Article Energies-1168829 - Correct - 2

1
1 Article
2 Methodological foundations for modeling the processes of

3 combining organic fuel generation systems and photovoltaic
4 cells into a single energy technology complex
5 Anatoliy Alabugin 1, Konstantin Osintsev 1 and Sergei Aliukov 1, *
6 1
South Ural State University, Institute of Engineering and Technology, 76 Prospekt Lenina, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; info@susu.ru
7 * Correspondence: dimaakv@yandex.ru (S. A.)
8 Abstract: The needs to reduce the imperfection of theoretical and methodological approaches to
9 value and regulate the processes of applying the methods of transactional energy are
10 substantiated.. The concept of combining organizational, economic and mathematical models to
11 improve technical, technological and information methods for the effective integration of
12 renewable and traditional energy facilities has been formulated. This determined the goal of
13 forming a digital platform for machine-to-machine automatic processing of transactions. The
14 creation of the platform contributes to solving a number of research tasks including development
15 of schemes for the use of photo and thermoelements for energy generation in distributed energy
16 and control of electrical and thermodynamic parameters of equipment in sensors of its diagnostics
17 and use in electric drives of actuators of the Industrial Internet of Things. The use of Big Datа and
18 Datа Science tools is aimed at achieving a number of practical results. Firstly, the differentiation of
19 the composition of capacities and sources in the complex of hybrid energy facilities has been
20 expanded, secondly, possibilities of modeling has been increased. Furthermore, the results of
21 investigation are the model of integration and balancing regulation in the transactional energy
22 platform of the Center for the coordination of interests of the complex objects.
23 Citation: Lastname, F.; Lastname, F.; Keywords: energy transactions; Internet of energy; photovoltaic cells; thermoelements in the
Lastname, F. Title. Energies 2021, 14,
24 energy technology complex; Big Data and Data Science tools; approximation of step functions of
x. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx
25 the jump processes
26
Academic Editor: Firstname
Lastname
27 Received: date
1. Introduction
28 Accepted: date 1.1. Relevance of the topic and purpose of the work
29 Published: date The relevance of improving the assessment and regulation of the efficiency of the
30 processes of combining generation of hybrid systems on organic fuel and photovoltaic
31 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays cells increases in the conditions of combining renewable and traditional distributed
32 neutral with regard to jurisdictional energy sources. The hybrid composition of its facilities complicates the cycle of processes
claims in published maps and
33 for measuring and auditing its condition and optimizing the quality parameters of
institutional affiliations.
34 energy production and consumption processes according to the criteria of energy,
35 environmental and economic efficiency (3-E efficiency).
36 Currently, there are several industrial and energy facilities in particular that do not
37 Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
have a full connection with each other. Such objects should include, first of all, micro-
38 Submitted for possible open access networks. These are connections between distributed energy facilities and consumers.
39 publication under the terms and Small-scale power sources operate dispersed with centralized power systems. In
40 conditions of the Creative Commons addition, small-scale energy facilities can be installed at industrial enterprises as
41 Attribution (CC BY) license autonomous energy sources. In this case, there are also difficulties in transferring excess
42 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses electricity to the centralized power system [1, 2]. It should also be noted that enterprises
43 /by/4.0/). located in continental and subarctic climates require heat to cover the needs for heating,
3 Energies 2021, 14, x. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

4 Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 41
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44 ventilation and hot water supply. It is very difficult to combine small-scale energy
45 facilities, enterprises, and private consumers of heat and electricity within the
46 framework of standard technological schemes [3, 4]. In this case, the goal of the study is
47 to develop new methodological approaches to creating a single energy technology
48 complex with a dispatching and control system based on neural network technologies
49 and the Internet of Things.
