USERPS GUIDE TO MEC 21

A PIPE FCEXIBILITY ANALYSIS PROGRAM

PROGRAM WRITTEN BY
JOHN A. OLSON (DECEASED)
AND
ROBERT V. CRAMER

DOCUMENTATION WRITTEN BY
ROBERT V. CRAMER
AND
JAMES A. BENSON

ENGINEERING COMPUTER APPLICATIONS SECTION

CODE 244.5
MARE ISLAND NAVAL SHIPYARD
VALLEJO, CALIFORNIA 94592

JANUARY 1977
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............................................ NOILVUN XIUW I : * Z
............................................ aoI-um W N O I L V ~ o~ z ~
I: ............................. b.............. ...a
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ailed
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Page
2.6 NETWORK ANALYSIS ........................................... 24
2.6.1 Fundamental Concepts ............................... 25
2.6.2 Combination of Flexibilities and Free Movements .... 30
2.6.3 Application to Branch .............................. 36
2.6.4 Application to Tier Structure ...................... 44
2.6.5 Initial Solution of Nan-Loop Network ............... 45
2.6.6 Initial Solution of Loop Network ................... 46
2.6.7 Final Solution of Network .......................... 50

3i0 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS ............................................... 53

3.1 PROBLEM NO1 "Goldburg" .................................... 53
3.1.1 Element Log ........................................ 54
3.1.2 Representative Output .........................;.... 56
3.2 PROBLEMS NA2 AM> NB2 ......................................116
3.2.1 NA2 "Hovgaard Bend." English units ................. 117
3.2.2 NB2 'Wwgaard Bend." Metric units .................. 125
3.3 PROBLEM ND! "Loop.. Hovgaard Bend.. Synunetric Branches..
Default Usedtt ............................... 134
This report consists of two parts:
Part I, published separately, covers the application of the Program
and serves as a detailed instruction manual for the preparation of
the input data. It also describes the subroutines, diagnostic notes,
and output format used.
Part I1 contains a comprehensive description of the computational
methods used in this Program. Also shown are illustrative example
problems solved by this Program.
 /'
Flexibility analysis computer program MEC 21 employs a matrix method of
computation developed by J. A. Olson using matrix-tensor methods described by
Borg and by Frazer, Duncan, and Collar (see Ref. 1, 7 and 8, App. I, Part I).
This method uses 6 x 6 flexibility and stiffness matrices throughout for the
solution of piping and/or structural networks which contain non loap-balance
points. For a network containing loop-balance points, the solution involves
formation and inversion of a matrix of order 6n x 6n, where n is the number of
loop-balance points in the network.

MATRIX NOTATION
In the following, a matrix will be represented by a letter with a tilde,
K.The transpose of a matrix will be denoted by the superscript T, e
e.g.
Z
AT. The inverse of a matrix will be denoted by the s erscript -1, e.g. Pi,
"H
and is defined such that x-lx = n - 1 = T. The symbol denotes a unit matrix
of the same order as X and x-l.
A flexibility matrix will be denoted by the letter A with two subscripts,
e.g. i4 R i. The first subscript indicates the structure whose flexibility is
represented and the second indicates the point on the structure where the
flexibility is represented. A flexibility matrix so denoted is always of
order 6 x 6.
A stiffness matrix will be denoted by ?i-1 i or 3 at;, as applicable,
where the subscripts have the same meaning as for the flexibility matrix. A
stiffness matrix so denoted is always of order 6 x 6.
- movement matrices of various types will be denoted by T i, H i,
Free I
rCr

, K ai, and ? i, as applicable, where the movements represented

Ic.

Q ai, J
are those o? point i on structure . A free movement matrix of a point is
always of order 6 x 1.
The finalmovement matrix of point i will be represented by 'di, again
of order 6 x 1.
A generalized matrix of foxces and moments exerted on structure fi at
point i will be represented by f a and is of order 6 x 1.
The matrix of forces and moments exerted on structure SZ at point i b~
any additional structure attached at point i will be represented by Fai.
-
2.2 FLEXIBILITY AM) m S

2.2.1 FLMIBILITY
U
Let (f 51 i) r be a 6 x f matrix of forces and moments, hereafter re-
ferred to as the force matrix, applied to an arbitrary st$cture 51 in the
coordinate system at some point i on the structure. Let (d ~ i ) r be the
resulting 6 x 1 matrix of deflections and rotations, hereafter referred to as
the distortion displacement matrix, of point i on the structure in the r co-
__
ordinate system relative to the external__-framework, regarded as f'ixed, and
.
._

due only to histortion of the structure causedCby-force matrix (-f n - -r

- - i)
Then, assuming elastic behavior of the structure, the distortion displacement
matrix is related to the force matrix by the equation

where (i qi) r p
a 6 x 6 matrg of proportionality constants between the
elements o the ( 51i)r and (f 51i)r matrices, referred to as the flex-
ibility matrix of the given structure fl at point i in the coordinate system
r
Similarly, the force ktrix is related to the distortion displacement
matrix by the equation

I -
where (SQ-)r is a 6 x 6 matrix of proportionality constants referred to
as the stitfness matrix of the given structure fl at point i in coordinate
system r. Note that not all types of structures can be assigned both a flex-
ibility and a stiffness matrix. For example: a flexibility matrix for a mi-
directional restraint would contain coefficients approaching infinity. However,
in any case where both exist, 1
 and

2 2.2 FREE MOVEMENTS AND FINAL MOVEMENTS

EXTERNAL FRAMEWORK

EXTERNAL FRAMEWORK
0
/' <P
ATTACHED
STRUCTURE

EXTERNAL FRAMEWORK

FIGURE 2-1
ARBITRARY STRUCI'URE

Consider an arbitrary structure S1 as shown i n Figure 2-1. The structare

is directed in the sense that it is considered to originate at its point or
points of attachment to the external framework, hereafter referred to as its
intial point(s), and to terminate at a single point i, hereafter referred to
as its final point, to which additional structure is attached. In addition,
there may be intermediate points of attachment to the external framework through
partial
- - restraints.
- - -- Then the total free movement matrix (Zai) of point
i on 3ructure &? in coordinate system r is defined as the matrix of deflec-
>-

tions and rotations of point i on structure S1 which would occur under the
imposition of given movements of the external framework, weight of the struc-
ture, concentrated loads on the structure, and internal expansion of the st=-
ture, if there were no additional structure attached at i. Thus, the total
free movement matrix is made up of the following components
 where

fi i) r
is the matrix of free movements of point i on structure
in coordinate system r due t o movements of the i n i t i a l point (s)
of the structure

(6aini ) coordinate
r is the matrix of free movement of point i on structure
system r due to free movements of intermediate
partial restraints

