MTI Faculty of Engineering – Preparatory phase- History of Engineering

(HUM115)

The most famous Scientists in Engineering and

Technology
A research project submitted to the Faculty of Engineering
MTI University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for passing the Spring semester 2020 evaluation

In
History of Engineering

By

Mohamed Ahmed Abbas Hassan

92099

Supervised by

Dr. Rania Hammam

June 2020
 MTI Faculty of Engineering – Preparatory phase- History of Engineering
(HUM115)

Table of Contents
1. Abstract………………………………………….………………………………….….....………..…….…….3
2. Introduction………………………………………….……………………………….....………..….....…...3
3. Theoretical part (The most famous Scientists through the ages)…………..………....4
3.1 Era: BC……………………………….………………………………….……….……….………….…..…4
3.1.1 Pythagoras………………………………………….……………………….….….…..……..…4
3.1.2 Euclid………………………………………………………………….……………..….………..….5
3.1.3 Archimedes………………………………………….……………………………..……….………6
3.2 Era: The Islamic Golden Age………………………….……………………….……..…...….....7
3.2.1 Al-Khwarizmi..……………………………………….…………..……………………………...7
3.2.2 Abbas Ibn Firnas...………….………….…….…………………………..……………..….…8
3.2.3 Al-Jazari.………………………………….………………………………………………..………..9
3.3 Era: The Modern Age………..………….……….…….………....………………….……….….....10
3.3.1 Era: Early Modern Age.………………..……….……….……….………………….……....10
3.3.1.1 Leonardo da vinci..………………………………………...…….…....…..…….…10
3.3.1.2 Galileo Galilei...………….……….………………...……………….………….……..11
3.3.2 Era: Late Modern Age.………...……………….………………………………….….……..12
3.3.2.1 Isaac Newton.…………………………….…………………………..…................12
3.3.2.2 Leonhard Euler.……………………………………………….……….…...............13
3.3.2.3 Albert Einstein.……………………………………………….……….….................14
4. An applied part (Applications of the Theories modern day)….………..………….…...15
4.1 Applied science .……………………………………….……….…................................15
4.1.1 Computer...……..……………………………………….……….…........................15
4.1.2 Airplane.……………………………………………….……….………….………….........15
4.1.3 Satellites.……………………………………………….……….……………………..........15
4.1.4 Internet.……………………………………………….……….……………………............15
4.1.5 Global Positioning System (GPS).…………….……….…..….….....................15
4.1.6 Space Rockets.……………………………………………….………………..……...........15
5. Results and Comments.……………………………….…….……….……….…........................16
6. Conclusion.……………………………….…….…………………..…….……….….........................17

7. References .……………………………….…….……….……….………..........................18-19-20
 MTI Faculty of Engineering – Preparatory phase- History of Engineering
(HUM115)

1. Abstract

In this research I will talk about the most famous Scientists in Engineering and Technology
through the ages, their discoveries, inventions and contribution to humanity and mankind. As a
society, we have come to take what science produces for granted, such as our use of computers,
our access to electricity and water, our dependence on various forms and types of transportation
and communication; but all of these benefits came from the discoveries and inventions of
Scientists and Engineers, where they seek deep visions in the work of nature and its materials to
discover its secrets and harness it to serve humanity.

2. Introduction

The word “Science” is derived from the Latin word “Scientia”, meaning “knowledge”;
Science and technology are among the most important aspects in human life today,
therefore Scientists are considered the greatest minds ever have lived on Earth; Their
efforts that they have made since the birth of humanity till now is what made us enjoy all
the means that we see necessary in our daily lives and we cannot imagine the world
without them, such as electricity, cars, airplanes, cell phones, computers, internet and
many other things that cannot be counted. The word “scientist” calls on everyone who
innovated in the scientific field and contributed with his discoveries and inventions to the
progress of mankind, from biotechnology and digital media to sustainable energy and
cloud computing. We can say that almost everything today is somehow affected by the
scientific field as it is sometimes completely reconfigured by scientific and technological
progress. The difference between the title of Scientist and Engineer is not great, the two
complete each other. Scientists are the ones who create theories and Engineers are the
ones who apply them; but History tells us that technology, science, and mathematics are
all human institutions that complement one another; and we will find in this research that
almost all most famous scientists were also Engineers.
 MTI Faculty of Engineering – Preparatory phase- History of Engineering
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3. Theoretical part (The most famous Scientists through the ages)