50 1.2. Literature Review
51 To identify the degree of scientific and practical development of the research
52 problem, the following actions are necessary [5, 6]. Firstly, the identification of the
53 subject and objects of study in accordance with the keywords is needed; secondly, the
54 definition of the database and its limitations is identified. Furthermore, the
55 establishment of criteria for evaluating sources is shown and quantitative assessment of
56 the qualitative characteristics are presented
57 In this section, we will present an analysis of the works on the research topic.
58 Szalavetz A. points out the need for digitalization, automation and upgrading in
59 global value chains-factory economy actors [7]. This can reduce the risks of using
60 renewable energy in individual countries, according to Li, DY., Heimeriks, G.,
61 Alkemade, F [8]. The special significance of solar photovoltaic power generation is
62 proved by Hosenuzzaman, et al [9]. Design solutions in this direction are offered by A.
63 M. Alsayah, et al [10]. One of the concepts of solar energy development was proposed by
64 P. G. V. Sampaio and M. O. A. González [11].
65 The radical nature of the necessary changes in these directions corresponds to the
66 conditions of the singularity of development. Many forecasts confirm the well-known
67 methodological proposals o Lalu, F. and Meyer, J. W. that favor creating biosimilar
68 management structures of "live" organizations [12, 13]. They note that holacratic flexible
69 (agile) methods of creating self-governing teams of different profiles are effective of the
70 spiral dynamics model of the so-called "turquoise enterprises". However, Mitreva, E.,
71 Gorkov, EP., Gjorshevski, H., Tushi, B. proved that the inclusion of even such competent
72 personnel in the control and regulation system does not completely solve the problems
73 of managing complex systems [14]. This is especially true in relation to the quality of
74 control of thermodynamic parameters of power and technological installations. The
75 inclusion of the human factor in the control system leads to a low speed and reliability of
76 regulation, according to Pisar, P., Bilkova, D, since it does not correspond to the context
77 of Industry 4.0 [15]. Despite their practicality, they are more applicable in the design and
78 engineering ﬁeld. This narrows the applicability of such methods in the formation of
79 ETC. More concrete forecasts for the development of intellectual resources forecasts by
80 Oseledets, I. [16] and Ji, B. [17]. They increase in the number of digital and network
81 companies such as "Amazon". They expect growth by 2035 of the capabilities of
82 computer systems and artiﬁcial intelligence in assessing their computing power. They
83 will exceed the total analogous potential of the human biological system). Peskov D.
84 claims that growth of high-tech and high-tech engineering services in the innovation
85 ecosystem in the modern conditions of the Russian Federation, universities of types 2.0
86 and 3.0 prevent, being drivers/challenges for the development of industry, mainly of
87 industrial type [18]. At the same time, the scale of their transformation into educational
88 and scientific 4.0 complexes is growing with universities that are distinguished by a high
89 degree of globalization of education and the use of new educational methods using Big
90 Data methods. Currently, a number of researchers have recognized the need for the use
91 of training digital simulators (doubles) in virtual or real cognitive methods to apply the
92 Data Science approach for solving practical problems of the post-industrial economy
93 and energy [19,20]. In such a digital economy, it is necessary to use open educational
94 platforms based on large databases [21]. Especially they are necessary for analyzing the
95 possibilities of advanced combination of resources based on the organization of ETC
96 with the inclusion of objects of distributed energy, other multipurpose productions and
97 participation in projects of such transformation of research and educational complexes
98 of type 4.0 [22,23]. The considered methods solve a complex of problems of the
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99 organization of processes of high-tech development with use of integration of the

100 diversified resources. However, assessing their overall compliance with the concept of
101 combining methods to ensure 3-E efficiency, we can note their insufficient focus on
102 solving these research tasks.
103 In the period 2014-20, there was a significant increase in the number of publications
104 on the relationship between new business models and sustainability of development in
105 the areas of combining methods and resources of a diversified composition in the
106 conditions of technology singularity [24,25]. The combination of organizational and
107 technical methods in the complexes of objects is considered as a necessary condition for
108 ensuring the sustainability of long-term development. Thus, Brixner C., Isaac P., Suarez
109 D., Yoguel G. they called this condition the "new tecno-organizational paradigm" [26].
110 This experience extends to innovative business models in sociology and research
111 opportunities [27,28]. Researchers such as Cainelli G., De Marchi V., Grandinetti R [29],
112 Khalfallah M., Lakh L [30] and Chen,R., Lee,YD., Wang, CH. [31] justify the role of
113 knowledge in the diversification of organizational impacts to reduce costs in industry to
114 ensure competitive advantages. Brito E., Pais, L., dos Santos NR., Figueiredo C [32],
115 Bagis, M., et al [33] prove the increasing importance of new competencies when
116 implementing them in the management quality improvement system.