( 5 4 i ) r is the matrix of free movements of point i on structure

in coordinate system r due t o concentrated loads on the struc-
ture

(E a i) r is the matrix of free movements of point i on structure

a due to distributed weight of the structure

(Fa i ) r is the matrix of free movements of point i on structure

a due t o the internal expansion of the structure
The final movement matrix (ci)r is defined as the matrix of the actual
deflections and rotations of point i i n coordinate system with the addi- r
tional structure @ attached a t i, and is given by

where @a- ) is the matrix of deflections and rotations of ~ i n it on

structure in coordinate system r due to the force matrix (F i)
h
- ---
exerted on a by the attached structure
.
a t i. -
Then from Equation
--- - - -
(2.1)---, .-
---

6- _' , , jSYRlj~ 1'

.....(2.7)
,->,&
\

rceh a -/: ) - - ,!lJt3 *'--

- <-c/k~z (aai)r = ("ai)r(8ni)r
C

/
<
,* - $ -
, g; L
-
\: C,C-/J t7c::
i
AflJ
'
C'F-
, /ji

FLE x/&/L'/ 7 Cmbining Equations (2.5) , (2.6) , and (2.7) , the final movements of
~~l & ct5 point i are given by
~ T ~ ~ - c I J P .

Similarly, the force matrix exerted on by @ may be solved for using

Equation (2.2):
-
2.3.1 ELEMENT FLEXIBILITY MATRICES
--

The flexibility of each element of a piping system is expressed $-the

form of a 6 x 6 matrix (A ~ f ) ~where
, the structure D is the element it-
self (either a bend, B, a tangent, T, or a joint, J) , considered fixed to a
rigid external framework at its initial point; and the flexibility is deter-
mined at the final point (f) in the local (a, b, c) coordinate system (see
.
Appendix F in Part I) The individual coefficients of each element flexibility
matrix are determined by application of Castigliano's Theorem.

2.3.1.1 The flexibility matrix of a tangent at its final point in the local
coordinate system is of the form

The non-zero coefficients are given by

-? Ba/Fa -- -L
AE
3
ab/Fb ='ac/$, = l+&
3El AG
LP
U'h B b h C = 9cflb = zm
) $/Mb = Cpb/Fc = - -L2 .....(2.11)
2E I
' where:
L is the straight line distance between the two end points, inches
A is the cross-sectional area, square inches
E is the modulus of el.asticity, pounds per square inch
I is the moment-of-inertiaof the cross-sectionabout its centroid,
inches4

,t ,
,
L\L r p l
, pounds per square inch (shear modulus),
4 ro9- r i S
Y = -3 G c + r i 2 ) (ro-ri) , shear factor
- I
ro is the outside radius of the pipe, inches
ri is the inside radius of the pipe, inches \,
-- --

P -
Poisson's ratio, dimensionless- .

-. -

-2.3.1.2 The flexibility matrix of a joint at its final point in the element
CO-te system (Ajf)a has the same form as (ATf)a, but with non-zero co-
efficients given by _ _ - ---- - - ---
L.
- --

6/F
a a
=-L
AE 7 \ i
where :
Yb, Yc are the shear distribution factors for forces parallel
the b and c axes, respectively (obtained by calculation or
from beam tables) , dimensionless
Jo is the torsional constant (obtained by calculation or from
beam tables), inches4 (polar movement of inertia)
are the cross-sectional area mments-of-her ia
t
I
Ib, IC
about the b and c axes, respectively, inches
L, A, E, G, p are as previously defined

2.3.1.3 The flexibility matrix of a bend at its final point in the local
coordinate system is
-~ smrpeJ 'a18ux puaq ay7 ST d
say3t.q ' s n ~ p epuaq
~ ay7 ST II
D
[La O n + ('a - d)(d+rjI-!+ = ,,/ D& ,A-
2.3.2 ELEMENT FREE MWEMNTS IXlE TO CONCEWTRATFJI LOAD
The free movements of the final point f of an element with respect ,

t. its initial point due to a concentrated load, represented by the matrix

(Lf)r , applied to point f are given by Equation (2.1) in the form

2.3.3 E q FREE MOVEMENTS IXlE TO ELEMENT WEIGHT

Thefree movements of the =lpoint f of an element S1 with respect to
its
---initialpoint due to its own weight, assumed to be uniformly distributed
over the centerlinelength, are g m y
LdC<.LA ?L\,L[-,<~
1 CL +,cp

,- 7-

c
.....(2.16)
- - il<...*, --\
-I---
r = ciinf )r cwaf ) r
I

1, -
where gS1)
r is a 6 x 1 column matrix whose first three elements are the vector
components of the total weight of S1 in-the r coordinate system and whose last
three elements are zeros. The matrix (RSlf)r is a 6 x 6 matrix of proportion-
ality constants and will be referred to % the distributed weight self influence
coefficient matrix. Note that although (Ra ) is set up as a 6 x 6 matrix for,
fd
purposes of conformability, the analysis inc es the effects of uniformly dis-
tributed forces (such as weight) only, so that only the first three columns con-
tain non-zero elements.

I . I

2.3.3.1 The distributed weight self influence coefficient matrix for a tangent,
at its final point f in the local coordinate system a is of the form
 u o j a w jo ST e uia~sXsa~~rqp.1003
1 ~ 3 0 1a w IQ j ~ ~ ~ m SJT
o qd
j JE
puaq E ~03F J J ~~uaprjjaor,a3uan~pqjIas JqZra~paJnqr.qs-Fp a q , ~ E*E*E*Z
The non-zero coefficients are given by

where all symbols are as previously defined, with the addition of the folluwing:
,

B, = sin 19-/3 c o s a

B, = B sin 6 - B,
,
a'
-- I(sin 2 8 - 2 8
8
coo 2 B )
0
B, = - & ( 2 ~ + 2 B s i n2 B +cos 2 B -1)
 L.
2.3.4.1 TANGrmTOR JOINT -7
\ -

The free movement of the final point of a tangent or a joint with respect
t o i t s i n i t i a l point in the local coordinate system due t o thermal expansion are
given by

, where: !t ,.
,-. .u:. .- . ,

a i s the average thermal expansion coefficient aver the specified

temperature range, inches per inch per degree Fahrenheit
A T is the change in temperature of the element, degrees Fahrenheit
L is as previously defined

2.3.4.2 -
BEND
The free movement of the final point of a bend with respect t o its i n i t i a l
point in the local coordinate system due to thermal expansion are given by
8, = a R D T sin &3

where the symbols are as previously defined.

-
2.3.5 EXJNENT FREES-1 DUE TO -1 PRESSURE EXPANSION

2.3.5.1 TANGENT
The free movements of the final point of a tangent with respect t o its
 . - -- - -- --- -- - -
initial point in the local coordinate system due to internal pressure expan-
sion are computed from the equations -- - - - - -- . .

where
P is the .internalpressure, pounds per square inch
t is the pipe wall thickness, inches
rip E 9

P' are as previously defined

2.3.5.2 -
BEND
The free movements of the final point of a bend with respect to its in-
itial point in the local coordinate system due to internal pressure-induced
expansion are computed from the equations

8a =
VP r i 4 ~
El
3 2
I - (sin B-B)
7

where all sy~~bols

are as previously defined.

