions, analysis type, and output requests. This section aims to describe the modules and
functions used to create the Abaqus models for this thesis.
In this case the modelling process in Abaqus begins with the two parts already created and imported
from Solid Works. In the module, named Part, further editing of the geometry can be made. The first
step is to achieve an acceptable geometry by removing redundant edges created in the translation
process. This is done by using the “Remove redundant entities” function. When an acceptable
geometry is obtained, material properties are created in the Property module. The material behaviours
used are density and elasticity. After a material is defined it must be assigned to an element section.
Since the material is steel, a solid, homogeneous section is created and assigned to the two parts.
At this point the two parts are not in the same viewport, an assembly has to be created. Using the
Assembly module dependant instances are created of the two parts i.e. if changes are made to the
parts, the instances will change as well. Next, position constraints are made to position the parts
correctly for the analysis and reference points are created as control points for the parts. The
assembly is shown in Figure 3.4.
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Figure 3.4. Assembly of the dog clutch
The problem to be solved is a dynamic impact problem and therefore a time period must be set for
the analysis. This is done by creating a “dynamic, explicit” step in the Step module telling Abaqus that
the analysis is dynamic and that the explicit solver is to be used.
Once the step is created all interactions must be defined in the Interaction module. Since this is an
impact problem all surfaces that will experience contact must be specified. Firstly a contact-type
interaction property is created and in the contact property options a tangential behaviour is added.
The friction formulation is specified as “Penalty” and a friction coefficient is specified. Secondly the
interactions are defined by creating “Surface-to-surface contact“-type interactions and selecting the
first and second surface which will experience contact. Finally when this is done for each surface the
“Penalty contact method” is selected as the “Mechanical constraint formulation” and the interaction
property created earlier is selected as the “Contact interaction property”.
In the analysis one of the parts will have a constant axial velocity and rotational speed. To achieve
this by applying a force and moment a damper is used. The damper is created using the “Connector
builder” in the Interaction module. One of the ends is connected to the “ground” while the other is
connected to one of the control points created in the assembly. To be able to control both axial and
rotational speed the “Cylindrical” connection type, shown in Figure 3.5, was used. In the behaviour
options for the “Connector section”, damping is added and both force and moment are selected to
be able to specify the damping coefficients. The coefficients are calculated by
𝐹
𝑐11 =
𝑥
𝑀
𝑐44 =
𝜃
where 𝐹 is the force acting on the part, 𝑥 is the parts axial velocity, 𝑀 is the moment, and 𝜃 the
rotational speed.
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Figure 3.5. Cylindrical connector
As mentioned previously, control points where created to control the parts in an easier way. These
control points are connected to the parts using “Constraints”. Three control points where created
and each of them are connected to the corresponding part using “Coupling”-type constraints. The
coupling is made between the point and the surface it shall control to simulate it being mounted on a
shaft, as shown in Figure 3.6.
Figure 3.6. Coupling constraint
The next step is to apply loads and boundary conditions to the model in the Load module. The loads
used are “concentrated force” and “moment”. These loads are applied at the control point associated
with the part that will move. After this is done the boundary conditions are applied to the two parts
in their respective control points. The boundary conditions used only allow one of the parts to rotate
around the global x-axis, shown in Figure 3.6, as if it is connected to a driving shaft.
16
The model is nearly complete and all that is left is to create a mesh of the geometry. The mesh is
created on each part individually in the Mesh module. The first step is to select the “element shape”
and mesh “technique”. In the mesh controls the tetrahedral element shape is selected as well as the
“Free” mesh technique. The second step is to specify the element size by placing “Seeds” on the
parts edges. This is done by specifying an approximate global element size. Finally the part is ready to
be meshed by selecting the command mesh part. The seeded and meshed parts are shown in figures
3.7 and 3.8.
Figure 3.7. Seeded part Figure 3.8. Meshed part
The model is now ready to be analyzed. Since dual core processors where used in this thesis, a job
file was created in the Job module with the “Use multiple processors” option enabled. To summarize
it should be mentioned that this is the method of modelling chosen for this thesis and not necessarily
the best solution.
The input file used to obtain the results for the original model is attached as appendix 2.
17
4. Results
In this chapter all of the analyzed geometries are presented as well as their corresponding results. The
first step of the FE analysis was to determine at which maximal relative rotational speed, 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the
existing solution would couple. After analyzing the behaviour of the original model several other
solutions where created in an attempt increase at which 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 the coupling would couple. A summary
of all results is presented in the last section.
4.1 Existing Geometry

After simulations in Abaqus/Explicit the maximal relative rotational speed for the original model,
shown in Figure 4.1, was determined to be between 50rpm and 60rpm. As the rotational speed
increases the point of impact moves towards the chamfers, this causes the parts to bounce of each
other and de-couple.
In an attempt to improve the performance of the original model simulations using double the axial
force (248N) where done. This resulted in a 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 of 70rpm.
Figure 4.1. Original model
18
4.2 Modified Teeth
In parallel with this thesis another project was carried in order to improve the geometry of the dog
clutch using physical testing (Lundgren et al, 2010). From this project three other solutions where
supplied and analyzed in Abaqus. Two of the models have modified tooth angles by 9° and 4,5°,
respectively, and the third model has a 9° tooth angle and a total amount of 12 teeth compared to the
original model where 14 teeth are used. The models are shown in Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.2. Models with angled teeth a) 9°, 14 teeth b) 4.5°, 14 teeth c) 9°, 12 teeth
After analyzing the behaviour of these models it is determined that angled teeth create a tendency to
de-couple. The only advantage from this modification is the increased gap between the teeth. All
these results will be discussed in detail in chapter 5. Technical drawings of all considered models are
presented in Appendices 1B, 1C, 1D.
19
4.3 Modified Chamfers
The second modification which has been implemented concerns chamfers. In order to check the
influence of chamfer geometry, two different parameters are adjusted: chamfer distances and chamfer
angles. The original model has chamfers which have the distance 1.5 mm and angle 45°. Modified
chamfers have distances 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm. Modified chamfer angles have values: 15°, 30° and
60°. The following models are compared:
 C15_A30 – chamfer distance 1.5 mm, chamfer angle 30°

 C15_A60 – chamfer distance 1.5 mm, chamfer angle 60°
 C1_A45 – chamfer distance 1 mm, chamfer angle 45°
Pictures of modified chamfers have been presented in Figures 4.3 and 4.4. Technical drawings of all
considered models are presented in Appendices 1E, 1F, 1G, 1H, 1I, 1J.
Figure 4.3. Models with modified chamfers

a) C15_A30 b) C15_A60 c) C1_A45
20
Figure 4.4. Models with modified chamfers
a) C2_A45 b) C3_A15 c) C3_A30
21
4.4 Results Summary
Altogether, in the entire calculation process 11 different models are calculated. Two of them are
based on the original geometry (A and A_Fx2), models B, C, D represent angled teeth and the rest of
them concern chamfer modifications. All detailed results have been presented in Table 4.1. The last
column shows the corresponding appendix number for each model.
A (REF) – original model (chamfer distance 1.5 mm, chamfer angle 45°, 14 teeth)
B – tooth angle 9°, no chamfer, 12 teeth
C – tooth angle 9°, no chamfer, 14 teeth
D – tooth angle 4.5°, no chamfer, 14 teeth
C1.5_A30 – chamfer distance 1.5 mm, chamfer angle 30°, 14 teeth
C1.5_A60 – chamfer distance 1.5 mm, chamfer angle 60°, 14 teeth
C1_A45 – chamfer distance 1 mm, chamfer angle 45°, 14 teeth
A_Fx2 – original model, the same geometry as A (REF), double axial force
Tooth Chamfer Chamfer

