CHAPTER 10 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS WITH MORE THAN TWO LEVEL OF

AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

EXERCISES NUMBER 9

A researcher conducts a study in the effects of amount of sleep on creativity, the

creativity scores for four levels of sleep ( 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours) for n = 5
participants are presented below.
Amount of sleep (hours)
2 hours 4 hours 6 hours 8 hours

3 4 10 10
5 7 11 13
6 8 12 10
4 3 9 9
2 2 10 10

a. Complete the ANOVA summary table below

Source df SS MS F
Between groups K–1 187.55 SS B
4–1= df B

3 187.55
=¿
3

62.583

Within Groups N–K 55.20 SS W M SB

=¿
df W MS W
20 – 4 =
16 55.2
16 62.583
=¿
3.45
3.45
18.14
Total N–1 242.95
20 – 1 =
19

F obt =¿ 18.14
b. Is F obt Significant at α = .05

df B=3 (Numerator)

df W =16 (Denominator)\

F CV =3.24

Reject null hypothesis

There was a significant effect of amount of sleep on creativity at the p<.05 level for the four
conditions [ F (3,16) = 18.14, p=<.01]

c. Perform post hoc comparisons if necessary

Tukey’s post hoc test

MS Within
HSD=Q ( k , df Within )
√ n
 MS Within
HSD .05=Q ( k , df Within )
√ n

3.45
HSD .05=(4 , 16)
√ 5

HSD .05=4.05 √ 0.69

HSD .05=4.05(0.831)

HSD .05=3.364

A different of 3.364 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .05 level.

MS Within
HSD .01=Q ( k , df Within )
√ n

3.45
HSD .01=(4 , 16)
√ 5

HSD .01=5.19 √ 0.69

HSD .01=5.19(0.831)

HSD .01=4.313

A different of 4.313 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .01 level.

d. What conclusions can be drawn from the F-ratio and the post hoc comparisons.
 HSD.05 = 3.3609
Pairwise Comparisons
HSD.01 = 4.3127

M1 = 4.00
X1:X2 0.80
M2 = 4.80

M1 = 4.00
X1:X3 6.60
M3 = 10.60

M1 = 4.00
X1:X4 6.40
M4 = 10.40

M2 = 4.80
X2:X3 5.80
M3 = 10.60

M2 = 4.80
X2:X4 5.60
M4 = 10.40

M3 = 10.60
X3:X4 0.20
M4 = 10.40

This tell us that a difference of 3.36 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .05
level and also a difference of 4.31 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .01
level

The amount of sleep had a significant effect on creativity. Those, who slept for 6 hours and 8
hours scored significantly higher on creativity than those who slept for either 2 hours or 4
hours.

e. What is the effect size and what does this mean?

 η ² (Eta squared)
SS Between
η ²=
SSTotal

187.55
η ²=
242.95

η ²=0.772

The effect size η ² (Eta squared) is 77%.

Sleep condition to which participant were assigned can explain 77% of the variability in
creativity scores.

f. Graph the mean

EXERCISES NUMBER 10
In a Study on the effects of stress on illness, a researcher tallied the number of colds
people contracted during a 6-month period as a function of the amount of stress they
reported during that same time period. There were three stress levels. Minimal,
moderate, and high stress. The sums of squares appears in the ANOVA summary table
below. The mean for each condition and the number of participants per condition are
also noted.

Source df SS MS F

Between groups 22.167

Within Groups 14.750

Total 36.917

Stress Level mean n

Minimal 3 4

Moderate 4 4

High 6 4

a. Complete the ANOVA summary table

 Source df SS MS F
K–1 SS B
Between groups 22.167 df B
3–1=
2 22. 167
=¿
2 M SB
=¿
MS W
11.0835

N–K SS W 11.0835
=¿
Within Groups 14.750 df W 1.639
12 – 3 =
9 14.750 6.762
9

1.639

N–1
Total 36.917
12 – 1 =
11

F obt =¿ 6.762

b. Is F obt Significant at α = .05

df B=2 (Numerator)

df W =9 (Denominator)\

F CV =4.26
Because F obt exceeds F CV , it is statistically significant at the .05 level

Reject null hypothesis

There was a significant effect of stress on illness at the p<.05 level for the three stress levels
[ F (2,9) = 6.762, p=<.05]

c. Perform post hoc comparisons if necessary

Tukey’s post hoc test

MS Within
HSD=Q ( k , df Within )
√ n

MS Within
HSD .05=Q ( k , df Within )
√ n
 1.639
HSD .05=(3 ,9)
√ 4

HSD .05=3.95 √ 0. 40975

HSD .05=3.95(0. 6401)

HSD .05=2.528

A different of 2.528 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .05 level.

MS Within
HSD .01=Q ( k , df Within )
√ n

1.639
HSD .01=(3 ,9)
√ 4

HSD .01=5. 43 √ 0.40975

HSD .01=5. 43(0 .6401)

HSD .01=3.476

A different of 3.476 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .01 level.

d. What conclusions can be drawn from the F-ratio and the post hoc comparisons.
 HSD.05 = 2.528
Pairwise Comparisons
HSD.01 = 3.476

M1 = 3.00
X1:X2 1.00
M2 = 4.00

M1 = 3.00
X1:X3 3.00
M3 = 6.00

M2 = 4.00
X2:X3 2.00
M3 = 6.00

This tell us that a difference of 2.528 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .05
level and also a difference of 3.476 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .01
level

The level of stress had a significant effect on illness at α =.05 . Those, who had high stress
level scored significantly on illness than those who had minimal and moderate stress level.

e. What is the effect size and what does this mean?

