Assignment

On
“Applied Statistics”
(Assignment 13)
Course Title: Applied Statistics
Course Code: BUS1124
Submitted to
Tahsin Farzana Jisun
Lecturer
Southeast University
Submitted By:
M. Tohidul Islam
ID: 2015210000137
Batch: 41st
Section: 2
Department of BBA
Southeast University
Cell Phone Number: 01615-103696

Date of Submission: 03.06.2020

1.Distinguish between sampling error and non sampling error.
Sampling error: Sampling error refers to differences between the sample and the population
that exist only because of the observations that happened to be selected for the sample .

Non sampling error: A non-sampling error is a statistical term that refers to an error that
results during data collection, causing the data to differ from the true values. A non-sampling
error differs from a sampling error. A sampling error is limited to any differences between
sample values and universe values that arise because the sample size was limited.

Distinguishing between sampling error and non sampling error:

Sampling Error Non-Sampling Error

Sampling error is a statistical error is happens Non sampling error occurs due to the sources
due to the sample selected does not perfectly other than sampling while conducting survey
represents the population of interest. activities is known as non sampling

Sampling error arises because of the variation Non sampling error arises because of
between the true mean value for the sample deficiency and inappropriate analysis of data
and the population. 

Sampling error occurs in the random sample Non sampling error can be random or non-
only. random

Sample error arises only when the sample is
taken as a representative of a population.
Sampling error is mainly associated with the
sample size, as the sample size increases the
possibility of error decreases
Non sampling error which arises both in
sampling and complete enumeration
Non sampling error I not related to the sample
size, so, with the increase in sample size , it
won’t be reduced
2.Point out some special features of normal distribution.
Normal distribution

The normal distribution is a probability function that describes how the values of a variable are
distributed..Normal distribution is the most common distribution function for independent,
randomly generated variables. Its familiar bell-shaped curve is ubiquitous in statistical reports,
from survey analysis and quality control to resource allocation.

For example, heights, blood pressure, measurement error, and IQ scores follow the normal
distribution. It is also known as the Gaussian distribution and the bell curve.

Special features of normal distribution

 The man, median, mode are equal

 Probability is represented by Area under the curve.
 The normal curve under the normal curve is equal to one
 It is bell shaped. The width depends on the standard deviation, σ;
 It extends continuously over all values of x.
 The probability of an event that does not happen is 0
 The sum of the probabilities of all events is 1.
3. If 30% of the bolts produced by a machine are defective,
determine the probability that out of 6 bolts at least 4 bolts will be
defective.
4. 25% of the TVs produced in an industry are defective. If 5 TVs put in a box
for marketing, in how many boxes do you expect to have,

i. Two defective TVs,

ii. Three defective TVs

iii. At most three defective TVs in a consignment of 2400 such boxes?

5.A manufacturer of television picture tubes tested 75 tubes to determine their
mean lifetime. The sample yields an average of 4100 hours with a standard
deviation of 420hours. Determine a 95% confidence interval for the
population mean.
6. The average daily sales of 600 branch offices was Rs. 150 thousand and the
standard deviation Rs. 15 thousand. Assuming the distribution to be normal,
indicate how many branches have sales between Rs. 145 thousand and 170
thousand?
7. Give a real life example of stratified sampling and convenience sampling.

Stratified sampling
Stratified random sampling is a probability sampling technique that requires the population to be
divided into subgroups, referred to as ‘strata’, before randomly selecting the respondents from
these strata. The final list of respondents must be proportional to the size of different strata,
within the population. Each stratum is exclusively segmented on the basis of some variables,
which are pertinent from the point of view of the research being conducted.

For example, you have three sub-groups with a population size of 150, 200, 250 subjects in each
subgroup respectively. Now, to make it proportionate, the researcher uses one specific fraction or
a percentage to be applied on its subgroups of population. The sample for first group would be
150*0.5= 75, 200*0.5=100 and 250*0.5= 125. Here the constant factor is the proportion ration
for each population subset.

Convenience sampling
Convenience sampling a specific type of non-probability sampling method that relies on data
collection from population members who are conveniently available to participate in study.
Facebook polls or questions can be mentioned as a popular example for convenience sampling.

For example testimonies presented to NGOs, UN Missions, or truth commissions, lists of

airstrikes documented by observing them, text messages coming in from disaster-stricken areas,
records collected by police forces during their daily duties, investigation records, and press
reports, among many, many others.
8. a. Distinguish between null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
Null hypothesis is a statement about the population that either is believed to be true or is used to
put forth an argument unless it can be shown to be incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt. there
will typically be an equal sign. This hypothesis is denoted by H0.  

 Alternative hypothesis is a claim about the population that is contradictory to null

hypothesis and what we conclude when we reject. There will typically be an inequality, or not
equal to symbol. This hypothesis is denoted by either Ha or by H1.

Distinguishing between null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis:

Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis
A null hypothesis is a statement, in which there An alternative hypothesis is a statement; that is
is no relationship between two variables. simply the inverse of the null hypothesis.

A null hypothesis is what, the researcher tries Alternative hypothesis is what the researcher
to disprove wants to prove

A null hypothesis represent no observed effect Alternative hypothesis reflects, some observed
effect.

If the null hypothesis is accepted, no changes
will be made in the opinions or actions
Null hypothesis refers to population parameter,
the testing is indirect and implicit.
A null hypothesis is labeled as H0 ( H-Zero)
The mathematical formulation of a hypothesis
is an equal sign.
In null hypothesis, the observation are the
outcome of the chance.
If the alternative hypothesis is accepted, it will
result in the changes in the opinions or actions
Alternative hypothesis indicates sample
statistic, wherein, the testing is direct and
explicit.
A alternative hypothesis represent by H 1 ( H-
1)
Alternative hypothesis is not an equal sign
The alternative hypothesis ,the observation are
an outcome of real effect
b. A bulb manufacturing company claims that the average longevity of their
bulb is 3.45