Number Force
Model name angle distance Angle 𝜽𝒎𝒂𝒙 [rpm] Appendix
of teeth [N]
[°] [mm] [°]
A (REF) 14 0 1,5 45 50 124 1A
B 12 9 0 0 - 124 1B
C 14 9 0 0 - 124 1C
D 14 4,5 0 0 - 124 1D
C1.5_A30 14 0 1,5 30 60 124 1E
C1.5_A60 14 0 1,5 60 <50 124 1F
C1_A45 14 0 1 45 <50 124 1G
C2_A45 14 0 2 45 <50 124 1H
C3_A15 14 0 3 15 120 124 1I
C3_A30 14 0 3 30 70 124 1J
A_Fx2 14 0 1,5 45 70 248 1A
Table 4.1. FE calculations results
The main output value from the described FE calculations is maximal relative rotational speed 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥
which can be handled by the models. The original model, A (REF), can handle 50 rpm of relative
rotational speed e.g. one halve rotates with 50 rpm and the other with 100 rpm during the coupling
stage. Both Table 4.1 and Diagram 4.1 show the differences in 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 between all considered models.
22
[𝜽𝒎𝒂𝒙 ]
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40 <50 <50 <50
30
20
10
0
Diagram 4.1. Maximal relative rotational speed which can be handled by the models
23
5. Analysis
5.1 Analysis of Existing Geometry

When studying the behaviour of the original model it is clear that, for the dog clutch to couple at
greater relative rotational speed, one of the following parameters should be modified:
 Chamfer angles
 Chamfer distances
 Axial force
Whether the dog clutch couples or not depends on one thing – The chamfer edge (black line),
illustrated in Figure 5.1, must pass beyond the chamfer edge on the opposite halve (red line) before
the tooth edges cross each other (green lines).
Figure 5.1. Conditions for coupling
From a theoretical point of view, this means that the optimal solution would be a dog clutch with
straight teeth and without any chamfers. This type of geometry would be able to couple at virtually
any relative rotational speed. In reality, on the other hand, this might not work due to high stress
concentrations at the sharp edges. High enough stresses will cause failures in the teeth.
As mentioned in the previous chapter, the original model reached a 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 of 50-60rpm. This is a
result of the combination of aforementioned parameters. To investigate the effect of the parameters
a number of simulations where done regarding each parameter and several combinations.
24
5.2 Analysis of Modified Teeth
Results have shown that angled teeth cause a tendency for the dog clutch to de-couple. The reason
for this is that, at impact a reaction force will occur between the teeth of the two halves. Because of
the angles, the reaction force will be directed in a negative direction, as shown in Figure 5.2. If the x-
component of the reaction force is greater than the sum of the axial force and x-component of the
friction force the clutch will de-couple.
𝐑𝒙 𝑻𝒙
M F 𝑻𝒚 𝑻
𝑹𝒚
R
Figure 5.2. Coupling requirement
The following expression describes the coupling requirement:
𝐹
𝑅𝑥 < + 𝑇𝑥
𝑛
where 𝑅𝑥 is the x-component of the reaction force, 𝐹 is the axial force pushing the two halves of the
clutch together, 𝑇𝑥 the x-component of the friction force, and n the number of teeth. The only way
this type of geometry would work in reality is if the mass inertia of the front wheel driveline is low
enough i.e. the reaction force is low enough to fulfil the coupling requirement.
Another parameter that was tested in these models was the number of teeth, or gap width. It is clear
that the width of the gap between two teeth has significant effect regarding coupling i.e. a wider gap
lets the moving halve travel further in the x-direction before impact in the y-direction. Nevertheless
problems might occur when implementing this type of modification. The main concern is higher
impact stresses created when the clutch is coupled. The gap allows the clutch to move while coupled
e.g. when going from first gear to reverse. These impacts will also cause greater shocks in the
driveline which can lead to other transmission parts to take damage.
25
5.3 Analysis of Modified Chamfers
The last group of simulated models concern chamfer modifications. In order to check the influence
of the chamfer geometry, six different models have been considered.
The first pair consists of models C1.5_A30 and C1.5_A60 which have chamfer distances 1.5 mm,
which is exactly the same as the original model. The chamfer angles, however, have been modified to
30° and 60° respectively. These modifications did not result in significant improvements because
C1.5_A30 coupled with 𝜃=60 rpm, whereas C1.5_A60 did not even couple at 𝜃 =50 rpm. During
the simulations one characteristic feature has been noticed: the smaller the chamfer angle, the easier
the coupling. It confirms the aforementioned conclusion that from a theoretical point of view the
best solution is teeth without any chamfer (angle 0°).
Models from the second pair (C1_A45 and C2_A45) have chamfer distances 1 mm and 2 mm
respectively, the chamfer angles have not been modified with respect to the original model and have
a value of 45°. None of these models coupled at 𝜃=50 rpm which makes them significantly inferior
than the original model. The obvious conclusion out of this result is that modest changes of chamfer
distance without modifying other factors do not help to increase the relative rotational speed which
the dog clutch can handle.
The last pair consists of two models with modified chamfer distances and chamfer angles. Models
C3_A15 and C3_A30 have a chamfer distance of 3 mm and chamfer angles 15° and 30°, respectively.
After the tests it has shown up that both of these models are significantly better than the original
model. C3_A30 has coupled at 𝜃=70 rpm, and C3_A15 even with 𝜃=120 rpm. These results confirm
the conclusion, that the smaller the chamfer angle, the higher the relative rotational speed which the
clutch can handle. Furthermore, the longer chamfer distance affects the coupling conditions in a
positive way.
26
6. Conclusions
The complete FE simulations of the dog clutch, which are the core of this thesis, consist of three
different parts:
 Analysis of existing geometry

 Analysis of modified teeth
 Analysis of modified chamfers
As mentioned before, there are four main factors which influence the coupling ability:
 Teeth angles
 Number of teeth
 Chamfer angles
 Chamfer distances
 Axial force
Altogether, 11 different simulations have been done. After analysing the results the following
conclusions can be made:
1. The angled teeth influence the coupling ability in a negative way. They cause an additional
axial force which tends to de-couple the dog clutch (the direction of this additional axial
force is opposite to the axial force which is used to couple/de-couple the clutch).
2. The decreased amount of teeth creates a greater gap between them. Obviously it helps to
couple both halves but on the other hand it is dangerous from the material point of view. A
greater gap will cause significant impact loads which can decrease the life length of the whole
clutch.
3. Chamfers are the most important when it comes to the coupling ability. In order to obtain a
clutch which will handle maximal relative rotational speed both chamfer angles and chamfer
distances should be modified. The general trend is that the coupling abilities are better when
the chamfer angle is as small as possible and the chamfer distance as long as possible. The
original model has teeth with chamfers 1.5 x 45° and reached a 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 of 50 rpm while the
best tested model has teeth with chamfers 3 x 15° and reached a 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 of 120 rpm with the
same axial force.
4. When increasing the axial force, the relative rotational speed handled by the clutch increases
as well.
27
7. References
Ottosen, N.S. and Petersson, H. (1992) Introduction to the Finite Element Method. Pearson
Education Limited, Harlow, Essex
Dassault Systèmes. (2008) Abaqus Documentation; Getting Started With Abaqus version 6.8.
Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp, Providence, RI
Juvinall, R.C. and Marshek, K.M. (2006) Fundamentals of Machine Component Design. John Wiley
& Sons, Asia
Lundgren, J. and Ragnarsson, M. (2010) Modification of claw coupling. School of Engineering,