η ² (Eta squared)
SS Between
η ²=
SSTotal

22.167
η ²=
36.197

η ²=0. 6

The effect size η ² (Eta squared) is 60%.

Stress level to which participant were assigned can explain 60% of the variability in illness
scores.
f. Graph the mean
EXERCISES NUMBER 11

A researcher interested in the effects of exercise on stress had participants exercise for
30, 60 or 90 minutes per day. The mean stress level on a 100-point stress scale (with 100
indicating high stress). For each condition appears below, along with the ANOVA
summary table with the sums of square indicated.

Source df SS MS F

Between groups 4689.27

Within Groups 82604.20

Total 87293.47

Evercise Level mean n

30 minutes 75.0 10

60 minutes 44.7 10

90 minutes 63.7 10
a. Complete the ANOVA summary table

Source df SS MS F
K–1 SS B
Between groups 4689.27 df B
3–1=
2 4689.27
=¿
2 M SB
=¿
MS W
2344.635

N–K SS W 2344.635
=¿
Within Groups 82604.20 df W 3059.414
30 – 3 =
27 82604.20 0.7664
27

3059.414

N–1
Total 87293.47
30– 1 =
29

F obt =¿ 0.7664

b. Is F obt Significant at α = .05

df B=2 (Numerator)

df W =27 (Denominator)\

F CV =3 .354
Failed to reject null hypothesis

Not significant

There were no statistically significant differences between groups means as determined by

one way ANOVA F (2,27) = 0.766, p = > .05

c. Perform post hoc comparisons if necessary

Not necessary

d. What conclusions can be drawn from the F-ratio and the post hoc comparisons.

The level of exercise did not affect stress level

e. What is the effect size and what does this mean?

η ² (Eta squared)
SS Between
η ²=
SSTotal

4689.27
η ²=
82604.2

η ²=0. 056

The effect size η ² (Eta squared) is 5.6%.

5.6% knowing the exercise condition to which participant was assigned does not account for
much of the variability in stress scores.
EXERCISES NUMBER 12

A researcher conducted an experiment on the effect of a new “drug” on depression.

The researcher had a control group that received nothing, a placebo group, and an
experimental group that received the “drug”. A depression inventory that provided a
measure of depression on a 5—point scale was used (50 indicates that an individual is
very high on the depression variable). The ANOVA summary table appears below,
along with the mean depression score for each condition.

Source df SS MS F

Between groups 1202.313

Within Groups 2118.00

Total 3320.313

“Drug” condition mean n

Control 36.26 15

Placebo 33.33 15

“Drug” 24.13 15
a. Complete the ANOVA summary table

Source df SS MS F
K–1 SS B
Between groups 1202.313 df B
3–1=
2 1202.313
=¿
2 M SB
=¿
MS W
601.1565

N–K SS W 601.1565
=¿
Within Groups 2118.00 df W 50.4286
45 – 3 =
42 2118.00 11.921
42

50.4286

N–1
Total 3320.313
45 – 1 =
44

F obt =¿ 11.921

b. Is F obt Significant at α = .05

df B=2 (Numerator)

df W =42 (Denominator)

F CV =3.22
Reject null hypothesis

There was a significant effect in experiment on depression for the three conditions
[ F (2 , 42) = 11.921, p=<.01]

c. Perform post hoc comparisons if necessary

Tukey’s post hoc test

MS Within
HSD=Q ( k , df Within )
√ n

MS Within
HSD .05=Q ( k , df Within )
√ n

50.4286
HSD .05=(3 , 42)
√ 15
HSD .05=3.44 √ 3.362

HSD .05=3. 44 (1.8336)

HSD .05=6.304

A different of 6.304 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .05 level.

MS Within
HSD .01=Q ( k , df Within )
√ n

50.4286
HSD .01=(3 ,9)
√ 15

HSD .01=4.3568 √ 3.362

HSD .01=4.3468 (1.8336)

HSD .01=7.988

A different of 7.988 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .01 level.
d. What conclusions can be drawn from the F-ratio and the post hoc comparisons.

HSD.05 = 6.304
Pairwise Comparisons
HSD.01 = 7.988

M1 = 36.26
X1:X2 2.93
M2 = 33.33

M1 = 36.26
X1:X3 12.13
M3 = 24.13

M2 = 33.33
X2:X3 9.2
M3 = 24.13

This tell us that a difference of 6.304 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .05
level and also a difference of 7.988 or greater for any pair of means is significant at the .01
level

The “drug” condition experiment had a significant effect on depression. Those, who in a
control and placebo experiment groups scored significantly higher on depression than those
who in a “drug” experiment group.
e. What is the effect size and what does this mean?

η ² (Eta squared)
SS Between
η ²=
SSTotal

1202.313
η ²=
3320.313

η ²=0. 362

The effect size η ² (Eta squared) is 36.2%.

Knowing the “drug” condition in experiment can account for 36.2% of the variability in
depression.

f. Graph the mean