-
2.4 ROTATION OF ORDINATE AXES

2.4.1 FORCE MATRIX

given 6 x 1 force matrix ?
A , represents .the 3 c q u m m t s of a force
vector and the 3 components of a moment vector in the primary (x, y, z) I
 coordinate system. This is related to the force matrix Fa representing the
companents of the same force and m e n t vectors in an arbitraril oriented
local (a, b, c) coordinate system by the transformation matrix
asfolla~s:
developed &,
\ The c q n e n t s of the force vector in the local coordhate system are
given in terms of the components in the primary system by

fa = fx cos (ax) + f cos(ay) + f cos(az)

f,, = fx cos (bx) +f

Y

Y
cos (by ) + f z cos(bz)
I .....(2.26)

where (ax) represents the angle between the a axis and the x axis; (ay) rep-
resents the angle between the a axis and the y axis; and so forth.
Similarly, the cqonents of the w e n t vector in the element coordinate
system are given by
ma = m x cos (ax) + m cos (ay) + mz cos (az)
Y I
,- These systems of equations may be combined and written in matrix form as
,-
,

or symbolically
2.4.2 DISPLACEMENT MATRIX
A given 6 x 1 displacement matrix C8,
represents the 3 components of a
translational displacement vector, hereafter referred to as a deflection vector,
and the 3 components of an angular displacement vector, hereafter referred to
as a rotation vector, in the primary (x y, z) coordinate system. This matrix
is related to the displacement matrix da
representing the conponents of the
same deflection and rotation vectors in an arbitrarily oriented local (a, b, c)
system by the following transformation.
The components of the deflection and rotation vectors in the primary co-
ordinate system are given in terms of the components in the local system by

This set of equations may be written in matrix form as

- - -
cos(ax) cos(bx) cos(cx) 0 0 0
- -8 -
8x a
8 cos(ay) cos(by) cos(cy) o 0 0
8b
Y
8 cosbz) cos(bd cos(cz) 0 0 0 8
z C
- 0 0 0 cos(ax) cos(bx) cos(cx )
Fx pa
0 0 0 cos(ay) cos(by) cos(cy1
'P~ pb

-- -0 0 0 cos(m) as(bz) cos(cz)

- -yc-
or comparing with Equation (2.29)

where the superscript T signifies the franspose of matrix 'i),, formed .by
interchanging the rows and columns of.,B
 -
2.4.3
-- -- -
FLEXIBILITY MATRIX
_ - -_ - -_ -L.L

Given the flexibility matrix (Xni)a of a structure SZ at point i in the

local coordinate system a, the corresponding flexibility matrix (AQ i), in
the primary coordinate system x may be determined in the following way:

and

But, cDmbining Equations (2.29), (2.32) (rewritten as (Zni), = &T ."

Bax (dQ ,
(2.33) , and (2.34)

a e necessary and sufficient condition for this relation to hold for any
(fai), is that

which therefore,is the transformation between the flexibility matrices of

structure SZ at point i iq the a and x coordinate systems.

-
2.4.4 DISTRIBUTED WEIGHT SELF INFLUENCE COEFFICIENT MATRIX
The distributed weight matrix Cn)
a of an element in the local co-
ordinate system represents the components of the total weight of the element
in the local system. As such, it is a force matrix and is related to the
corresponding representation in the primary coordinate system x by Equation
. (2.29) in the form

Likewise, the distributed weight free mwement matrix for the element
in the x. coordinate system is related to the corresponding matrix in the a
system by Equation (2.32) in the form
 Now from Equation (2.16) , in the primary coordinate system

and in the local coordinate system

Combining Equations (2.37) , (2.38) and (2.40) ,

Thus, the transformation between the distributed weight self influence co-
efficient matrices of element fi in the a and x coordinate systems is

Y/,/* In all further developments it will be assumed that the %= transforma-

,-b8 - , ' tions have already been performed on all element flexibility matrices and
-
fl 0 0 - f weight self influence matrices and that all displacement andcforcematrices
f n n 6 r P d are in the primary (x, y, z) coordinate system. The parentheses and subscript
, ,, W!-K , denoting coordinate system will therefore be dropped, so that Equation (2.1)
f f for example, becomes

-
2.5 TRANSFER TRANSFORMATIONS FOR FORCE AND DISP- MTRICES

2.5.1 CAWILEVER TRANSFER OF FORCE MATRIX

a
B$ -j

Consider a cantilever a attached to external frammrk @ at point i.

A force matrix
Z

= '01 LfXjt
fyjt f z j , mXjt myj t mZj]
 is applied to a at yoint j, causing a force matrix

- to be exerted on B---.
L-
at point i. Static equilibrium requires +at
C
7
f =fxj
xi
-
fyi - 'yj

= f
fzi zj

"xi
= m
xi
+ (yj - yi Ifzi - - Z-If
(Z
I yj

symbolically,

which' is the cantilever transfer transfoxmation for a force matrix.

2.5.2 RIGID BODY TRANSFER OF DISPLACEMENT MATRIX

Consider a rigid body y which moves in space so that the c q m e n t s of the

movements of point i on the body are given by the displacement matrix

and those of point j on the body are given by

Rigid body motion requires that

-
'Pxj - 9x1
-
'Pyi - 'yi
-
Y;j - (P,i

The last two terms in each of Equations (2.48) stand for movements of point
j with respect to point i in the direction indicated by the first subscript
due to rotation about the axis indicated by the second subscript.
Equation (2.52) becomes

Combining Equations (2.49) and (2.55),

For small angular..displacements,

cos pzi = 1
3. .

.....(2.57)
and
sin p zi
- F zi in radians .....(2.58) .
I

so that the x movement due to a z rotation becomes -

The movement of point j with respect to point i in the y direction due to

Fzi is

Analogously to the previous development,

Y ~ -Iy i = r sin ( 8 + p Z i ) , .....(2.61)
sin ( 8 + zi)
~ = coo 8 sin Q zi + sin 8 cos 9 zi , .....(2.62)
yi, - yi = r m s 8 sin p zi + r sin 8 m s Q ,i =(x--x.)
1 I sinyZi +(y-
1 y-)cosyzi
I .....(2.63) .

SO .