117 The need to use internet of Management Artifacts, for example, Internet of Things
118 and the new Architecture for Business Model is justified by Rocha C., Narcizo CF.,
119 Gianotti E [34]. Asif M [35] Hipp A., Binz, C. [36] write about the possibility of including
120 new tools in the structure of management quality methods. The significance of our
121 proposals for tools of Big Data and Data Science and their inclusion in the cyclic model
122 of integration of scientific and educational resources and production is confirmed by the
123 research of Xiao QZ., Shan, MY., Xiao, XP., Rao CJ [37], Casalet, M., Stezano F [38], Clegg
124 B. [39] and Wang, SX., Lu, WM., Hung, SW. [40].
125 The creation of a platform for planning the processes of joint functioning of objects
126 of the hybrid economy is determined by the need to increase its 3rd efficiency. This
127 follows from the works of F. Zeng, Z. Bie, et al [41]. The transition to these planning
128 tools involves the modeling of abrupt and evolutionary cyclic transition processes [42]. It
129 is also necessary to coordinate the joint work of different energy sources. According to
130 Liu Q., Wu S., Lei Y., et al., Liu Y., Jiang C., Shen J., et al. [42,43] special conditions are
131 required for the regulation of traditional and renewable energy sources. Such
132 possibilities were investigated by Z. Wang et al., [44] and Yang Yongping, Duan Liqiang,
133 Du Xiaoze, et al. [45]. Wang Fengyun, Zhang Shuang [46] and Yang Yongping, Duan
134 Liqiang, and Du Xiaoze, et al, have proved the potential for increasing efficiency in
135 creating conditions for complementary combination of hybrid system resources [47].
136 The ongoing research in the field of application of energy technology complexes
137 and neural network technologies in the energy sector is focused on regulation [48]. The
138 paper proposes to take into account the world experience based on the obtained
139 experimental data, to combine the calculation methods and to introduce adaptive weight
140 coefficients for them. The author studies the combustion of organic fuels and has
141 experience that allows us to evaluate the reliability of the results of neural network
142 forecasting in this area [49]. New approximation methods were used by the author [50].
143 For a similar combustion problem, the author has a theoretical basis for research [51].
144 The combustion process research is conducted by scientists from many countries. The
145 most complete understanding of the preparation of coal dust in thermal power plants
146 can be obtained in the article [52]. One of the main conditions for efficient and high-
147 quality fuel combustion is to take into account its composition, which is confirmed by
148 the mathematical models of the authors [53]. In addition, the presence of sufficient air as
149 an oxidizer affects the quality of combustion, which the researchers note [54].
150 In the work [52], the topic of approximation of the obtained results was raised for
151 the first time, which was later reflected in the already mentioned work. It should be
152 noted that the existing programs give an idea of the distribution of the fields of
153 temperatures, velocities and concentrations, which are connected by known
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154 dependencies, but the accuracy and reliability of the results obtained do not always meet
155 the criteria necessary to start designing an energy technology complex.
156 The research of such authors as L. Rosendahl supports the theory of weak
157 methodological security of heat transfer processes in high-temperature installations and
158 energy technology complexes, this researcher together with M. Mandø published an
159 article with his own mathematical model [55]. In the article [56], T. Asotani and his co-
160 authors also consider the model of combustion fuel mixture with air, and the proposed
161 mathematical model corresponds well to [55], as well as to some of the authors'
162 proposals [57]. The mathematical models proposed in the review do not contradict each
163 other, as well as the fundamental laws of physics, and heat transfer in particular.
164 1.3. Proposed scheme
165 In this section, the authors present the developed technological scheme, for which a
166 new methodological framework will be applied in the future.