Linnæus University, Växjö
28
8. Appendices
Appendix 1 (A-K): Drawings
Appendix 2: Abaqus Input File
29
Appendix 1 - Technical Drawings
Appendix 1A - A (REF)
Appendix 1B - B
Appendix 1C - C
Appendix 1D - D
Appendix 1E - C1.5_A30
Appendix 1F - C1.5_A60
Appendix 1G - C1_A45
Appendix 1H - C2_A45
Appendix 1I - C3_A15
Appendix 1J - C3_A30
1(11)
1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
28 CHAMFERS 1.5 X 45°

A
A-A
B B
°
90
C A C
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: FINISH: DEBUR AND

DO NOT SCALE DRAWING REVISION
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS BREAK SHARP
SURFACE FINISH: EDGES
TOLERANCES:
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:
Linnéuniversitetet i Växjö (TEK)
NAME SIGNATURE DATE TITLE:
Appendix 1A
DRAWN M.A, K.G
CHK'D
D
APPV'D
MFG
MATERIAL:
A (REF)
Q.A DWG NO.
A4
1 2 WEIGHT: SCALE:1:2 SHEET 1 OF 1

1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
A
A-A
B B
°
99
C A C

TOLERANCES:
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:
Appendix 1B
DRAWN M.A, K.G
CHK'D
D
APPV'D
MFG
MATERIAL:
B
Q.A DWG NO.
A4

1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
A
A-A
B B
°
99
C A C

TOLERANCES:
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:
Appendix 1C
DRAWN M.A, K.G
CHK'D
D
APPV'D
MFG
MATERIAL:
C
Q.A DWG NO.
A4

1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
A
A-A
B B
°
94
C A C

TOLERANCES:
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:
Appendix 1D
DRAWN M.A, K.G
CHK'D
D
APPV'D
MFG
MATERIAL:
D
Q.A DWG NO.
A4

1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
28 CHAMFERS 1,5 X 30°

A
A-A
B B
°
90
A
C C

TOLERANCES:
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:
Appendix 1E
DRAWN M.A, K.G
CHK'D
D
APPV'D
MFG
MATERIAL:
C1.5_A30
Q.A DWG NO.
A4

1 2 3 4 5 6
28 CHAMFERS 1,5 X 60°

A A
A
A-A
B B
°
90
C
A C

TOLERANCES:
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:
Appendix 1F
DRAWN M.A, K.G
CHK'D
D
APPV'D
MFG
MATERIAL:
C1.5_A60
Q.A DWG NO.
A4

1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
28 CHAMFERS 1 X 45°
A
A-A
B B
°
90
C
A C

TOLERANCES:
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:
Appendix 1G
DRAWN M.A, K.G
CHK'D
D
APPV'D
MFG
MATERIAL:
C1_A45
Q.A DWG NO.
A4

1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
A
A-A
B B
°
90
C A C

TOLERANCES:
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:
Appendix 1H
DRAWN M.A, K.G
CHK'D
D
APPV'D
MFG
MATERIAL:
C2_A45
Q.A DWG NO.
A4

1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
A
A-A
B B
°
90
C
A C

TOLERANCES:
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:
Appendix 1I
DRAWN M.A, K.G
CHK'D
D
APPV'D
MFG
MATERIAL:
C3_A15
Q.A DWG NO.
A4

1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
A
A-A
B B
°
90
C A C

TOLERANCES:
LINEAR:
ANGULAR:
Appendix 1J
DRAWN M.A, K.G
CHK'D
D
APPV'D
MFG
MATERIAL:
C3_A30
Q.A DWG NO.
A4

Appendix 2 - Abaqus Input File
*Heading
** Job name: A50 Model name: Model-1
** Generated by: Abaqus/CAE Version 6.8-2
*Preprint, echo=NO, model=NO, history=NO, contact=NO
**
** PARTS
**
*Part, name=big
*Node
1, 0.0342181101, 0., 0.
2, 0.0342181101, -0.0500000007, 0.
3, 0.0342181101, 0., -0.0500000007
•
•
•
6590, 0.00716625992, 0.0595878214, -0.00549670681

6591, -0.00162207696, 0.056425292, 0.0042985105
6592, 0.0285064857, -0.00864811707, -0.0462547578
*Element, type=C3D4
1, 2685, 2686, 2687, 2688
2, 2685, 2689, 2687, 2690
3, 2685, 2691, 2689, 2692
•
•
•
31096, 3893, 4778, 4777, 5612

31097, 3893, 5887, 5612, 3965
31098, 3965, 4515, 3967, 3969
*Nset, nset=_PickedSet4, internal, generate
1, 6592, 1
*Elset, elset=_PickedSet4, internal, generate
1, 31098, 1
** Section: Steel
*Solid Section, elset=_PickedSet4, material=Steel
*End Part
**
*Part, name=small
*Node
1, 0.0170000009, 0., 0.050999999
2, 0.0309938379, 0.0091985222, -0.0638002381
3, 0.0309938379, 0.0193942059, -0.0614731535
•
•
•
5799, 0.0107407356, 0.047520332, -0.0215661433

5800, 0.0133662429, 0.0468277372, 0.00504350802
5801, -0.000581190921, 0.0388067998, 0.0171161611
*Element, type=C3D4
1, 2801, 2802, 2803, 2804
2, 2801, 2805, 2806, 2807
3, 2806, 2808, 2809, 2801
•
•
•
25982, 2852, 2657, 2639, 1088