8Yz
= (xi - xi) sin + (yj - yi) (cosy zi - I ) . ..,...(2.64)
Again making the small angle approximations of Equations (2.571 and (2.581,
 ( z) = xh g
x x
- I = rlz g
( Z ) = Ax g
:sq~nsar8 q m 1 ~ 0 3ay7 %pi'pado~anapaq Xm saxe X pur! x am qnoqe nrotqstox 02 -'
anp T 3 ~ ~ 03 ~q-pqB
0 6qsdsar y.$.y~C .)u~od20 s q u e w m ay7 ~ a u m s u~
2.6
- NETWORK ANALYSIS
For the purposes of this doment a network is defined as a filamentary
representation of a linearly elastic p h y s m m c t u r e .
A piping system is normally treated as a network of filaments having
the spatial configuration and connectivity of the center line of the pipe
(see Figure 2-2). The filaments are assigned flexibilities and free move-
ments determined from the physical properties of the pipe (see Section 2 . 3 ) .
The network is constructed of two-ended filamentary elements connected
in series to form branches, which are interconnected in' series and/or parallel
at balance points. The network is tied to the external framework by anchors
and restraints. An anchor is an ddirectional zero-length connection,
either rigid or flexible, between the external framework and the initial
int of one and only on branch. A restraint is a unidirectionalmength
or flexible connection between the external framework and any other
point on any branch in the network.

-- -- - -
2- 2
TYPICAL N E m
 A branch is defined as a directed two-ended construction of filamentary
elements cmected in series, with or without intermediate partial restraints,
originating at either a balance point or an anchor point and terminating at a
balance point. The direction of a branch is determined by the element number-
ing sequence assigned to it. The branch is considered to originate at its low-
er numbered end and terminate at its higher numbered end.
-
1
A loo branch is defined as a branch which connects two loop balance
i9-T
points irect y,i.e. with no intermediate balance points.
An anchor branch is a branch which originates at an anchor.

A tier structure, or simply tier, is defined as a directed construction,

of one or more branches, which originates in the external framework and ter-
minates in a single branch leading to a terminal balance point, and through
which one and only one path can be traced from any anchor point to the ter-
minal balance point, under the following conditions:
0 All branches in a tier must be directed so that in tracing
any given path from the external framework to the terminal
balance point every branch in the path will be traversed from
its lower numbered end to its higher numbered end.
0 No branches which are not part of the tier structure either
enter or exit any interior balance point (i.e. any balance
point lying between the external framework and the terminal
balance point) of the tier structure.
The order of a tier is defined as the largest number of balance points
(including the terminal balance point) encountered on any path through the
tier from the external framework to the terminal balance point.
In contrast with the element numbering (which must be in ascending
sequence), the branch and balance point numbers may be thought of as names
only. The names (branch and balance point numbers) need not be in ascending
sequence but must be unique (branch or balance point numbers not repeated),
and must be entered with the data in the order encountered. To illustrate,
in Figure 2-3 the branches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. as that is the order
in which they are encountered by the ascending sequence of data points. How-
ever the branch (and/or balance point numbers) could by 9 unique number and
encountered (for instance) in the order 60, 28, 37, 23, etc.
 ---.- -- .- -

FIGURE 2-3
EXAMPLE OF TIER S T R U m

For example, structure r as shown i n Figure 2-3 i s a f i f t h order t i e r

structure. A l l branches on any path from the external framework t o the t e r -
minal balance point are traversed from their laver t o their higher numbered
ends; the largest number of balance points on any path is 5, there being two
such paths, one consisting of branches 1, 3, 5, 11, and 13, and the other of
branches 2, 3, 5, 11, and 13. Note that the balance points are given in the
order in which they are f i r s t encountered according t o the overall branch
numbering sequence, which w i l l not necessarily be the order of encounter on
any given path. For example, i n t h i s case both of the f i f t h order paths en-
counter balance points 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 i n that order.
Note also that each interior balance pointof t i e r r is the terminal
balance point of one or more laver order t i e r s . For example, interior balance
point 5 is the terminal balance point for two lower order tiers. One is a
f i r s t order t i e r cmsisting anly of branch 1 2 and has no interior balance
points; the other is a fourth order t i e r consisting of a l l the branches con-
verging an point 5 through branch 11 and has four interior balance points,
namely 1, 2, 3, and 4.
 A saturated tier is any tier structure in a given network which is not
part o f a higher order tier. It follows that a saturated tier is one whose
terminal balance point is entered by a loop branch and/or is not exited by a
non-loop branch.
A balance oint is defined as any point in a network where two or more
__C%_
branches are jome together. Each balance point in a network falls into one of
three categories, intermediate balance point, final balance point, or loop bal-
ance point, depending on the directions of the branches making up the network.
An intermediate balance oint is 'definedas an interior balance point in
%-
a saturated tier. An interme late balance point is always entered only by one
or more lower order tiers and exited only by one non-loop branch.
A final balance point is the c m o n terminal balance point of all the sat-
urated tier structures making up a non-loop network. By way of amplification,
any non-loop network consists of a set of saturated tier structures, all orig-
inating in the external framework and terminating at one c m o n balance point.
This point will be referred to as the final balance point for the given network.
A loop balance point is defined for the purposes of this program as any bal- :
ance poht which falls into one or more of the following categories, as deter-
mined by the element and branch numbering system assigned to the given network:
(a) A balance point f r m which two or more branches originate (which is
exited by two or more branches)
(b) A balance point which is entered by n branches and exited by only
one branch, but f r m which the one branch exits before all n branches
have entered.
(c) A balance point which is entered by one or more branches originating
at loop balance point(s).
It should be noted that these constitute sufficient but not necessary
conditions for a loop balance point to actually lie on a "true closed loop1'
(i.e. on one of two or more parallel flexible paths actually existing between
two balance points not rigidly connected together). That is, any balance point
located on a true closed loop will always fall into at least one of these cate-
gories. For example, consider the following simple network:
 This is a non-loop network. Balance point @ is the final balance point
m,a, 0;
and is entered by three saturated tier st
and
res, one consisting of branches
one consisting of branchv; and one consisting of branch m.
Now consider the same network with the same directions assigned to all
t with only the numbering sequences interchanged between branches

-
d

Now both balance points are loop balance points, point @ falling into cate-
gory (b) and point @ falling into category (c) .
Any network falls into one of two categories: non-loop network (Figure
2-4) or loop network (Figure 2-5).
A non-loop network consists entirely of saturated tiers, all terminating
at the final balance point.
consists of both saturated tiers (all terminating at loop
loop branches (interconnecting the loop balance points).
differ main-

TYPICAL NON-LOOP NETWORK

 The initial solution of a non-loop network consists of determination of
the 6 x 1 final movement matrix of the final balance point in tern of the
6 x 6 flexibility matrices and the 6 x 1 free movement matrices of all the
tier structures terminating at the final balance point.