167 The combination of technological systems based on organic fuel and renewable
168 energy sources is not uncommon, however, their combination in a single energy
169 complex with a control and management system based on neural networks and micro-
170 electric networks is used for the first time. In addition, the methodological base includes
171 methods for approximating piecewise linear functions, which allow us to evaluate the
172 effectiveness of technical solutions and optimize the process of choosing the most
173 appropriate solution.
174 The mutual transfer of heat and other complementary material products based on
175 the conclusion of contracts for energy and other transactions is assumed by the
176 following types of main objects of the macro-network of the formed energy technology
177 complex (ETC) in Figure 1: I - a medium or large industrial enterprise-a consumer of two
178 types of energy; II-a landfill of solid household and industrial waste (SHIW) as a source
179 of biogas for micro-grid facilities; III – a micro-network that includes small industrial,
180 agricultural and other small enterprises, households and residential buildings with the
181 ability to produce heat and electricity using renewable resources of heat pumps, biogas
182 microturbines, solar and wind; IV-a power plant that produces heat and electricity, a
183 district or local boiler house (separate or as part of another object of the economy) using
184 traditional resources; V-an object considered as a storage of heat and electric energy (for
185 example, it can be large-capacity helium batteries and biogas resources of the SHIW
186 landfill; VI - a scientific and educational center for research, development and sales of
187 innovative projects to improve the 3-E efficiency of these objects for the introduction of
188 innovations in heat power and heat engineering.
189 The proposed composition of the main objects includes a smaller number of
190 complementary objects of the microgrid II-V. The goal is to organize the economic,
191 machine and physical interaction of producers and consumers of electric and thermal
192 energy with the execution of contracts. To do this, it is necessary to form the structure of
193 the micro-network and transform some of its objects for the possibility of implementing
194 energy transactions on the Internet of Energy and Things. The main objects of type III in
195 the micro grid are the following: 6-elements of distributed generation, including small
196 power generation and 7-distribution substations; 10-objects using renewable solar
197 energy resources; 11-service services for diagnostics and routine repairs of equipment;
198 12-households and residential buildings with power generation capabilities; 13-micro
199 grid control center with new economic transaction capabilities; 14-commercial buildings
200 with local boilers; 15-wind power facilities. To implement physical interaction, the
201 following are required: 16-transformer substations that reduce the voltage for physical
202 interaction of objects; 17-low-voltage power consumption and excess energy
203 transmission lines; 18-high-voltage transmission lines of generated electricity by small-
204 scale power facilities; 19-high-voltage transmission lines of electricity generated by
205 microturbines of local objects of the hybrid network of the SHIW landfill of object II.
206 In crisis situations, for example, when renewable energy resources are insufficient,
207 reserve capacities and technical means of traditional energy are needed: 1-a station that
208 centrally produces the predominant share of electric and thermal energy using
209 traditional (non-renewable resources) as part of micro – grid objects of type IV; 2 – high-
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210 voltage power transmission lines and 3-main substations for converting electricity
211 parameters to implement physical interaction in the micro-grid. Additional sources of
212 energy of lower quality and reliability can be considered objects of types II and V:
213 microturbines of the local boiler house at the SHIW landfill; thermal energy storage in
214 the form of systems of the following environmental protection elements: 22-release of
215 combustion products into the environment and filters for their purification, 23-cooling of
216 liquid and solid waste in energy generation processes, 24-solid waste containers, 25 -
217 preparation of biogas for useful use, 26 – management of waste sorting in containers, 27-
218 biogas generator sets, 28-biogas supply networks, 29-pumps, 30-wells for collecting
219 biogas, 31 – insulating layers of SHIW storage, 32-storage cells for unused waste.
220 These capacities make it possible to ensure the reliability of energy supply to the
221 main consumers of objects of type I of the macro grid of the ETC: 5 - industries of the
222 metallurgy type, 8-engineering type, and 9-other industrial objects. To regulate the
223 economic, machine-to-machine and physical relationships and interconnections in the
224 micro-network of complementary objects and the macro-network of a single ETC, it is
225 necessary to create a coordinating structure of the Center for Coordinating the Interests
226 of Hybrid Network Objects (CСI). The Center should make decisions on the
227 organization and regulation of economic relations and physical relationships using
228 objects 20 (control system for parallel operation of lines) and 21 (control signal
229 transmission lines for machine-readable interaction with the exchange of signals).