3.1 Era: BC: Period of founding the fields of Science and Engineering.

1.3.1 Pythagoras (570 – 495BC)

Pythagoras was an ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician and the
founder of Pythagoreanism. He had a lot of interest in mathematical and
musical topics, for example, he has shown the relationship between wire
tension and looseness and the musical tone it emits when clicked on at regular
intervals. Pythagoras and his students believed that everything is related to
mathematics and therefore everything can be predicted and measured in the
form of rhythmic rings. [1]

Pythagoras is one of the Scientists that is known to all Engineers and anyone who study
Mathematics; he was able to prove his theory “Pythagoras theorem” in
mathematics which is a fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry
among the three sides of a right triangle.

- Pythagoras theorem [Fig. 1]

Many engineers today use his theory in the process of building lands.
“In any right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse
equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs of the right
triangle. Often called the "Pythagorean equation"; this theorem can be
written as an equation “ a2 + b2 = C2 ”. [2]
[Fig.1]
- Pythagorean tuning and Pythagorean hammers [Fig.2]
In music, He discovered that notes can be converted into mathematical
equations, which lead to discovering the Intonation system we use
today to play melodies sand scales; his system provides us with the
large hole steps and narrow half steps that lend the expression to major
and minor thirds and to leading tones. [3]

[Fig.2]
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3.1.2 Euclid (300 – 265 BC)

Euclid or Eukleides of Alexandria was a Greek mathematician who was
named “the father and founder of geometry” [4]. His book “Elements” is one of
the most important pieces of mathematics history; this book is still used for
teaching mathematics, especially geometry. [5]

Geometry: Is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape,

size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.

Some of Euclid's definitions in Elements:- [6] [Fig.3]

1) A Point is what doesn’t have any parts.

2) The line is the length with no width.
3) The ends of the line are two points.
4) The straight line is a line that matches the flatness of the points
above it.
5) The surface is what has length and width only.
6) Edges of the surface are always lines. [Fig.3]
7) A plane is a surface that matches the flatness of the straight lines above it.
8) The plane angle is the slope between two lines that meet at a plane and do not continue to
extend.
9) If the angle's lines are straight, the angle is called rectilinear.
10) If two straight lines are standing on each other, the lines are called perpendicular, each of
the adjacent angles are right and equal to one another.
11) The obtuse angle is greater than the right angle.
12) The acute angle is smaller than the right angle.
13) A figure is that what contained by any boundaries.
14) The diameter of a circle is a straight line that passes through the center of the circle and
it’s both ends on the circumference of the circle. The diameter of the circle is divided into
two equal halves.
15) Parallel lines are straight drawn in the same plane, extend infinitely and do not meet.
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3.1.3 Archimedes (288 - 212 BC)

Archimedes was a Greek scientist, mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor,

and astronomer, born in 287 BC and killed in 212 BC roman conquest of
Syracuse.

He was one of the greatest mathematical minds of all time, his discoveries and
inventions formed the basis of many of the fundamental concepts of physics and
mathematics we know today.

Discoveries and inventions: He designed many innovative machines, including blockade

engines and a screw pump and the floating fluid dynamics principle that was named after his
name.