FIGURE 2-5
TYPICAL LOOP NETWORK

The initial solution of a loop network consists of the simultaneous deter-

mination of the 6 x 1 final movement matrices for all the loop balance points
in the network. In essence, this procedure amounts to treatment of each loop
balance point in turn as the final balance point of a network consisting of the
tier structures and loop branches connected together at the point, with loop
branches being considered to originate at the adjacent loop balance points.
This leads to the formation of a matrix equation for each loop balance point
relating its final movement matrix to the final movement matrices of the adja-
cent loop balance points, and the resulting n matrix equations are solved
simultaneously for the final movement matrices of the n loop balance points.
2.6.2 CClMBINATION OF FLEXIBILITIES AND FREE MOW3ENTS

2.6.2.1 SERIES CONSTRJJCI'ION

/- SERIES CONsmCrIoN

The basic unit of series construction is illustrated in Fgare 2-6 by

structure a . It consists of an arbitrary structure v originating at one
or more points of attachment to the external framework and terminating at
point i, and a cantilever structure A rigidly attached to v at i and ter-
minating at point j, which therefore is also the final point of the*combined m
structure a . The flexibility matrix x v i i d the free movements Hv ispiyJvi,
K v i, and Pv i of the initial structure v at its final point i rel.tive to
Y

the external framework are known. Likewise the flexibility matrix A u ' of
cantilever X at its final point j relative to its initial point i is ham,
as are the expansion free movements- P Ai of j with respect to i, the we-ight
self influence coefficient matrix R X j, the distributed weight matrix WA ,
acting at the center of gravity of the cantilever, X cg, and the concentrated
load matrix ljacting on cantilever X at its final point j.
Now, considering the intial structure v alone for the moment, the final
movements of point i relative to the external framework are given by Equation
(2.8) in the form ,

where Eiis the force matrix exerted on structure v at point i by the at-d
structure, in this case cantilever structure A .
 Now imagine a rigid auxiliary framework rigidly attached to v at point
i and moving with point i. The final movements of poi3t j on structure X re-
lative to this auxiliary framework will be denoted by Gj and are given by
Equation (2.8) in the form

The symbols 2{ j and 6 j represent free movements of point j on structure h

relative to the auxiliary framework due to initial point movements and re-
straint free mwements, respectively, also relative to the auxiliary frame-
work. However, the auxiliary framework moves with the initial polnt i, so
that there can be no initial point movements relative to the auxiliary frame-
work, consequently

rr
where 0 represents a 6 x 1 zero matrix. Also, there are no restraint free
movements because there are no intermediate restraints on cantilever A, so
that

-
The matrices J j , K j , P A - , and
CU N

(x ? j) represent by definition m e -
ments of the final point j o* X with respect to the initial point i, and thus
are the movements of point j with respect to the auxiliary framework. Equation
(2.71) therefore becmes

Now the final movements of point j on the combined structure S1 relative

to the external framework are given by the sum of the final mwements of the
auxilia-rk at oint relative to the external framework and the final
movements of point j- re- plto the auxiliary framework, but the auxiliary
ative
framework moves as a rigid body with point i, whose final movements are Gi, so
that the final mwements of the auxiliary framework at point j are given by ap-
plication of Equation (2.69). Thus the final mwements of point j on cambined
structure 51 with respect to the external framework are given by

Combining Equations (2.70) , (2.74) , and (2.75) ,

 Now fran principles of static equilibrium, utilizing Equation (2.46)

so that

e$' only Lerms remaining to be determined are the canLilever free movements
JAj and K A j .
fie concentrated load free movements JAj are given by EQuation
(2.1) in the form

and the distributed weight free movements j are given by Equation (2.16)
in the form

Combining Equations (2.78), (2.79), and (2.80) ,

N

Gj -- (Ci,j -
"T H V i ) + (E.T.lvi)
111
+ Li+ (EiT.ii
i, i
[ET J ."C . + x ~ ~ ) % ]
YI 1,)

+ [y.zu i +(E .;,J xu iEi l X c g + ~ X j ) ~ X ]

11

+ (EY.FU,+F .)+(?:."a%.
. + X .)F
PJ XJ J 1 J XJ X j

However, an equation of the form of (2.8) may also be written for the combiried
structure :

Noting that ? = j and comparing Equations (2.81) and (2.82), the flexi-
"1
bility matrix o the arbitrary series construction must be
and the free movements due to initial point movements, restraint free movements,
concentrated load, distributed weight, and expansion, respectively, must be

%j
= c.T 6
~ , jv i .....(2.85)
j
= E.T.5
1,jvl
.+3Slj1j ..... (2.86)
N

Kfij = EiT.ii.+(c:.a
, I v~ ,J v i E I. , X C ~+IRXj)kX .....(2.87)
and
 Consider Figure 2-7with arbitrary structures 1, 2, 3, ...
n in parallel,
i.e. each originating at one or more points of attachment to the external
framework and terminating at a common point k, where all are rigidly connected
together. The flexibility matrix of each structure at point k is assumed to be
hown, as are all free movements of point k on each structure.
An equation of the form of (2.8) may be written for the ccnnbined structure
N, consisting of structures 1, 2, 3, ...
n, relating the final movements of
oint k to the free movements and flexibility of k on N and the force matrix
exerted on N by any attached continuation of the structure at k.

Now, fram principles of static equilibrium,

(1 N

where Flk, FZk, F3k, ... CU

F* are the force matrices exerted on structures

1, 2, 3, ...
n, respectively.
From Equation (2.9), the force matrix on each of the structures 1, 2,
3, ... n at point k is given by

respectively, where slk, S2k, S3k9 .

N N CU

.. w~ are the stiffness matrices of

of structures 1 through n, respectively.
 Canbining W t i o n s (2.90) and (2.91) and solving G,

Comparing with Equation (2.89), the flexibility matrix of the parallel

construction N at the collnecting point K must be

and it follows from the definitions of the various types of free movements
that the free movements of point k on structure N due to initial point move-
ments, restraint free movements, concentrated loads, distributed weight, and
expansion are, respectively,

and
2.6.3 APPLICATION TO BRANCH

CONTINUATION
FLEXIBLE OF STRUCURE

BRANCH X
-- _ _ - _- --__-I

FIGURE 2-8
ARBITRARY BRANCH s T R U m
Through repetitive application of Equatiuns (2.83) through (2.88) and
EQuations (2.93) through (2.98) the flexibility and free movements of an
arbitrary branch structure with or without intermediate partial restraints
and originating at either a flexible or rigid anchor point can be determined.
Consider, for example, branch X as shown in Figure 2-8 with intermediate par-
anchor 5 . ..
tial restraints a , B , . 7 and originating at point i attached to flexible
Anchor 5 may be interpreted as a zero-lengthweightless element
existing between coincident points i t and i and having flexibility matrix
i. Point it is the initial point of the anchor and point i is the initial
point of branch.
The branch line itself must be broken into sequentially numbered elements,
cmencing from the initial point i, to the final point j, at the following
locations
wherever a change of element type (tangent, elbow, joint)
occurs
r, wherever a change in cross-sectionalor material properties
OCCUTS