230 Methodological support of type VI in infrastructure object 4 is developed by
231 structures such as research and educational centers for the development and sale of
232 innovative products. It is necessary for the organization of a unified and high-tech
233 approach to solving the problems of increasing 3-E efficiency while reducing the
234 imbalance of interests of traditional and renewable energy facilities in the ETC
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235 Figure 1. Diagram of the macro network of separately functioning main objects of a single energy
236 technology complex.
237 The scheme is characterized by a number of weaknesses: excessive imbalance of

238 interests of micro-and macro-network objects due to the lack or insufficient regularity of
239 network relationships between producers and consumers; low flexibility and efficiency
240 of regulation of mutual transfers of capacity or energy. This leads to unjustified
241 investments in new energy facilities with a low level of use of the installed capacity of
242 existing ones. Independent solution of problems of low efficiency of processes by
243 individual objects is carried out mainly by methods of modernization of a limited
244 number of types of their heat engineering due to a lack of investment resources.
245 Taking into account the heat and energy orientation of the study, we have identified
246 the maximum indicators of energy and environmental efficiency of separate functioning
247 of objects of type III-V (Table 1).
248 Table 1. Maximum average indicators of energy and environmental efficiency of separate
249 functioning of macro grid objects of type III-V, % [1-6].
Centralized
Installations
generation of Photovoltaic and
Energy efficiency Gas-fired using renewable
electricity and thermoelectric panels for
indicators biogas plant solar and wind
heat from energy generation
resources
natural gas
Thermal efficiency 55.00 40.00 - -
Wind energy usage

- - 35.00 -
ratio
Conversion rate of
- - - 18…28
solar panels
250 The standard composition of monitoring and control sensors does not register or
251 change the imbalance of energy and environmental efficiency goals of facilities. The
252 existing variety of them (Table 2) does not allow us to evaluate the 3-E efficiency and
253 regulate the processes of objects. It is necessary to include microgrid objects in the
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254 Internet of Energy and Things system to organize transactions taking into account the
255 mutual transfer of capacity by consumers and producers.
256 Table 2. Composition of some control and measuring devices for assessing the energy and
257 environmental efficiency of separately functioning macro grid objects of type I-V.
Installations using Photovoltaic and

Names of control Thermal Gas-fired
renewable solar and thermoelectric panels for
devices power plant biogas plant
wind resources energy generation
Thermocouples + +
Valves + +
The inverter + +
258 In addition, these devices are not included in the unified process control system
259 based on the results of monitoring the electrical and thermodynamic parameters of
260 equipment of all manufacturers and consumers of I-V facilities. Common in practice
261 sensors for diagnosing the state of heat and power plants and heat engineering do not
262 use the capabilities of the industrial Internet of Things (IoT) and energy. Autonomous
263 regulation of renewable and traditional energy sources does not provide high-tech
264 processes of machine-to-machine and physical interaction of objects. This leads to an
265 increase in the problems of insufficient 3-E efficiency of thermal power plants operating
266 in a network with solar and wind energy sources. In a number of regions of the world
267 with a similar composition of facilities, therefore, environmental protection
268 opportunities are reduced with insufficient use of the installed capacity of power plants.
269 The inflexibility of regulating the interaction of such hybrid energy facilities also reduces
270 the economic efficiency of investments in projects to reduce the energy intensity of the
271 Russian economy. It is several times higher than in countries with a developed
272 knowledge economy [6].
273 It is necessary to organize a new system for predicting the results of CCI impacts
274 using the tools of the industrial Internet of Things (IoT) and energy. To increase the
275 reliability of assessments of the interaction of objects I-V of the hybrid ETC system being
276 formed, a new set of advanced digital processes of control and supervision technical
277 tools is required. The quality parameters of regulating the consistency of interaction
278 between the differentiated composition of macro-network objects should be increased in
279 cyclic processes.