- Pi: The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. Though both

ancient Babylonians and Egyptians had a roughly idea of its value; the
Babylonians estimated Pi to about 3.125; while the Egyptians to 3.16;
Archimedes is considered to be the first to discover primitive approach
to determine Pi, before calculus was even invented; he came to [Fig.4]
a very close approximation calculating a value of Pi that fell between
3.1408 and 3.14285. [7] [Fig.4]

- Archimedes' principle [Fig.5]

“Any object, totally or partially immersed in a fluid or liquid, is buoyed

up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.” [8]

- Archimedes' screw [Fig.6]

Also known as the screw pump or Egyptian screw pump [9] [Fig.5]
It is a type of simple spiral pumps, used for transferring water from
a low level to a high one. It is a cylinder of metal; has a screw inside it,
when the screw spins it draws water a portion of water and the water
continues to rise until it reaches the beginning of the channel.

[Fig.6]
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3.2 Era: The Islamic Golden Age: was a period of cultural, dated from the 8th century to
the 15th century, during this period, engineers and scientists, of the Islamic world contributed
greatly to the fields of art, agriculture, economics, industry, literature,
navigation, philosophy, science, technology, engineering and astronomy.

3.2.1 A-Khwarizmi (781 – 847 AD)

Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi a Muslim mathematician,

astronomer and geographer. He is considered the “father of algebra” and
one of the first Muslim mathematicians, as his works contributed a lot to the
advancement of mathematics in his era. [10]

Contributions in Math:
- Algebra: The study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. As was
mentioned in Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun [11]. Al-Khwarizmi founded
algebra and trigonometry. The word "Algebra" is derived from the name
of one his books “The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion
and Balancing” (Arabic: ‫[ )الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة‬Fig.7]. The
book classifies quadratic equations and provides algebraic and geometric
methods to solve the basic ones, which can be written in modern form:
ax2 + bx + c = 0 . [12]

- Algorithm: A computer-implementable set of instructions, mathematical,

logical, and sequencing steps necessary to solve a problem. [Fig.7]
The word Algorithm was derived after Al-Khwarizmi’s name. [13]

- Hindu–Arabic numeral system: Among the most important

things Al-Khwarizmi did was to communicate the Arabic
method of calculation to the western world, and to enter the
number zero, which radically changed the concept of
numbers. [Fig.8]

[Fig.8]
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3.2.4 Abbas Ibn Firnas (810 – 887 AD)

Abu al-Qasim Abbas Ibn Firnas The world first pilot; He is a Muslim
inventor, poet, and a scientist in mathematics, astronomy, and chemistry,
physics, and an engineer that is famous for his attempt to fly and recognized
as “The father of the aviation field”.

Inventions and discoveries:

- The wing of the plane: He studied the movement of birds and their wings
and how they rise in the atmosphere, and then performed many
calculations, in terms of weights, speeds, winds, and other subtle issues.
Later In the year 875 AD He proved that humans can fly in the air by
inventing bird-like wings covered with silk and feather of eagles; when his
machine was ready, he gathered a large audience to see the flight, then he
jumped from a large cliff and successfully achieved a flight of 10 minutes.
Unfortunately he had trouble with landing safely, suffered some injuries
and wounds that he recovered from and did not cause his death as rumored.
Later on, he mentioned in his book about a tail for the flying machine for
landing successfully. [14] [15]

[Sketch of Ibn Firnas attempt to fly]

- Transparent Glass: In the 9th century, He studied and experimented sand
and quartz crystals to understand their properties and was the first to
produce very transparent high-purity glasses from them, which was used to
make lenses for correcting eyesight problems of many people. [16]

- Water Powered Clock: He designed a water-based clock, known as “Al-

Maqata”, (Arabic: ‫)الميقاطة‬, that tells the time during day and night. The
name “Al-Maqata” is derived from the word “Time” in Arabic “‫”وقت‬.[Fig.9]

[Fig.9]
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3.2.3 Al-Jazari (1136 - 1206 AD)

Ismail al-Jazari an Arabian Muslim scholar that is considered one of the

greatest mechanical engineers and inventors in history. He is known for his
designs of water-raising machines, water clocks with a self-alert system,
conversion valves, self-controlled systems and many unusual and unique
clocks and automata. He explained in his work with illustration drawing in his
wonderful book “The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices”
(Arabic: ‫)الجامع بين العلم والعمل النافع في صناعة الحيل‬. [Fig.10] [17]

This book is divided in six types, totaling 50 different devices: [17]

- Ten different Clocks.