wherever a restraint is attached

a wherever a concentrated constant load acts on the branch.
The known quantities are then
the flexibility matrix x{ i of the anchor 5 at point i
a the movements Eit of point it on the external framework
 the concentrated loads acting on the branch, such as id. Note
that a concentrated load is always considered to act on the
final point of an element. An initial restraint load is treat-
ed as a concentrated load on the final point of the element
which terminates at the restraint attachment point.
the wei ht of each element 51 , represented by the 6 x 1 column
matrix fi.
the flexibility matrix Xfiw and the distributed weight self-
influence coefficient matrix zgw for each element J2 at its
final point w in the primary coordinate system. These are
determined from methods of Sections 2 . 3 and 2 . 4 .
the t h e m 1 and pressure induced free movements of the
end point w of each element J2 with respect to its initial
point in the primary coordinate system. Theseare determined
using methods of Sections 2 . 3 and 2 . 4 .
the stiffness matrix f? $& of each restraint $ at its attach-
ment point f in the primary coordinate system. These are
determined from the spring constants of the restraints and the
rotation transformation of Section 2 . 4 .
6
the restraint free movements $,$ of the attachment point
of each restraint $ in the primary coordinate system. Note
that these are free movements due to movements of the extemal
framework only, not due to restraint pre-load.
Now the branch flexibility and free movements are developed as follows:
For the zero-length,weietless structure consisting of anchor with
haun initial point mwements GiI , flexibility matrix X 5 i and concentrated
final point load Li, the free mwments of point i due to Initial point move-
ments are

since the structure 6 has zero length; the free movements due to restraint
free movements are

where 5 is a 6 x 1 zero matrix; the concentrated load free movements are

the distributed weight free movements are

since the structure f is weightless; and the expansion free movements are

Z
Pfi = ii

since the structure f has zero length.

ANCHOR
ELEMENT

POINT FINAL POINT

Now consider a new structure 1 consisting of anchor 5 plus element a in

series, terminating at point a. Applying Equation (2.83) , the flexibility
matrix of 1 at a is

Applying Equations (2.84) through (2.88) for an arbitrary series construction,

the free movements of point a on 1 are

and
O
P
i = C.' P +P
I,a 51 aa
This process may be repeated for structure 2 consisting of element b in series
with structure 1 and terminating at point b;

structure 3 consisting of element c in series with structure 2 and terminating

at point c;

---+- L-

- I C /

and so forth to structure A, consisting of anchor 5 and elements a, b, c, ...

in series and terminating at point I, the first restraint attachment point;

Now the flexibility and free movements of structure A are known. In

particular the free movements due to initial point movements are

and the free mwements due to restraint free mwements are

 Structure A and restraint a then constitute together a parallel con-
struction which will be denoted'by I. From Equations (2.3) and (2.93) , the
flexibility matrix of structure I at point I: is

Applying Equations (2.94) through (2.93) for an arbitrary parallel construction,

the free movements of pint I on structure I: are

and

Next consider structure 4 consisting of element d in series with structure

I and terminating at point d. Applying Equations (2.83) through (2.88), the
flexibility matrix of 4 at d is
and the free movements of point d an 4 are

and

As before, this process may be repeated for each series element up to the fiekt
restraint attachment point (11), yielding the flexibility and free movements
of structure B , consisting of structure I plus elements d, e, f, ...in series
and terminating at point 11. In particular, the free movements of point I1 on
structure B due to initial point movements are

Structure B and restraint p together then constitute a parallel con-

struction denoted as structure 11, terminating at point 11. The flexibility
and free movements are given by a reapplication of Equations (2.93) through
(2.98) , with, as before,
C

SpII and 6 PII given

and

Thus, the flexibility matrix of structure I1 a t point I1 i s

and the free movements of point I1 on structure I1 are

and

Repetitive application of these processes for each of the series elements

and each attached restraint in turn finally yields the flexibility matrix of
the branch X a t i t s final point j and the free movements of point j on branch
X .
Of particular interest for use Fn later developments is the form of the
equation for free movements of j due to i n i t i a l point movements. Examination
of Equations (2.113) and (2.130) w i l l show that this equatim has the form
where the 6 x 6 matrix T A , j , hereafter referred to as the branch transfer
matrix for branch A from end I to end j, is given by the set of equations

C
- w "A-1
5 (j-2) T
T
(A-l)lil(j-i) - *(A-l)(j-l) (z-1Nj-1) (j -1) (A- 2) I ,( j -2)

It should be noted in passing that if there is no restraint w on the final

point of the branch, the equivalent statement is that

so that

and the last of Equations (2.136) becomes

2.6.4 APPLICATION TO TIER STRUCI'LJRE

FIGURE 2-9
ARBITRARY TIER STRUCI'URE

Consider the arbitrary tier structure r shown in Figure 2-9. The flexi-
bility of each first order tier (anchor point branch) at its final point and the
free movements of each final point can be determined as described in Section
2.6.3. Then the flexibility and free movements of any given set of parallel
first order tiers meeting at an intermediate balance point, such as structure
JL terminating at intermediate balance point, m, can be determined using Equa-
tions (2.93) through (2.98). Then, again using methods described in Section
2.6.3, the computation of flexibility and free movements can be continued over
the terminal branch to the next higher order intermediate balance point p,
treating each series element and parallel restraint in turn, as before. When
the flexibilities and free movements of all tiers terminating at p have been
determined in this m e r , the flexibility of the resulting parallel construc-
tion at p and the free movements of p on the parallel construction can be
determined, again from Equations (2.93) through (2.98) ; and so on to the final
point t.
In this way the 6 x 6 flexibility matrix of an arbitrary tier structure
at its final point and the 6 x 1 free movement matrices of the final point
can be developed.
 2.6.5 INITIAL SOLUTION OF N O N - W P NETWORK

FINAL BALANCE
POIMT

FIGURE 2-10
NON-LOOP NETWORK
-- - -- -- - --
-
- - -

By &finitim, a non-loop network such as shown i n Figure 2-10 is com-

posed entirely of n saturated t i e r structures, a l l terminating a t the final
balance point b. A non-loop network is therefore a series construction,
and the flexibility matrix of the network n a t b and the free movments of
the balance point b are given by Equations '(2.93) through (2.98)
movements of the final- balance point are then - given by --Equation
. The final
(2.89).
- - --
-. -- --- - -- - - --- - - - - .