280 Modern energy-saving methods of industrial energy development should be
281 largely determined by the factors of the new industrial revolution. The main factor in
282 accordance with the topic of the article is the need to take into account the effects of the
283 industrial Internet of Things and energy in physical systems with cybernetic properties.
284 The corresponding direction of high-tech development determines the choice of the
285 organizational and economic paradigm of the analog-digital representation of methods
286 for integrating objects and combining research methods. The methods are applicable to
287 information technologies of distributed (cloud) resources to achieve a competitive level
288 of innovation. Forecasts of the developed countries of the European Union show the
289 growing advantage of renewable energy: by 2050, it is expected to provide up to a third
290 of electricity needs with solar energy resources, up to 65% with wind energy resources
291 [6]. The joint use of diversified resources of hybrid energy facilities is a prerequisite for
292 ensuring the effective sustainability of the development of energy systems. This
293 determined the purpose of the study of the possibilities of using advanced digital
294 processes of control and supervision in the transactional energy platform and the
295 network of a single ETC of hybrid objects. It is necessary to solve the problems of
296 regulating the processes of increasing the 3rd efficiency at the stages of the cycle, which
297 differ in evolutionary and abrupt types of changes in the quality of the control
298 parameters. This makes it necessary to use a large database (Big Data methods) for the
299 organization of advanced digital processes of control and supervision.
300 The analysis of the existing results of the study of automatic control systems and
301 telemetry allows us to draw conclusions about the insufficient degree of their perfection.
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302 The systems are characterized by relatively low reliability due to the lack of backup
303 channels for converting control actions and automatic diagnostics. The possibilities of
304 the systems' influence on the quality parameters of the organizational-economic,
305 machine-to-machine and physical interaction of energy producers and consumers and
306 related complementary products of hybrid energy facilities are insufficient. This does
307 not allow us to radically reduce the cost of primary fuel and environmental pollution in
308 the emerging energy technology complex.
309 2. Materials and Methods

310 2.1. Methodologies of Modeling Processes Combining Generation of Hybrid Systems on
311 Organic Fuel and Photovoltaic Cells in a Single Energy Technology Complex Assessment and
312 Regulation
313 Achieving the goal of improving the quality of regulatory parameters in the study
314 is proposed to be implemented in the concept of combining organizational, economic
315 and mathematical models for the application of a system of information and technical
316 and technological methods according to the criterion of maximizing 3E-efficiency. This
317 defines the emergence of a new organization architecture using the information
318 technology capabilities of the Internet of Energy and IoT. Advanced digital processes of
319 control and supervision are needed to implement the interaction of micro - and macro-
320 network objects using transactional energy methods in a single hybrid-type ETC. The
321 new architecture and structure involves a radical expansion of the range of autonomous
322 sensors with a long service life, sensors-meters of various process parameters and other
323 elements of cybernetic purpose. All these devices must be connected by a telemetry data
324 network, partially shown in Figure 1. The high importance of such technical means of
325 the digital economy is confirmed by a positive assessment of the results of the study of
326 the prospects for the complementary use of resources and energy distribution in the
327 conditions of the modern industrial revolution [21]. The effectiveness of their use has
328 been proven to reduce repair costs, increase uptime, and reduce the need for personnel
329 to synchronize processes with dispatchers. The article solves the problems identified by
330 the lack of compliance of technologies and methods for the development of distributed
331 hybrid energy with the factors of the industrial revolution. The insufficient degree of
332 integration of objects I-V of industrial energy with the resources of scientific and
333 educational objects of type VI for the organization of high-tech development of the
334 macro-network of ETC in the knowledge economy is revealed. At many domestic
335 enterprises of industrial heat and power engineering, evolutionary methods of
336 modernization of individual elements of equipment with a low level of innovation of
337 technologies and results prevail. Investment decisions on new construction and technical
338 re-equipment projects are often made without modeling the processes of transition to
339 technologies and organizational methods of energy saving based on the factors of the
340 new industrial revolution [22].
