Our

Environment
BIO/CHEM PROJECT

By - B.M.V. ADITYA
X A, Roll No : 3
ECOSYSTEM AND IT’S COMPONENTS
An Ecosystem is a self contained unit of living thing like plants,
animals and decomposers And non-living environment is called
ecosystem.

All the ecosystem are made of 2 components :-

● Abiotic components of an ecosystem or non-living
components inde the physical environment like soil, water, and
air along with inorganic substances like carbon dioxide,
nitrogen and oxygen , etc .
● Biotic components of an ecosystem or living components like
Plants and animals etc. 3 types of organisms are Producers,
Consumers, Decomposers.
ROLE OF DECOMPOSERS
The decomposers help in decomposing the dead
bodies of plants and animals, hence they act as
cleansing agent of environment.

● It’s only because of decomposers that the

various nutrients elements which were initially
taken by plants from the soil, air and water are
returned to soil, air and water after death of
plants and animals.
● The decomposers help in recycling the
materials in the ecosystem so that the process
of life may go on like an unending chain.
FOOD CHAINS AND WEBS
The sequence of living organisms in a community in which one organism vonumes other to
transfer food energy is called Food chain.

The interconnected food chains operating in an ecosystem which establishes a network of a

large relationship between various species is called a Food web.

Ex – Grass - Deer - lion

TROPIC LEVEL
The various steps in a food chain at which the transfer of food
takes place are called Tropic level.

The producers constitute 1 st Tropic level. They fix sun’s energy

and make it available for consumer.

Herbivores constitute 2nd Tropic level.

Carnivores constitute 3 rd Tropic level.

Large carnivores or Top carnivores constitute 4th Tropic level.
TRANSFER OF ENERGY IN FOOD
CHAINS AND 10% LAW
● About 1% of the sun’s energy falling on the leaves is used by the
plants in the process of photosynthesis and stored as chemical
energy in food.
● There is a continuous transfer of energy from one trophic level to
next trophic level.
● There is a loss of energy at each transfer level which goes into
environment and unutilized.
● The flow of energy in ecosystem is unidirectional.

● According to 10% law only 10 % of the energy entering a particular

trophic level of organism is available for transfer to the next higher
trophic level.
● The energy at each successive trophic level is 10% of the previous
level.
OZONE LAYER AND ITS DEPLETION
AND HARMFUL EFFECTS OF UV RAY
● Oxygen molecule is made up of 2 atoms of oxygen combined
together. Ozone molecule is made up of 3 atmosphere of oxygen
combined together . O2-------- O +O ; O2 +O ------- O3.
● Ozone is formed high up in atmosphere by the action of ultraviolet
radiation on oxygen gas. Ozone is also a gas but it is poisonous in
nature.
● Ozone layer is very important for the existence of life on earth
because it absorbs most of thr harmfull ultraviolet radiation and
coming from the sun and prevents them from reaching the earth.
● Ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer.

● The depletion of ozone layer is due to the use of Chloroflurocarbons.

● The CFCs used in refrigerators, fire extinguishers and aerosol
sprayers

Hence, these chemicals when released into air damage the ozone
layer and destroy it gradually.
 WASTE AND MANAGEMENT OF
WASTE
The waste produced by various activities of humans
and animals are of two types :-

● Biodegradable waste : Those waste materials which

can be broken down into simple substances by action
of microorganisms like decomposers are called
Biodegradable waste. Ex- vegetable waste, leaves and
hay, etc.
● Non-Biodegradable waste : Those waste which
cannot be broken down into simple substances are
called as Non-living Biodegradable waste. Ex – plastic,
metals polythene bags etc.
 MANAGEMENT OF WASTE
Some important modes of disposal of waste :-

● Recycling.
● Preparation of compost.
● Incineration.
● Landfill.
● Sewage treatment.
Disposal of paper cups has the
following advantage :
● Paper cups are biodegradable. So even if paper
are thrown away after use they will decompose
automatically by the action of microorganisms in
due course of time
● Paper cups can even be disposed by burning
without causing much air pollution . On the other
hand, burning of plastic cups causes toxic gases
which causes too much air pollution.
Thank You