Mankind are governed by pleasure and pain

therefore they should be the main principles

Intention towards good but Greatest good =

actions to be directed by greatest happiness
consequence for greatest number

Good intention does not

justify harmful actions

personal and social

happiness as the goal of all
humans

his philosophy to be applied to governments

and individuals
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Quantitative Criteria for
Disagreed that human unconsciously obeyed
happiness
natural laws
PERSONAL HAPPINESS
commercial developments of the Industrial Revolution
Moral philosophy for prison reforms and
legislations --> more towards punishment
rooted in experimentalism = personal experience
Collective interests = rule for all actions Qualitative Criteria for happiness philosophy of making
geared to results and consequences
OTHERS' HAPPINESS John Stuart Mill (1806-1873 something happen
also include consideration of others' happiness --> social feelings UTILITARIANISM education to find a job
(ENGLISH) Today's schooling
the first philosophers to suggest that
test to measure school outcomes test industry &
real experiences to be foundation for
school Act upon sensory experience
educational philosophy built on evolutionary interacting with the environment
principles for all organic beings
Additonal contribution to utilitarianism
Experience more important than core
insisted to include science in the curriculum knowledge
How to gain knowledge
self-preservation (human organism interacting
students explore their interests through
with the environment in order
Education emphasizes problem-solving activities
the necessaries of life to survive)
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) experience and
school needs have to be and the Curriculum activities for students Teacher interweave school
the maintenance of proper social &
related to life needs subjects as the student's interest Topic based - theme - project based
political relations
--> schooling goals Curriculum expanded
skills for the leisure part of life PRAGMATISM Critics: common knowledge base for all students get dilluted
Modern Educational Philosophies (AMERICAN)
the rearing and disciplining of the young
theory based on sensations and direct experiences
No academic subject listed
mental concepts are based in physiological functions
Effects on modern schooling = emphasis on
William James (1842-1910) biological necessity pleasure and pain are indeed instrumental in action
personal competition in academic and sports
--> survival of the fittest instinct and emotional responses are also motivating forces

ideas judged based on their results and on experience

experimental and
Not one philosophy but ideas from
pragmatic approach to
various doctrines
schooling
Asks what it means to be human.
children explore materials
Stress on freedom and
and activities by
responsiblity of individuals
themselves
Philosophical features Maria Montessori (1870-1952)
brain development by
emphasizes will and emotions
Dewey's philosophy of child-centered? sensory exploration and materials developed by
over reason and intellect
through discovery the teachers suitably
learning
Me in the relationship with others
Teachers observe reactions of the
Two camps
children during his engagement in
Absolute freedom
activities
anxiety, despair, depression and other
emotions not abstract but can tell us about
ourselves
Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) EXISTENTIALISM
moral and religious truths = part of
philosophical understanding

focus on individual total freedom

we are free in our own

consciousness & we have
responsibility to shape our own lives
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
people are responsible for all elements of
themselves, their consciousness, and
their actions. Total freedom = total
responsibility

Albert Camus (1913-1960), Erich Fromm (1900-1987), Martin Buber (1878-1965)