25983, 1271, 1297, 4494, 4968
25984, 4492, 4493, 1278, 1229
*Nset, nset=_PickedSet5, internal, generate
1, 5801, 1
*Elset, elset=_PickedSet5, internal, generate
1, 25984, 1
** Section: Steel
*Solid Section, elset=_PickedSet5, material=Steel
*End Part
**
**
** ASSEMBLY
**
*Assembly, name=Assembly
**
*Instance, name=big-1, part=big
0.1322, 0., 0.
*End Instance
**
*Instance, name=small-1, part=small
0.0954296114533829, 0., 0.
*End Instance
**
*Node
1, 0.176418111, 0., 0.
*Node
2, 0.0824296102, 2.93905523e-18, -4.40872832e-18
*Node
3, 0.0724296123, 2.93905523e-18, -4.40872832e-18
*Element, type=CONN3D2
1, , 3
*Connector Section, elset=Wire-1-Set-1, behavior=Moving
Cylindrical,
"Datum csys-1",
*Nset, nset=_PickedSet37, internal
1,
2,
2,
2,
*Nset, nset=_PickedSet42, internal, instance=small-1
285,
1,
*Nset, nset=_PickedSet44, internal, instance=big-1
1,
*Nset, nset=Wire-1-Set-1
3,
*Elset, elset=Wire-1-Set-1
1,
2,
3,
*Nset, nset=Wire-2-Set-1
1,
*Elset, elset=__PickedSurf6_S3, internal, instance=small-1
6154, 6853, 9230, 10217, 17150, 17659, 19379, 19380, 20094, 20652, 20658, 20707, 21006, 23587, 25550
14888,
16929, 20706
*Surface, type=ELEMENT, name=_PickedSurf6, internal
__PickedSurf6_S3, S3
*Elset, elset=__PickedSurf7_S2, internal, instance=big-1
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5328, 5466, 5500, 5614, 6204, 6386, 6498, 6499, 6564, 7736, 8373, 8402, 8569, 8599, 8676, 9128
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12720, 13452, 13661, 13665, 13973, 14046, 14381, 14388, 15180, 15211, 15526, 15737, 15823, 16032, 16035, 16039
16085, 16269, 16287, 16300, 16311, 16376, 16659, 16821, 16848, 17079, 17399, 17644, 17831, 17955, 18082, 18086
18221, 18435, 18591, 18844, 18981, 19011, 19100, 19193, 19449, 19605, 19703, 19713, 20465, 20526, 20988, 22533
22832, 25290, 26086, 26667, 27159, 28985, 30708, 30735
160, 176, 668, 948, 1743, 3621, 3845, 4281, 4687, 4993, 5011, 5032, 5105, 5175, 6347, 6543
6616, 6646, 6734, 7458, 7531, 7628, 8282, 8376, 8382, 8623, 9280, 9288, 9924, 10495, 10526, 10589
11073, 11260, 11506, 11681, 12104, 12129, 12170, 13396, 13668, 14005, 14434, 15196, 15558, 15630, 15746, 16166
16284, 16823, 17018, 17079, 17199, 17258, 17291, 17439, 17599, 18382, 18448, 18689, 19952, 21063, 21373, 21428
21724, 22278, 23073, 23521, 24677, 24758, 24885, 26352, 27461, 29648, 29964, 30469, 30975
69, 277, 290, 317, 374, 519, 614, 621, 1149, 1285, 1576, 1695, 1877, 2431, 2433, 2639
2686, 3869, 3870, 3951, 3959, 3964, 3971, 4011, 4019, 4040, 4190, 4194, 4255, 4263, 4281, 4283
4297, 4299, 4311, 4356, 4648, 4699, 4724, 4738, 4770, 4778, 4806, 4850, 4873, 4895, 4920, 4943
•
•
•
25924, 25965, 26394, 26515, 26518, 27446, 27533, 27536, 27539, 27625, 27903, 27931, 28038, 28254, 28302, 28408
28558, 28605, 28908, 28980, 29243, 29260, 29660, 29720, 29734, 29967, 30248, 30414, 30438, 30744, 30794, 31072
31075,
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26923, 27405, 27824, 28360, 30315, 30411, 30566, 30907
9229, 12175, 13331, 13674, 16164, 16928, 16983, 17315, 17338, 17340, 17552, 18415, 24362
9270, 14608, 21898
16162, 21897
319, 16963
5095, 6433, 8152, 8199, 8385, 8389, 9231, 10623, 13225, 16210, 16670, 16962, 18844, 18872
14499,
16607,
1160, 1409, 2294, 2387, 10725, 12879, 12946, 12954, 15306, 18363, 19193, 20279, 21057, 21230
2749, 13455
2751,
18196,
627, 10078
7466, 9090, 12779, 13366, 13886, 17930, 18417, 18578, 18954, 19033, 19798, 20092, 21072, 21074, 23143, 23826
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15203, 15427, 19388
15280, 21542
621, 7223, 7406, 9156, 11342, 15338, 15870, 17141, 17188, 17195, 21916, 24146
9990, 11241, 16387
13884,
14960, 20590
427, 12616, 20734
3904, 5432, 10591, 11681, 18097, 19124, 19126, 19622, 19997, 22817, 24916
7396,
19127, 19474, 20226
4018, 4117, 4137, 4909, 6335, 10668, 12745, 13644, 13647, 15292, 15854, 16356, 19157, 20077
9806, 11336, 17179
14180,
4228, 7331, 8141, 8242, 8253, 8261, 8868, 9098, 9777, 12762, 17175, 20415, 21479
4229,
4617, 4764, 9987, 12819
4270, 16981, 20113, 20121
6280, 7338, 13059, 14622, 15875, 16081, 19878, 20050, 20051, 20573, 21562
19771, 19871, 20712
1677, 11256, 20558
5245, 6631, 16812, 17230, 18169, 20293, 20393, 20554, 20556, 21855, 21858, 23294, 23296
14671,
19623,
2287, 17347
6541, 7564, 12907, 12914, 15046, 16347, 16580, 16822, 17115, 17117, 17127, 17128, 20359
16391, 20362
18435,
4666, 4679, 4732, 5212, 6159, 9802, 10688, 11096, 16367, 16470, 17710, 17715, 19198
4673, 9276
11296, 17711
12893,
1314, 1394, 2762, 3367, 3848, 3942, 3978, 3979, 4042, 4053, 4071, 4078, 4088, 4100, 4117, 4161
4320, 4346, 4350, 4364, 4377, 4387, 4389, 4392, 4394, 4417, 4422, 4427, 4438, 4445, 4457, 4465
4466, 4467, 4483, 4485, 4492, 4493, 4521, 4542, 4546, 4570, 4584, 4586, 4588, 4589, 4591, 4593
•
•
•
19935, 19936, 19941, 19966, 19988, 19990, 20048, 20049, 20097, 20135, 20141, 20240, 20434, 20628, 20764, 20785
20885, 21210, 21276, 21341, 21495, 21749, 21861, 21864, 21876, 21925, 21963, 22235, 22311, 22313, 22314, 22634
23339, 24145, 24146, 24622, 25324, 26596, 26846, 27866, 28008, 28426, 31061
2521, 4365, 5300, 5717, 6079, 7561, 8816, 8955, 10190, 10760, 10795, 11454, 11913, 12449, 12456, 12504
13317, 13779, 13843, 14601, 15084, 15370, 15610, 15631, 16564, 16950, 16951, 17916
3907, 4745, 6083, 7019, 8039, 10280, 12011, 12463, 13371, 14255, 15014, 15645, 15909, 16939, 17332, 17582
20081, 20902, 21450, 21601, 27380, 28840, 30641
4130, 4201, 4455, 6084, 6172, 6181, 7101, 7115, 7190, 7955, 8934, 9525, 10105, 10113, 10268, 10283
10757, 10784, 10823, 11180, 11369, 11384, 11854, 11928, 12483, 12928, 13320, 13349, 14201, 15009, 15915, 17576
18321, 19938, 20092, 20995, 21609, 21651, 23414, 24006, 24976, 25439, 29526, 30119, 30508, 30511
831, 1213, 1247, 1718, 3869, 3932, 3984, 4017, 4069, 4123, 4196, 4212, 4342, 4343, 4368, 4393
4412, 4445, 4464, 4482, 4489, 4494, 4498, 4516, 4524, 4528, 4531, 4535, 4544, 4546, 4561, 4571
4583, 4886, 4994, 5627, 5651, 5704, 5728, 5750, 5752, 5753, 5765, 5828, 5861, 5864, 5888, 5890
•
•
•
20289, 20382, 20778, 20798, 20940, 20941, 20945, 21025, 21027, 21028, 21029, 21167, 21170, 21237, 21252, 21378
21416, 21599, 21639, 21767, 21837, 21860, 21992, 22066, 22202, 22617, 22897, 23020, 23756, 23760, 23794, 24104
24240, 24254, 24258, 24275, 24568, 24585, 25831
1077, 1282, 1975, 2003, 4541, 5810, 6094, 6099, 6246, 6671, 6741, 6999, 8092, 8987, 9554, 10412
13122, 13129, 13139, 13522, 13615, 13824, 14112, 14185, 14786, 15198, 15256, 16137, 16267, 16556, 17234, 18291