- Ten designs of Automat pouring water.
- Ten designs of Water dispensers for ritual ablution (Arabic: ‫)وضوء‬
- Ten fountains and musical automata.
- Five different designs of water raising machines.
- Five miscellaneous machines like instruments for measuring spheres
and locks.

Mechanisms and methods used in his designs: [18]

- Camshaft: In 1206 the camshaft was introduced by Al-Jazari, he used it [Fig.10]

in machines such as water clocks and water-raising machines.

- Crankshaft and crank-slider mechanism: In 1206, Al-Jazari invented the

primitive Crankshaft, which was combined with a crank-connecting rod
mechanism in his twin-cylinder pump.

- Escapement mechanism in a rotating wheel: He invented a method for

controlling the speed of a rotating wheel by using an escapement mechanism.

- Mechanical controls: He described several early mechanical controls including a

combination lock and a lock with four bolts.
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3.3. The Modern Age: A post-Medieval era beginning from the 14th century, spreading across
Europe, sometimes called “The Renaissance”; the word “renaissance” in French means "rebirth".
The Modern Age splits into two parts: early and late modern periods.

3.3.1 Era: Early Modern Age

3.3.1.1 Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519 AD)

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was a painter, engineer, botanist,

cartographer, geologist, musician, sculptor, architect and famous Italian
scientist; also he is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time.

As an inventor and an engineer, Da Vinci had a lot of ideas so ahead of his

time; from his designs: - [19] [20]

- Flying machine: He built a flying machine based on the flight of bats; in

this device the pilot would lie face down on a board in the center and to
power the wings he would pedal a crank that moves a series of rods and
pulleys, causing the wings to flap. Experts say that if this machine really
flies, the pilot will not be able to secure the forces necessary to land it . [Fig.11] [Fig.11]

- Armored vehicle: He was designed an armored vehicle equipped with

weapon capable of moving in any direction, and wheels allows it to rotate in
a 360-degree range; which we know it as the modern tank. [Fig.12]

- Machine gun: He designed a 33-barrelled gun to overcome the problem of

the time the canons take to reload.

- Diving suit: He designed an early diving suit, to be used in the destruction [Fig.12]

of enemy ships entering Venetian waters.

- Humanoid robot: Around the year 1495, da Vinci designed of one of the
first known humanoid robots in history.

- Aerial screw: An early principle of the modern day helicopter; the device is
designed to compress air in order to obtain flight. [Fig.13]

[Fig.13]
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3.3.1.2 Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642 AD)

Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer and a
professor of mathematics that is called “father of observational astronomy”,
“father of modern physics”, and “father of modern science”. [21][22] [23]

- In 1632, he published a book called “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief

World Systems” in this book he describe that planets in the solar system,
orbit around the Sun not the Earth; this scientific theory made him pay
years of his life imprisoned because it was against the Catholic Church’s
superstition; he got released but under a house arrest for the rest of his life.
Later on, he published a book called “Two New Sciences” covering much
of his work in physics and motion.