341 Technical and technological models should describe the dynamics of the physical
342 interaction of objects of the hybrid network of the complex being formed. Taking into
343 account the scientific and practical results of the research, the article examines in detail
344 the possibilities of improving the 3rd efficiency of hybrid energy micro-grid facilities [1-
345 5]. The predominantly heat-energy nature of the study determines the geographical
346 limitations on the scale of the complex being formed: objects II-V can be placed at
347 distances of no more than 25 kilometers (the maximum possibility of network physical
348 interaction according to the permissible 3rd efficiency of heat transfer). The micronet is
349 formed as part of the ETC and implements the subject of scientific research in the design
350 development of an innovative idea for the formation of a local market for energy sales
351 and other results of the complex's activities that are of value to their producers and
352 consumers. Advanced digital processes of control and supervision of heat and electric
353 energy production and consumption are studied in detail on the example of a microgrid.
354 Such processes are effectively implemented and recorded in the form of energy
355 transactions in the Internet of Things and Energy system using the information and
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356 analytical tools Big Data and Data Science. The material complementary products
357 obtained from the accumulated resources of SHIW, as well as the results of scientific and
358 design developments, can also be evaluated in the model of the cost-effectiveness of
359 processes using standard methods for estimating their cost.
360 The object of the study is the formation of a macro-network and a micro-network as
361 part of the ETC, which provides such processes of control and supervision of the
362 production and consumption of heat and electric energy with the organization of
363 economic, machine-to-machine and physical interaction of objects of type I-V (Figure 1).
364 The creation of information and physical capabilities for their joint functioning requires
365 improving the quality of control parameters and dispatching high-tech processes of
366 integration of hybrid energy facilities. The implementation of the research concept is
367 aimed at ensuring the 3rd efficiency of the dynamics of processes in terms of reducing
368 anthropogenic loads on the environment. For this purpose, a combination of resources
369 and technologies is proposed based on the integration of individual industrial and
370 household energy installations into the ETC (Figure 2).
371 As an object of research, a micro-grid is defined as part of a single ETC and the
372 following composition of hybrid distributed energy facilities: II-a landfill of accumulated
373 SHIW, as a source of secondary combustible resources (biogas and other material waste
374 for further processing) and additional fuel for a local boiler micro-network; III-heat-
375 power installations of the type of heat pumps that use the property of the
376 thermodynamic cycle of converting heat into work using water vapor. Such an
377 organization of energy production is proposed for agricultural facilities (for example,
378 greenhouses, livestock farms, grain dryers, root crops and fruits, small enterprises of
379 other industries, trade, etc.), households and residential buildings with the ability to
380 generate energy and transfer its surplus to the network. They require the production of
381 heat in the form of hot water, as well as electricity using microturbines that use the
382 accumulated biogas resources of the SHIW landfill. At the same time, it is proposed to
383 exchange energy transactions with the conclusion of energy transactions on the Internet
384 of Energy and Things. This requires thermal and electrical networks for physical
385 connections to objects of type 4 and 5 (district and local boiler houses and energy
386 storage). At the same time, the processes of control and supervision of energy
387 transactions should be carried out using the Big Data and Data Science tools.
388 Hybrid systems may include, for example, organic fuel and photovoltaic cells
389 combining heat and electrical generation. The use of alternative solar energy increases
390 the energy independence of consumers. The autonomy allows you to sell the excess
391 electricity produced in the micro-grid of the object III of the macro-grid of the ETC. Such
392 a micro-network combines the functions of an autonomous and network network,)
393 providing a backup power supply.
394 With sufficient insolation, the solar panels 3 generate electrical energy and feed it to
395 a hybrid inverter that converts it for the needs of consumers. Unused electricity from the
396 inverter goes to the batteries (object V in Figure 1), and when they are fully charged - to
397 the network for sale if there is a contract with the network company. The criterion for
398 making such a decision is the excess of the tariff for the sale of electricity of the tariff for
399 the purchase from the network. When the situation is reversed, it is better to save energy
400 in the batteries to use it in the evening. In the case when the energy storage is already
401 fully charged, and the generation capacity exceeds the current consumption, it is
402 advisable to sell at any price. It is possible to underutilize the capacity of traditional
403 energy and reduce the 3rd efficiency in the long term due to unjustified investments. If
404 there is insufficient insolation, the solar cells do not work at full capacity. The missing
405 energy will be supplied from the helium accumulators of the Type V facility, local
406 installations using the biogas resources of the SHIW landfill, or centralized macro grid
407 facilities. When setting up the automation of the multifunctional inverter 1, you can
408 make priority decisions on the choice of a backup power source according to the criteria
409 of maximum autonomy of the micro-network. This meets the criteria of its energy and
410 economic efficiency with sufficient insolation during the year. Figure 2 shows the
411 options for the joint operation of traditional centralized and distributed hybrid energy
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412 facilities. They involve combining different sources of generation hybrid systems on
413 organic fuel, wind energy and photovoltaic cells in a single ETC.