18916, 19276, 19279, 19806, 20989, 21160, 21317, 22099, 22177, 22220, 22706, 22843, 22891, 23759, 24459, 24566
25395,
3184, 3574, 11541, 12112, 13749, 13975, 14812, 17332, 17821, 19864, 21159, 21205, 21670, 22116, 22697, 22757
22899, 23394, 23482, 23809
762, 5511, 5786, 6043, 6329, 7181, 7836, 7884, 8008, 8955, 9414, 10855, 11032, 11399, 12098, 12553
12589, 12592, 12622, 13492, 13506, 13534, 13580, 13953, 14007, 14039, 15545, 16274, 16779, 16799, 17279, 17467
18021, 19097, 19102, 20292, 20379, 21026, 21067, 22101
831, 1213, 1247, 1718, 3869, 3932, 3984, 4017, 4069, 4123, 4196, 4212, 4342, 4343, 4368, 4393
4412, 4445, 4464, 4482, 4489, 4494, 4498, 4516, 4524, 4528, 4531, 4535, 4544, 4546, 4561, 4571
4583, 4886, 4994, 5627, 5651, 5704, 5728, 5750, 5752, 5753, 5765, 5828, 5861, 5864, 5888, 5890
•
•
•
20289, 20382, 20778, 20798, 20940, 20941, 20945, 21025, 21027, 21028, 21029, 21167, 21170, 21237, 21252, 21378
21416, 21599, 21639, 21767, 21837, 21860, 21992, 22066, 22202, 22617, 22897, 23020, 23756, 23760, 23794, 24104
24240, 24254, 24258, 24275, 24568, 24585, 25831
1077, 1282, 1975, 2003, 4541, 5810, 6094, 6099, 6246, 6671, 6741, 6999, 8092, 8987, 9554, 10412
13122, 13129, 13139, 13522, 13615, 13824, 14112, 14185, 14786, 15198, 15256, 16137, 16267, 16556, 17234, 18291
18916, 19276, 19279, 19806, 20989, 21160, 21317, 22099, 22177, 22220, 22706, 22843, 22891, 23759, 24459, 24566
25395,
3184, 3574, 11541, 12112, 13749, 13975, 14812, 17332, 17821, 19864, 21159, 21205, 21670, 22116, 22697, 22757
22899, 23394, 23482, 23809
762, 5511, 5786, 6043, 6329, 7181, 7836, 7884, 8008, 8955, 9414, 10855, 11032, 11399, 12098, 12553
12589, 12592, 12622, 13492, 13506, 13534, 13580, 13953, 14007, 14039, 15545, 16274, 16779, 16799, 17279, 17467
18021, 19097, 19102, 20292, 20379, 21026, 21067, 22101
2992, 6210
2994,
7557, 8429, 13358, 19201
23926,
24, 153, 272, 476, 600, 761, 794, 809, 1396, 1735, 1743, 4273, 5297, 5328, 5466, 5500
5614, 6204, 6386, 6498, 6499, 7736, 8373, 8569, 8599, 9128, 9650, 9778, 9825, 9878, 10464, 11029
11615, 11619, 11688, 11788, 12664, 12683, 12720, 13452, 13661, 13665, 13973, 14046, 14381, 14388, 14894, 15180
15211, 15526, 15737, 16032, 16039, 16085, 16269, 16287, 16300, 16311, 16376, 16659, 16848, 17644, 17955, 18082
18086, 18221, 18273, 18435, 18591, 18844, 18981, 19011, 19100, 19449, 19605, 19713, 20526, 20988, 22527, 22533
22832, 23856, 24001, 26086, 26616, 26667, 27159, 28985, 30708
160, 176, 904, 1529, 1629, 3621, 4687, 5011, 5032, 5105, 5175, 5438, 5606, 6347, 6543, 6646
7458, 7531, 7628, 8282, 8376, 8382, 8497, 8623, 9924, 10589, 11073, 11506, 12104, 12129, 12170, 13126
13396, 13668, 15196, 15511, 15558, 15630, 15746, 17079, 17199, 17258, 17291, 17439, 17599, 18382, 18448, 18689
19145, 19835, 19952, 19956, 20526, 21373, 21724, 23073, 23521, 24549, 24677, 24758, 24885, 26352, 27461, 29648
29964, 30469
277, 359, 519, 1149, 1285, 1576, 1603, 1695, 1738, 2431, 2433, 2639, 2686, 3951, 3959, 3964
4190, 4194, 4254, 4255, 4263, 4281, 4283, 4356, 4648, 4699, 4738, 4778, 4806, 4850, 4873, 4895
4920, 4957, 4995, 5081, 5099, 5116, 5132, 5163, 5208, 5228, 5251, 5255, 5277, 5278, 5311, 5323
•
•
•
24754, 24787, 25015, 25334, 25367, 25370, 25476, 25504, 25615, 25915, 25924, 25965, 26322, 26394, 26515, 26518
26855, 27446, 27451, 27533, 27536, 27539, 27625, 28038, 28254, 28302, 28408, 28558, 28605, 28908, 28980, 29243
29260, 29660, 29720, 29966, 29967, 30248, 30329, 30414, 30744, 30794, 31025, 31072, 31075
3228, 4830, 5369, 5460, 5627, 6564, 6616, 6853, 7696, 7835, 8501, 8565, 9211, 9271, 9368, 9679
9866, 10150, 11664, 12071, 13152, 13568, 13925, 14011, 14386, 14781, 15170, 15736, 15991, 16999, 17075, 17136
17201, 17632, 18446, 18705, 18712, 18975, 19008, 19101, 19202, 19340, 19537, 19779, 23066, 24196, 24357, 24673
24826, 25282, 25730, 26087, 26923, 27824, 28360, 28891, 30315, 30566
3953, 13213, 13214, 14135
4891,
9522, 10253, 10260, 16344
24, 153, 272, 476, 761, 809, 1735, 1743, 4273, 5132, 5297, 5328, 5369, 5466, 5500, 5614
6204, 6386, 6498, 6499, 6841, 7736, 7806, 8373, 8569, 8599, 9128, 9650, 9825, 9878, 10464, 11029
11055, 11615, 11619, 11688, 11788, 12664, 12683, 12720, 13105, 13452, 13661, 13665, 13973, 14046, 14381, 14388
15180, 15211, 15526, 15737, 16032, 16039, 16085, 16269, 16287, 16300, 16311, 16376, 16659, 16848, 17199, 17644
17955, 18082, 18086, 18221, 18435, 18591, 18844, 18981, 19011, 19100, 19449, 19605, 19713, 19952, 20526, 20988
21724, 22533, 22832, 23067, 26086, 26667, 27159, 28985, 29964, 30708
160, 176, 3621, 4687, 5011, 5032, 5105, 5175, 5548, 5579, 6347, 6543, 6646, 6650, 7458, 7531
7628, 8282, 8376, 8382, 8623, 9210, 9924, 10589, 11073, 11506, 12104, 12129, 12170, 13078, 13396, 13668
13728, 15196, 15532, 15558, 15630, 15746, 15817, 16661, 17057, 17079, 17199, 17258, 17291, 17439, 17599, 18165
18382, 18448, 18648, 18689, 19837, 19952, 21373, 21724, 22694, 23073, 23521, 24677, 24758, 24885, 26073, 26352
27461, 29648, 29964, 30469
182, 277, 519, 1149, 1285, 1386, 1390, 1576, 1695, 2009, 2431, 2433, 2639, 2686, 3951, 3959
3964, 4033, 4034, 4190, 4194, 4255, 4263, 4281, 4283, 4356, 4648, 4699, 4738, 4778, 4806, 4850
4873, 4895, 4920, 4995, 5081, 5099, 5116, 5132, 5163, 5191, 5228, 5249, 5251, 5255, 5277, 5311
•
•
•
25504, 25615, 25649, 25915, 25924, 25965, 26088, 26394, 26515, 26518, 26672, 27446, 27533, 27536, 27539, 27625
28038, 28254, 28302, 28408, 28558, 28605, 28908, 28980, 29243, 29260, 29303, 29660, 29720, 29897, 29963, 29967
30248, 30414, 30520, 30744, 30794, 31072, 31075
31, 3228, 4830, 5369, 5460, 5627, 6564, 6616, 6853, 7696, 7835, 8565, 9211, 9271, 9368, 9679
9866, 10150, 11664, 12071, 13152, 13568, 13925, 14011, 14386, 14781, 15170, 15736, 15991, 16999, 17075, 17201
17632, 18446, 18705, 18712, 18975, 19008, 19101, 19202, 19214, 19340, 19537, 19779, 23066, 24196, 24357, 24673
24826, 25730, 26087, 26923, 27078, 27655, 27824, 28360, 28985, 30315, 30566
2287, 17347
6541, 7564, 12907, 12914, 15046, 16347, 16580, 16822, 17115, 17117, 17127, 17128, 20359
16391, 20362
18435,
24, 153, 272, 476, 761, 809, 1465, 1735, 1743, 3938, 4273, 5297, 5328, 5466, 5500, 5614
5673, 6204, 6386, 6498, 6499, 7531, 7565, 7736, 8373, 8569, 8599, 9128, 9177, 9650, 9825, 9878
9989, 10464, 10616, 10696, 11029, 11615, 11619, 11688, 11788, 12203, 12228, 12308, 12664, 12683, 12720, 13452
13661, 13665, 13973, 14046, 14381, 14388, 15104, 15180, 15211, 15526, 15737, 16032, 16039, 16085, 16269, 16287