From his scientific inventions and contributions:-

- Tower of Pisa Experiment: Galileo took two objects with different weights,
dropped them from the Tower of Pisa, observing that two objects reached the
ground at the same time, concluding that gravity is the same for all objects;
and disproving Aristotle's theory of gravity (which states that objects fall at
speed proportional to their mass). [23]

- Foundation of kinematics: He Deduced the equation s = 1/2gt2 in his work [Fig.14]

geometrically; which helped in laying the foundation of kinematics. [24]

- Thermoscope: Is a device that shows the changes in temperature, in which

the liquid rises and falls as the temperature changes. In 1593 Galileo
invented Thermoscope; using the principle “Air is a gas and its volume
changes in proportion to its temperature. ” [25][Fig.14]

- Improving the Telescope: In 1610, he had designed his own telescope

without ever seeing one, added some improvements to make it magnify
objects 20 times nearer, Micrometer for measuring distances between Jupiter
and its moons, Helioscope, which made it possible to observe sunspots
without risking eye damage; then he used it and found that the Moon surface
isn’t perfectly smooth as it was thought. [26] [Fig.15] [Fig.15]
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3.3.2 Era: Late modern Modernity: An era that followed the early modern period.

3.3.2.1 Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727 AD)

Sir Isaac Newton an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer,
theologian, and author who is widely recognized as one of the most
influential scientists of all time.

Scientific Discoveries and Contribution: On the 5th of July 1687, Newton

published a book in classical mechanics called “Philosophiæ Naturalis
Principia Mathematica” formulating what is called today Newton's law of
universal gravitation and three laws of motion. [27]

- Law of Gravitation: State that “Every particle attracts every other

particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between their centers”. [Fig.16]

- Three Laws of Motion: Newton developed three laws of motion which [Fig.16]
described the motion of objects. [28]

1) First law:
“Every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled to change its state by the action of an external force.”
2) Second law:
“If a force affects an object, it gains it acceleration, directly proportional to the
force and inversely to its mass.” Formula: F = m * a
3) Third law:
“Every action has a reaction equal in the amount but opposite in the direction.”

- Calculus: was invented in the late 17th century by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm.
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, it has two major branches, differential
calculus and integral calculus; differential calculus concerns are rates of change, and the slopes
of curves; while integral calculus concerns accumulation of quantities, and areas between or
under curves. These two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of
calculus. [29]
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3.3.2.2 Leonhard Euler (1707 – 1783 AD)

Leonhard Euler was a great Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer,
logician, geographer, and engineer; he is considered the most prolific
mathematician of all time. He wrote more than 500 books and papers during
his lifetime, as his collected works fill over 74 volumes, comprising tens of
thousands of pages. [30]

Due to his great contributions, many topics in mathematics and physics are
named in honor of his name, such as: Euler's number, Euler's theorem, Euler
method, Euler’s proofs, Euler's integral, Euler's function, Euler's formula, Euler's identity.

Contributions to mathematics, physics and engineering:

- Euler's identity: known as the most beautiful equation ever, because it combines five of the
 iπ
most important constants in mathematics “ 1, 0, π, e, I ” into a single equation, e + 1 = 0.

- Number theory: He proved that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges. In doing so,
he discovered the connection between the Riemann zeta function and the prime numbers,
known as “Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function”. [31]

- Perfect Numbers: He contributed significantly to the theory of perfect numbers, proved that the
relationship between even perfect numbers and Mersenne primes earlier proved by Euclid was
one-to-one, a result known today as “The Euclid–Euler theorem”.

- Euler's totient function φ(n): Introduced by Euler in 1763; In number theory, ϕ(n), counts the
positive integers up to a given integer n that are relatively prime to n. [31]

- Euler's theorem: Using properties of the totient function, he generalized Fermat's little theorem
to what is now known now as “Euler's theorem”.

- Calculus of variations: Euler invented this new branch in mathematics, including its most well-
known result, the Euler–Lagrange equation.

- Euler–Bernoulli beam theory: Euler helped develop what is known as engineer's beam theory
or classical beam theory, which provides a means of calculating the load-carrying and deflection
of beams. [32]
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3.3.2.3 Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955 AD)

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist that is widely known

for developing theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics
(quantum mechanics). He is well known to the general public for his mass–
2
energy equation E = MC , and considered one of the most creative and
intelligent people of the 20th century.