But from the final balance point there i s no continuation of the structure,
so that

and the final movements are given by

2.6.6 INITIAL SOWION OF LOOP NETWORK

LOOP NETWORK

The method of i n i t i a l solution for a loop network w i l l be developed using

the following example:
Consider the loop network A as s h m i n Figure 2-11, with loop balance
points I through V. Note that point I1 is considered a loop balance point be-
cause it is exited by more than one branch and points I , 111, N , and V are
loop balance points because each is entered by a t least one branch originating
a t a loop balance point. The remaining balance points shown are interior t o
saturated t i e r structures and are therefore intermediate balance points.
Consider first loop balance point I. This point w i l l be treated for the
moment a s the final balance point of a non-loop network which w i l l be desig-
nated by I also and which is made up of saturated t i e r s 1 and 2 and loop
branches 9 and 10. The l a t t e r two are treated for the moment as f i r s t order
t i e r s originating a t loop balance points I1 and 111, respectively. Then from
Equation (2.142) the f i n a l movements of point I are given by

The free movements of point I on structure I due t o r e s t r s i n t gree F v e -

ments , concentrated loads, distributed weight, and expansion, QII , JII , KII ,
and FII, respectively, are given by methods of the preceding sections.
 . + 111,IIID+ A1 I I I ' A I ' ~ ~ IIII
I I IIIv
'~~
- -, N T-- 'Y
:rl Pm 'N ' 111 s 3 F d
a3uel:eq d o o ~30 s3uawnouI l : q j ay7 r o j suoqmba oa peal: s3uawdol:anap reTMS
:II 3 q o d doe-[: 30 113 sauawnou p u g ay7 r o j
uoqenba rre oa spa-[: IE) r o j a q 03 3uaudqanap JETMS e u a u *Xl:anpDadsar
'I '111 'N s a u p d a3kl:eq dool: aua3eCp 3e 8urrmq8rro s r a g rapro 3srg SE
paaeara 6 pue '8 'L say~uerqcIool: pue p prre L. s l a g jo ~ . ~ s ; s u o11
3 yromau
doo~-uoujo =rod a3uel:eq ay7 se 11 a q o d a3uel:eq doe-[: rappuo3 MON
saW3aq (EPT'Z)uorambz u a u *(gsl:*z) smramb
unq paquualap ase l:' 111 'OIL pue 1 ' 11 ' 6 ~saDlram rajsuera ~ u e r qatp a r a v
d -
: ( P ~ * zuorambz
) Xq uanr8 are sauauanou
3 u ~ o dT e q M 03 anp I a r n a ~ m 3 suo 1 a q o d jo s3uamnou a a r j atp 'MON
 Now, Equations (2.147) through (2.151) may be combined and written in
the form of a single matrix equation, as follows:
- 5'
" -4 -
A+91T~,1~,1
-A ~ ~ -l o ~ T m , ~ ~ ,
--I
I
-1
0. 5'
- i-1 7 '0' A - 1 4 .
,
" --I- C

A==

bnr%m~io,x,m
OP O , I , I I
-1
Amm~~lmr~,n,m
- 31
, ~ ~ ~ A ~ I I A 7 ~ T 7 , 1 ~ , ,I, I : .
A d E ~ T 8 II 0'

51
a -'NN*rrvTr,n
--I" 4 -
-
Iv ~ z v z v G $ i i , m ,Iv at ~vIv/L~N~~~,v
"-1
3 5' 5' A ~ ~
#

A 1 ,V 2 ~ T ~ ~ 5'~

Where 5 represents a 6 x 1 zero matrix and af represents a 6 x 6 zero

matrix. This may be written symbolically as

rr,

or, solving for GA ,

This equation holds for any arbitrary loop network A w i t h n loop balance
points. The individual terms are then interpreted as follows:
cA
is a 6n by 1 column matrix made up of n(6 x 1) column matrices. The
ith 6 x 1 matrix represents the final movements of the i a loop balance point.
N

I is a 6n by 6n unit matrix.
- - ~-
4

V A is a 6n by 6n t r m fer matrix made up of n2 (6 x 6) matrices.

The (i, j) th 6 x 6 matrix is given by -
..- - - -.- - -- - ppp -- - .-

oll k
where k signifies the number of a given branch connecting loop balance points
i and j directly, i.e., with no intermediate balance points, and C signifies
r.ll I,
n
the summation over all branches connecting i and j directly. Tk - is the
UII

9J 9
branch transfer matrix for branch k, assumed to originate at loop balance point
j and terminate at loop balance point i regardless of input direction, and is
determined using Equations (2.136) .
-H g is a 6n by 1 column matrix made up of n (6 x 1) column matrices.The
ith 6 x 1 matrix represents the free movements of loop balance point i due to
the initial point movements of all input saturated tier structures terminating
at i and is given by

all k
where k is a summation index signifying any saturated tier structure termin-
ating at loop balance point i and C indicates the summation over all such
all k
tier structures.
0g is a 6n by 1 column matrix made up of n(6 x 1) column matrices. The
ith matrix represents the free movements of loop balance point i due to restraint
free movements in a structure consisting of all saturated tiers and all loop
branches connected together at i, and is given by Equation (2.95) in the form

where k is a summation index signifying any saturated tier or any loop branch
connected at loop balance point i. Each loop branch is considered to terminate
at i and originate at_ themadjacent-loop balance point, regardless of input di-
rection. Likewise, Jg , K-g , and Pg are 6n by 1 matrices each made up of
n(6 x 1) matrices. The ith 6 x 1 matrices represent the free movements of loop
balance point i due to concentrated loads, distributed weight, and eqmnsion,
respectively, in the same structure defined for (Q-A) i, and are given by
Equations (2.96), (2.97) and (2.98) in the form

all k

and

all k
where k is a sumation index defined as for (6g ) i
 Finally, Aii is the flexibility matrix of structure i, as defined for
(0 li, at point i and is given by Equation (2.93) in the form

all k

where k is again a sumnation index defined as for (6, ) i.

2.6.7 FINAL SOLUTION OF NEWORK

With the completion of the processes described in Sections 2.6.5 and
2.6.6 the final movements of either the final balance point, in the case of
a non-loop network, or all the loop balance points, in the case of a loop
network, are known. Final solution then consists of the determination of
the final movement matrices and the force matrices at all required inter-
mediate points. This is accmplished in the following manner.
.
2.6.7.1 SOLUTION OF SATURATED TIER S T R U m

FIGURE 2-12
SATURATED TIER S T F U J m
Given the final movements of the terminal balance point b of saturated tier
x in Figure 2-12, the force matrix b exerted on the final point of tier
by the attached structure can be determined from an equation of the form of
(2.91) :

where the flexibility matrix of x at b and the free movements of point b on

tier x have previously been determined using methods of Section 2.6.2 through
2.6.4.
Now let the structure, consisting of all structure x except element2
and terminating at pointN(b-1), be denoted by (X -1). Then from Equation
(2.77) the force matrix F(X -l)(b-l) exerted on structure (X -1) by element2
is given by

where is the concentrated load considered to act on element r at point b

and %- ys the weight matrix of element z
z
. Equation (2.8) may now be rewritten
for structure ( x -1) and solved for the final movementsE(b- ll of point (b-1) .