16300, 16311, 16376, 16659, 16848, 17644, 17849, 17955, 18082, 18086, 18221, 18392, 18435, 18591, 18733, 18844
18981, 19011, 19100, 19340, 19364, 19449, 19605, 19713, 20154, 20367, 20526, 20988, 21562, 22533, 22832, 26086
26667, 27159, 28985, 30708
160, 176, 1197, 3621, 4138, 4255, 4687, 5011, 5032, 5105, 5145, 5175, 5804, 6347, 6542, 6543
6608, 6646, 6676, 6773, 6869, 7458, 7531, 7628, 8282, 8376, 8382, 8623, 9176, 9790, 9846, 9908
9924, 10046, 10589, 11063, 11073, 11257, 11506, 12104, 12129, 12170, 12312, 12645, 13396, 13610, 13668, 14048
14806, 15196, 15558, 15630, 15746, 16257, 16300, 16344, 16426, 16551, 17079, 17199, 17258, 17291, 17439, 17599
17733, 17966, 18023, 18136, 18382, 18433, 18448, 18544, 18665, 18689, 18906, 18919, 19218, 19670, 19952, 20707
20942, 20988, 21373, 21724, 23073, 23521, 24677, 24758, 24885, 25207, 26352, 27461, 28100, 29648, 29964, 30469
277, 519, 1149, 1285, 1413, 1431, 1560, 1576, 1695, 2287, 2383, 2431, 2433, 2639, 2686, 2827
3880, 3920, 3951, 3959, 3964, 3977, 3997, 4010, 4029, 4032, 4190, 4194, 4202, 4255, 4263, 4281
4283, 4296, 4324, 4356, 4390, 4615, 4648, 4699, 4734, 4738, 4778, 4786, 4806, 4850, 4873, 4895
•
•
•
26515, 26518, 27131, 27288, 27298, 27366, 27446, 27533, 27536, 27539, 27625, 27831, 28038, 28214, 28216, 28254
28302, 28408, 28481, 28558, 28566, 28605, 28908, 28980, 29243, 29260, 29660, 29720, 29967, 30248, 30414, 30613
30744, 30794, 31072, 31075
3228, 4830, 5369, 5460, 5484, 5627, 6541, 6564, 6616, 6853, 7404, 7622, 7670, 7696, 7835, 8565
8633, 9211, 9271, 9368, 9679, 9866, 9923, 9966, 10150, 11506, 11524, 11664, 11705, 11805, 12006, 12071
12576, 13087, 13152, 13568, 13651, 13925, 14011, 14386, 14436, 14491, 14781, 15125, 15170, 15736, 15991, 16113
16115, 16999, 17059, 17075, 17105, 17201, 17475, 17632, 17760, 18446, 18705, 18712, 18975, 19008, 19101, 19202
19340, 19359, 19537, 19779, 21288, 21390, 23043, 23066, 23604, 24196, 24357, 24543, 24673, 24826, 25730, 26087
26923, 27169, 27824, 28340, 28360, 28724, 30315, 30387, 30431, 30566
5509, 20253, 20729
6347, 8085, 17243, 17690, 20731
19894,
4962, 9022, 16175, 16829, 17380, 17574
8143,
16388, 17196
3185,
3828, 6383, 7438, 7441, 7468, 8319
9179,
10627,
8342,
10071, 20743, 21101, 21123, 21124
14697,
21128, 22226
1394, 1448, 12700, 19408, 19677, 20273
2256, 8220, 20262
1186, 5554, 8154, 12790, 12890, 14764, 16209
24552,
24557,
3842, 6488, 11730, 24124
7968, 17805
11500,
12084, 15646
13343, 15031, 19321, 19816, 20776
16439, 17664, 20773
19687,
2990, 7251, 13359, 13815, 16102, 16185, 21348
6532,
22638,
1596, 1621, 5382, 16820, 17658, 18817, 20157
12916, 22758
4773,
5293, 9312, 14310, 17434, 20398, 22548
6601, 9851
3384,
17452, 19900, 19968, 20569, 20664
19874, 25936
20572,
9128,
9988, 17169, 17625
16863, 17626, 20794, 21137, 24323
4026,
16894, 17645, 18590, 19710, 20595, 22933, 23603
18126,
24, 153, 272, 476, 761, 809, 1735, 1743, 4273, 5297, 5328, 5402, 5466, 5500, 5614, 6204
6386, 6498, 6499, 7736, 8373, 8569, 8599, 9128, 9650, 9679, 9825, 9878, 10464, 11029, 11590, 11615
11619, 11688, 11788, 12664, 12670, 12683, 12711, 12720, 13452, 13661, 13665, 13973, 14046, 14381, 14388, 15176
15180, 15211, 15526, 15737, 15837, 16032, 16039, 16067, 16085, 16161, 16269, 16287, 16300, 16311, 16376, 16659
16832, 16848, 17511, 17644, 17955, 18082, 18086, 18221, 18342, 18400, 18435, 18591, 18844, 18981, 19011, 19100
19449, 19605, 19713, 20526, 20988, 21157, 22533, 22832, 25294, 25730, 26086, 26667, 27159, 27882, 28985, 30708
58, 160, 176, 283, 3621, 4687, 5011, 5032, 5105, 5175, 5297, 5339, 6347, 6397, 6543, 6646
7458, 7531, 7628, 7703, 8282, 8373, 8376, 8382, 8623, 9924, 10336, 10533, 10589, 11073, 11506, 11688
12104, 12129, 12170, 13396, 13668, 15196, 15558, 15630, 15746, 17079, 17199, 17258, 17265, 17291, 17439, 17599
17947, 18084, 18382, 18448, 18689, 19910, 19952, 20410, 20807, 21156, 21373, 21724, 23021, 23073, 23521, 24677
24713, 24758, 24885, 26063, 26352, 27461, 27733, 28947, 29648, 29964, 30469
48, 277, 519, 1149, 1285, 1576, 1695, 2325, 2431, 2433, 2639, 2686, 3951, 3959, 3964, 4059
4190, 4194, 4255, 4263, 4281, 4283, 4356, 4618, 4648, 4699, 4738, 4778, 4806, 4850, 4873, 4895
4912, 4920, 4995, 5051, 5052, 5081, 5099, 5116, 5132, 5163, 5228, 5251, 5255, 5277, 5311, 5323
•
•
•
25532, 25615, 25729, 25915, 25924, 25965, 26394, 26515, 26518, 27198, 27446, 27532, 27533, 27535, 27536, 27539
27625, 28038, 28254, 28302, 28408, 28558, 28605, 28908, 28980, 29243, 29260, 29660, 29720, 29967, 30201, 30248
30412, 30414, 30744, 30794, 31072, 31075
3228, 4830, 5369, 5460, 5627, 6564, 6616, 6821, 6853, 7696, 7835, 8565, 9211, 9271, 9291, 9368
9679, 9866, 10150, 11615, 11664, 12071, 12225, 13152, 13568, 13925, 14011, 14386, 14781, 15170, 15736, 15991
16999, 17075, 17201, 17632, 18446, 18590, 18705, 18712, 18975, 19008, 19101, 19202, 19340, 19431, 19537, 19779
23066, 24196, 24357, 24673, 24826, 25730, 26087, 26923, 27697, 27824, 28360, 30315, 30566, 30913
1416, 4929, 6134, 6136, 7403, 14352, 16594
7644,
20680,
4908, 6356, 11969, 14504, 17863
9880, 15858
11340,
13550,
6340, 13209, 14184, 17368, 20464, 20466, 24997
14138, 19637
4692, 6125, 6300, 11101, 20839
4865, 18863, 19084
20583,
624, 15950, 16114
7298,
13291, 16393, 16400, 17454, 17609
8455, 9989, 9994, 10106, 14661, 14665, 23724
9991, 10105
4158, 4254, 6207, 8439, 16353, 16457, 18440, 23653
13834,
325, 424, 9280, 19696, 22348
14050,
16336, 17716
19382,
3862, 6604, 7535, 7538, 10734, 14531, 14613
14535, 16615
1629, 17313, 17318, 18051, 23911, 24364
4398, 16238
14913,
480, 11835, 19415, 20266
2082, 14386
4804, 14397, 18847
3858, 6398, 7490, 8103, 9225, 9918, 14252
7482, 8197
2593, 5041, 6394, 9040, 9085, 15889
9193, 16653
19120,
271,
5179, 6178, 14345, 17665, 18150, 19317, 19371
359, 409, 446, 629, 928, 1304, 1529, 1603, 1738, 2231, 2474, 4245, 4254, 4948, 4957, 5074
5111, 5186, 5208, 5219, 5236, 5278, 5327, 5357, 5381, 5453, 5483, 5544, 5555, 5574, 5599, 5608
5670, 5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6358, 6481, 6518, 6648, 6712, 6782, 6827, 7334
•
•
•
23742, 23743, 23854, 24508, 24686, 24687, 24701, 24835, 25160, 25161, 25259, 25334, 25795, 25847, 26060, 26322
26620, 26661, 26855, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27451, 28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 29966, 30189, 30329, 30347, 30454
30617, 31025
600, 618, 794, 1079, 1396, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610
6656, 6692, 6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9778, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078