Scientific Contribution and Discoveries: In 1905 and at the age of 26,

Einstein published four papers that attracted the attention of the academic
world:

- Photoelectric effect: His first Paper outlined the theory photoelectric effect; he discovered its
law and explained the phenomenon behind the effect; which was a pivotal step in the
development of quantum theory. He said that light is made of tiny packets of energy, called
photons, which carries certain energy according to their frequency. This discovery got him the
1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. [33]

- Brownian motion: His second paper explained in precise detail that the motion Brown had
observed was a result of the pollen being moved by individual water molecules. This
explanation served as convincing evidence that atoms and molecules exist, and was further
verified experimentally by Jean Perrin in 1908. [34]

- Special Theory of Rrelativity: His third paper was a revolution in science that changed the
perception of our physical world; The Theory of Special Relativity formed the basis of modern
physics, the theory corrected mechanics to handle situations involving all motions and
especially those at a speed close to the speed of light. [35]

- Mass–energy equivalence: In his fourth paper, he introduced the equation, E = MC2, which
describes the relationship between energy and mass. It was a backbone is many inventions, such
as the atomic bomb. [36]

- General Relativity: In 1915, Einstein published his theory of General Relativity determining
that massive objects cause a distortion in space-time, which is felt as gravity and implies the
existence of black holes and Gravitational waves that was observed later on 2016 and
2019 respectively. [37] [38]
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4. Applied part (Applications of the Theories in modern day)

4.1 Applied science is the application of existing scientific knowledge to practical applications,
like technology or inventions. All the theories, discoveries, and
inventions of the mentioned scientists in the Theoretical part, gave us
these amazing inventions we use today and can’t imagine the world
without them:

4.1.1 Computer: An electronic device that can store and processing

data, to useful information, typically in binary form, according to
instructions given to it in a variable program. [Fig.17] [Fig.17]

4.1.2 Airplane: An airplane is a fixed-wing machine that is propelled

forward by thrust from a jet engine, comes in variety of sizes, shapes,
and wing configurations. This invention made traveling to anywhere in
Earth easier and less time consuming. [Fig.18]

4.1.3 Satellites: an object that has been intentionally placed into orbit
in order to collect information or for communication. [Fig.19] [Fig.18]

4.1.4 Internet: Every invention has its time, and the Internet is the
greatest invention of our time; It is a global computer network
providing a variety of information and communication facilities,
consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols, allowing everyone find all types of
information he need at any time. [Fig.19]

4.1.5 Global Positioning System (GPS): A satellite-based navigation

system owned by the United States government that provides geo-
location and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near
the Earth.

4.1.6 Space Rocket: A vehicle that obtains thrust from a rocket engine
that is designed to travel through space or to launch a spacecraft. We [Fig.20]
use it for space exploration to help to address the fundamental questions
about our place in the Universe and the history of our solar system. [Fig.20]
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5. Results and Comments

- Technology is very important in our daily life, and would be very hard to imagine the world
without it; in 2014 and the 25th anniversary of the creation of the World Wide a report was made
by Sir Tim Berners-Lee to show us that. [Fig.21]

[Fig.21]

- Total Number of people using the internet in the world by 2020. Almost 4.57 billion people
were active internet users as of April 2020; which is 59% the global population. [Fig.22]

[Fig.22]
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6. Conclusions

Scientists are important to the world because they help understanding the way it works, it’s
law, and use that knowledge they get form their studies to build the world and make our life
easier. The growth of technology must keep advancing in every field for creating new
inventions, products and services. Science has been a catalyst for social change and economic
growth, and saved countless lives; It is what we are depending on right now to find a cure for
Covid-19 virus; therefore all countries must conscious of the importance of investment in its
branches with an open mind, and enhancing joint research and cross-cultural connections, and
providing funds to scientists.
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