As before, the flexibility matrix and all free movements are k

n m from pre-
-
vious calculations.
- -. - - -- -
- ------ ---- .- -

This process may be repeated for 2ach series element until a restraint is
reached, yielding the final movements of the restraint attachmentjoint r.
Again EQuations (2.91) may be applied to determine the force matrix Fur
exerted on the restraint and the force matrix FVr exerted on the final point
of structure v . For the restraint
-- - - this takes -the
-
form - -
- --

and for the structurev

Repetition of these processes for each series element and each parallel re-
straint in turn to the initial point of the branch, at intermediate balance
point p, yields eventually the final movements (+, of point p. The entire
process is then repeated for each branch terminating at p, and so on until
the entire tier structure has been solved back to the anchors.
2.6.7.2 SOLUTION OF LOOP BRANCH

Solution of a loop branch, such as x , proceeds exactly as previously

described for a branch i n a t i e r structure, with the exception that the free
movements of intermediate points due t o i n i t i a l point movements are not hown.
Instead the f i n a l movements of both end points are known.
The loop branch may therefore be considered as a complete structure i n
i t s e l f directed as specified i n the input. In t h i s case branch x originates
a t loop balance point p and terminates a t loop bglance point b. Equation
(2.162) may then be solved for the force matrix f exerted on x a t b by
the attached structure, but with ~b

where T X is the branch transfer matrix, previously developed in forming

,~lb
the ?A matrix (see Section 2.6.6) . The processes of Section 2.6.7.1 are
then continued along the branch as before, but with the free movements due t o
i n i t i a l point movements being given by an equation of the form (2.167) a t each
point.
For example

and

Each of the ? matrices is formed form Equations (2.136) by treating the

structure from p up t o the point i n question as a cumplete branch.
 Learning t o use the program, PEC 21, is greatly facilitated by actually
making up a few simple piping configurations and subsequently having the user's
version of MEC 2 1 analyze them. In t h i s section, s i x sample problems are given.
The input for the problems is shown as well as a sketch of the piping system
plus the output from the conqmter.
These examples should be carefully studied and used as practice material
t o become familiar with MEC 21. Rapid orientation t o the nomenclature and
use of MEC 2 1 can then be gained.
These exasnples also can be used a s a reference when making up the input
specifications for actual piping systems since almost every possible type of
element is described in the examples. For routine use of MEC 21, only Section
5.0 of Part I and the example problems need t o be used.
The various types of loads on a piping system that may be analyzed are also
illustrated. These loads may be anchor movements, thermal expansion (or contrac-
tion), internal pressure, weight (distributed o r concentrated), and/or uniform
wind forces.
The following symbols have been used i n the figures illustrating the
various examples:
@ Data point numbers
@ Balance point numbers
0 Branch numbers
An arrowhead used in conjunction with a branch number flag indicates
the direction of the branch.

This problem, appropriately named Goldburg No. 1, presents in one small

system almost a l l of the input features available i n MEC 21. I t serves to
demonstrate how various elements may be described and how input for structural
features may be incorporated in the stress analysis of a piping system. No,
attempt was made t o resemble a logical working system.
The thermal plus pressure plus weight camputation is requested by placing
a (6) or (7) in Column 65 and (2) in Column 68 of the heading card. Dimen-
sions are in inches so Column 67 is l e f t blank. The uniform .load of 0.5 lbs. /
in. in the negative Y direction, when given on cards type 3, represents the
combined weight of the pipe contents and insulation.
The answers t o this problem have no real significance but some observa-
tions may be of interest. The i n i t i a l loads applied t o the flexible restraints
were derived by making an expansion-only (thermal plus pressure) run and a
weights-only nm prior t o the f i n a l run.
 The expansion-only run was made with all flexible restraint effects re-
moved (no initial load and free to displace). The answers from this run show
the unrestrained displacements at the flexible restraint positions that nat-
urally tend to occur due to thermal and pressure expansions. Ideally, for
minimum stress, the system should be allowed to assume these displacements
when weight and restraint effects are considered.
The weights-only run was made with all restraints considered stiff, all
anchor and extraneous initial displacements removed, and anchor No. 2 free
to displace in the negative Y direction. The answers from this run show the
reactions existing at each restraint and load bearing anchor due to the weight
of the system. Ideally, the initial flexible restraint loads, and the initial
displacements of the stiff anchors and restraints can be "tunedv to simply
support the weight of the system in the expanded condition for minimal stress.
The final run ,showsnegative forces at restraints 24 and 54 which indicates
the restraints are poorly placed. Further adjustments or repositioning of
these restraints should be made.
Element numbers 38 or 46 show how forces and moments at critical points
on a pump can be investigated. The positions shown give forces and moments
at the inlet and outlet flanges, the base of the pump motor and the throat
between the pump and motor.
Element numbers 72 to 96 show a tank attached to the system and mounted
on I-beam brackets. The tank is given a weight of 3,000 lbs. The tank bot-
tom is simulated by stiff joints from each of the four brackets to the pipe
connection at the center of the tank bottom.
If this were an actual system, several more investigations might be made.
A weights-only run with all final anchor and restraint conditions considered
would show if effects of initial restraint loads and anchor movements creates
a critical stress in the unexpanded (cold plant) condition. Canparison with
the final run might indicate the stress range (cold plant to hot plant) for
a possible cyclic investigation.

3.1.1 The logs shown below may be used as a reference to the way in which
particular elements can be described

EEMENTS CARD NUMBERS

ANaORS
a) Stiff 2, 74, 80, 86, 92
b) Stiff with initial displ. 2
c) Flexible 46, 62
 d) Adjacent t o pipe 2, 62
e) Adjacent t o s t i f f joint 42

f) Adjacent t o flex. joint 74, 80, 86, 92

" ,* .* ..
TANGENTS
a) Simple tangent 26, 48, 60, 68, 72
b) Preceding a bend 4, 14, 34, 36, 52, 70
C) Preceding a joint 8, 16, 38, 56
d) Length given (directional) 20
e) W i t h restraint 6

BENDS
a) Preceded by a tangent 4, 14, 36, 70

b) With f i c t i t i o u s r e s t r a i n t 34
c) More than one r e s t r a i n t 54
RESTRAINTS
a) On a tangent 6
b) On a bend 34, 52, 54
c) On a joint 16-18, 22-24, 28-30-32
d] Type1,stiff 24, 30, 54
e) Type 1, flexible ( i n i t i a l load) 6, 18, 52
f) Type 2, (with i n i t i a l torque) 64
g) Type 3, constant e f f o r t 32

h) Type 4, f i c t i t i o u s (on bends only) 34

JOINTS ( m S )

a) Type 1 10, 32
b) Type 2 (gets preceding tgnt .) 8, 16, 38, 56, 66

c> Type 3
 d) With one or more restraints 16-18, 22-24, 28-30-32
e) Stiff

f) Flexible 56, 76, 82, 88, 94

(NOTE: Joint no. 56 simulates a swivel by entering a low polar
moment of inertia.)
g) With joint weight

HINGE
a) Rotational flexibility 50
TEE 60, 68, 70

3.1.2 A representative page of the element record display (the full

output is lengthy) , the equivalent stress profile by element number [requested
by a (5) punch in Column 77 of the heading card), and separate listings of all
elements (requested by a (5) punch in Column 78 of the heading card), is
included as output for Problem N01.
D f F U C T I O N r V L T l P L l E R FOR PLOTS COL. 73-5 OR 9 .
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