10546, 10628, 10733, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485
13717, 13728, 14074, 14894, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18273
18404, 19049, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 22527, 23396, 23856, 24001, 25282, 25582
26616, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 8501, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685
11691, 11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709, 17136
18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25282, 25852, 26063, 27654, 28891, 29189
904, 1529, 1629, 2462, 5320, 5438, 5543, 5606, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338
8497, 9301, 9387, 10511, 10570, 11050, 11055, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308
12711, 13124, 13126, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15511, 15569, 16121, 16421, 17511, 17882, 18130, 18400
18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19145, 19511, 19705, 19835, 19956, 20526, 21803, 23358, 23856, 24549, 25287, 25850
26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
2992, 6210
2994,
7557, 8429, 13358, 19201
23926,
5450,
7569, 8203, 12434, 16394, 17668
8959,
22743,
6599, 11743, 17231
7611, 14320, 17430, 17890, 19534
2386, 19867, 20058, 20693
13417,
17619, 19902, 25933
12765, 24325
13237,
14560, 16872, 16994, 21136, 25719
10256, 15409
10257,
13633, 13643, 15404, 15614, 16355
13967,
19315, 19475, 19659, 20082, 20730
19886, 24919
8140, 9167, 14958, 15867, 15869, 16595, 17379, 17628
3055, 7273
10477, 10667, 11084, 11691, 15091, 21543
9196, 10082, 18333
9951,
12852, 14624, 14715, 20175
4749, 12957, 14597, 17395, 18142, 18187, 19187
14595,
6445, 6458, 6827, 8153, 12888
14073, 24554
14714,
10676, 13261
12082, 14161, 14165, 17322, 17801, 24127
3313, 10527, 15593
11379, 14618, 15011, 20628, 21371
117, 17324
5113, 16235, 18251, 18595, 24365
16231,
899, 23905
2013, 2015, 11095, 16969, 19333
18441,
4658, 5578, 11838, 12932, 15356, 21229
13784, 14096
11086, 17460, 18326, 19040, 23827
16485,
16711, 19098
4493, 17636, 20311, 22939, 23602, 25029
10242,
19705,
6371, 7407, 8312, 9147, 9324, 17848
14343,
25709,
12747,
13547, 16422, 18102, 18108, 23212, 23213
25919,
31,
2237,
9876, 14904, 19153, 19839, 20508
24905,
961,
4600, 4848, 6311, 10350, 12226
4601,
22442,
2833, 15622, 15888, 17833, 17918
16180,
16392, 16399
13871, 14355, 15057, 15058, 15386, 21081
16809,
21080,
280,
16824, 17346, 18814, 23654, 23655
22988,
22990,
78, 14962
1274, 6503, 10493, 14043, 21177
22355,
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
409, 446, 629, 665, 928, 1304, 1529, 2231, 2474, 4097, 4245, 4948, 5074, 5111, 5153, 5186
5219, 5236, 5253, 5327, 5381, 5402, 5483, 5508, 5540, 5549, 5550, 5555, 5574, 5605, 5608, 5670
5673, 5778, 5791, 5804, 5944, 5997, 6121, 6417, 6514, 6648, 6712, 6715, 7334, 7402, 7532, 7591
•
•
•
20641, 21156, 21822, 22365, 22367, 22548, 22549, 22849, 22855, 23398, 23742, 23854, 24508, 24701, 24835, 25160
25161, 25259, 25294, 25503, 25795, 25847, 25879, 25880, 26060, 26061, 26620, 26661, 26939, 27093, 27449, 27534
28482, 28622, 29284, 29816, 30189, 30347, 30454, 30617, 30982
618, 1079, 1542, 1584, 1843, 5428, 5489, 5647, 5660, 5799, 6542, 6584, 6610, 6656, 6692, 6823
6933, 6937, 7066, 7235, 7670, 7752, 7772, 7914, 8301, 9383, 9984, 9990, 10004, 10078, 10546, 10628
10733, 11036, 11257, 11294, 11759, 11805, 11818, 12292, 12314, 13125, 13180, 13194, 13254, 13483, 13485, 13717
13728, 14074, 15772, 15834, 16010, 16162, 16344, 16741, 17113, 17838, 17874, 17885, 17992, 18112, 18404, 19049
19093, 19154, 19276, 19386, 19642, 19686, 19699, 20905, 20921, 21763, 21824, 23396, 25282, 25582, 26855, 27072
782, 4256, 5246, 5335, 5383, 5431, 6906, 7617, 7752, 8249, 10046, 10090, 10616, 10645, 10685, 11691
11694, 11799, 12203, 12380, 12760, 12826, 13105, 13126, 14577, 14899, 15180, 16269, 16276, 16323, 16467, 16709
17910, 18404, 18419, 18591, 18985, 19035, 19120, 19682, 19683, 19690, 19772, 20271, 20799, 21824, 25850, 25852
26063, 27654, 29189
2462, 4024, 5320, 5543, 6821, 6864, 7457, 7584, 7592, 7879, 8313, 8338, 9301, 9387, 9884, 10511
10570, 10733, 11050, 11055, 11094, 11331, 11593, 11596, 11699, 11780, 11842, 11937, 12224, 12308, 12380, 12582
12711, 12760, 13124, 13455, 14094, 15236, 15280, 15287, 15569, 16104, 16121, 16421, 16641, 17511, 17882, 18014
18130, 18400, 18616, 18761, 18778, 18852, 19511, 19682, 19705, 21803, 23358, 23396, 23856, 24105, 24934, 25287
25850, 26616, 26663, 27078, 27632, 27655, 27832, 28480, 29709, 31048
12225,
13653, 14479, 18511, 19641, 21911, 30412
16067,
2833, 15622, 15888, 17833, 17918
16180,
16392, 16399
*Orientation, name="Datum csys-1"
1., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0.
1, 0.
** Constraint: RP1
*Coupling, constraint name=RP1, ref node=_PickedSet37, surface=_PickedSurf29
*Kinematic
** Constraint: RP2
*Kinematic
** Constraint: RP3
*Kinematic
*End Assembly
*Connector Behavior, name=Moving
*Connector Damping, component=1
406.64,
*Connector Damping, component=4
1145.92,
**
** MATERIALS
**
*Material, name=Steel
*Density
7500.,
*Elastic
2.1e+11, 0.3
**
** INTERACTION PROPERTIES
**
*Surface Interaction, name=Friction
*Friction
0.15,
**
** BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
**
** Name: Fixed Type: Displacement/Rotation
*Boundary
_PickedSet44, 1, 1
_PickedSet44, 2, 2
_PickedSet44, 3, 3
** Name: Moving Type: Displacement/Rotation
*Boundary
_PickedSet42, 2, 2
_PickedSet42, 3, 3
** Name: RP1 Type: Displacement/Rotation
*Boundary
_PickedSet43, 4, 4
_PickedSet43, 5, 5
_PickedSet43, 6, 6
** Name: RP2 Type: Displacement/Rotation
*Boundary
_PickedSet51, 5, 5
_PickedSet51, 6, 6
** ----------------------------------------------------------------
**
** STEP: Step-1
**
*Step, name=Step-1
*Dynamic, Explicit
, 1.
*Bulk Viscosity
0.06, 1.2
**
** LOADS
**
** Name: RP2 Force Type: Concentrated force
*Cload
_PickedSet39, 1, 124.
** Name: RP2 Moment Type: Moment
*Cload
_PickedSet40, 4, 6000.
**
** INTERACTIONS
**
** Interaction: Int-1
*Contact Pair, interaction=Friction, mechanical constraint=PENALTY, cpset=Int-1
_PickedSurf6, _PickedSurf7
**
** OUTPUT REQUESTS
**
*Restart, write, number interval=1, time marks=NO
**
** FIELD OUTPUT: F-Output-1
**
*Output, field, variable=PRESELECT, number interval=1000
**
** HISTORY OUTPUT: H-Output-1
**
*Output, history, variable=PRESELECT
*End Step
Institutionen för teknik
351 95 Växjö
tel 0772-28 80 00, fax 0470-76 85 40

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FE analysis of a dog clutch for trucks with

Dokumenttyp/Type of Document Handledare/tutor Examinator/examiner

Titel och undertitel/Title and subtitle

Sammanfattning (på svenska)

Abstract (in English)

Utgivningsår/Year of issue Språk/Language Antal sidor/Number of pages

We would like to thank the following persons:

- Andreas Linderholt, (Linnæus University, School of Engineering, Växjö) for supervision of

- Johan Lundgren and Magnus Ragnarsson, (Linnæus University, Mechanical Department,

1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................. 1

2.1 THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD........................................................................................................................ 4

3.1 MODELLING IN SOLIDWORKS........................................................................................................................ 12

4.1 EXISTING GEOMETRY .................................................................................................................................. 18

5.1 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING GEOMETRY ................................................................................................................. 24

Figure 1.1. Drive train for trucks with all-wheel-drive

Figure 1.2. Dog clutch

Figure 1.3. Relative rotational speed

2.1 The Finite Element Method

Figure 2.1. Steps in engineering mechanical analysis

Figure 2.2. Illustration of modelling steps

Figure 2.5. a) Steel beam supported by rubber components

(Ottosen et al, 1992)

Figure 2.6. Abaqus products

Abaqus/CAE (Complete Abaqus Environment) is an interactive graphical environment that includes

(Dassault Systèmes, 2008)

Figure 2.7. Cantilever Bar

Figure 2.8. Discretized model of the cantilever bar

The strain in element 1 is given by

Therefore equilibrium at node a can be written as

The equilibrium equation for node c is

Figure 2.10. Cantilever bar divided into elements

where 𝑀1 is the mass of element 1.

Figure 2.11. Internal forces in the bar

(Dassault Systèmes, 2008)

3.1 Modelling in SolidWorks

3.2 Simplifying the Problem

Figure 3.1. Original Geometry

Figure 3.2. Simplified Geometry

3.3 Defining the model

Figure 3.6. Coupling constraint

Figure 3.7. Seeded part Figure 3.8. Meshed part

4.1 Existing Geometry

Figure 4.1. Original model

 C15_A30 – chamfer distance 1.5 mm, chamfer angle 30°

Figure 4.3. Models with modified chamfers

Tooth Chamfer Chamfer

Table 4.1. FE calculations results

5.1 Analysis of Existing Geometry

Figure 5.1. Conditions for coupling

Figure 5.2. Coupling requirement

The following expression describes the coupling requirement:

 Analysis of existing geometry

Lundgren, J. and Ragnarsson, M. (2010) Modification of claw coupling. School of Engineering,

Appendix 2: Abaqus Input File

28 CHAMFERS 1.5 X 45°

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: FINISH: DEBUR AND

1 2 WEIGHT: SCALE:1:2 SHEET 1 OF 1

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: FINISH: DEBUR AND

1 2 WEIGHT: SCALE:1:2 SHEET 1 OF 1

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: FINISH: DEBUR AND

1 2 WEIGHT: SCALE:1:2 SHEET 1 OF 1

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: FINISH: DEBUR AND

1 2 WEIGHT: SCALE:1:2 SHEET 1 OF 1

28 CHAMFERS 1,5 X 30°