(a)
(b)
(c)
414 Figure 2. Diagram of jointly functioning objects.of the hybrid distributed power grid: a-joint
415 operation of installations 2,3,4: 1-multifunctional inverter; 2,3-installations using wind and solar
416 resources; 4-diesel generator; 5-helium batteries. b-joint operation of solar panels and diesel
417 generators, c - generation of heat and electricity using biogas resources from the SHIW landfill.
418 Micro-networks embedded in a hybrid power system should be evaluated

419 according to the criteria of the regulatory quality of energy and the reliability of the
420 functioning of existing distribution and high-voltage networks. Energy flows (generated
421 electric and thermal energy, heat of the heated heat carrier with the use of renewable
422 resources) have losses. The proposed methodology is aimed at reducing them in the
423 processes of generation and transportation to consumers.
30
32
424 Figure 2 shows a diagram of interacting objects in a hybrid microgrid. It allows you
425 to combine the possibilities of generating energy with the use of renewable resources in
426 solar panels and diesel generators. In addition, the exchange of such types of energy
427 with the traditional energy facilities indicated in Figure 1 is taken into account. The
428 organization of joint work is possible with the impact on the control system in the CСI
429 according to the criteria for improving the reliability and 3rd efficiency of the
430 distribution of energy flows.
431 Figure 3 shows a variant of the composition of microgrid objects that we selected to
432 study the reliability of solar panels and determine the effective operating modes of a
433 diesel generator. Such systems have recently been regulated by predictive regulation
434 based on neural network algorithms. The parameters of hybrid installations are
435 monitored using the organic part of the micro-grid, which includes diesel generators or
436 local means of generating electric and thermal energy. Renewable resources, for
437 example, installations that use solar and wind energy, are controlled minimally and
438 operate mainly in automatic mode.
439 Standard control and measuring devices and automation are not able to increase
440 the efficiency of the plant in the long term. It is necessary to use neural network
441 algorithms that allow you to collect Big Date data, process it and make predictive control
442 in the processes of mainly machine-to-machine interaction of micronet objects. This
443 requires special mechanisms for combining management methods to coordinate the
444 interests of traditional and renewable energy facilities.
Equipment of the main and auxiliary System of control and shut-off

systems (in particular for storage Photovoltaic cells valves (valves, latches, etc.)
electricity, etc.)
Fuel, air, reagent mix’ supply

system
Monitoring system for the
composition of exhaust gases Diesel generator
(control of CO, O2) Sensors (for aspiration, fire and
smoke, gas control, etc.)
Big Date
System of control and diagnostics of a heat and power complex (for example,
based on multi-zone regulators and / or a neural network)
Date Science
445
446 Figure 3. Composition of objects and elements of the micro-network of objects in the energy
447 technology complex.
448 The standard composition of monitoring sensors does not register an imbalance of
449 energy and environmental efficiency goals, macro-and micro-grid objects. The technical
450 implementation of advanced monitoring and dispatching processes requires the use of
451 photo-and thermo-elements in the sensors and actuators of the IoT system to include
452 micro-grid objects in the Energy Internet system. It is necessary to supplement them
453 (Table 3) to assess the 3-E efficiency and regulate the processes of objects operating in the
454 microgrid, taking into account the mutual transfer of capacity and energy transactions in
455 the Internet of Energy system. The use of sensors for temperature, pressure, and
456 concentration of combustion products is justified. This is required to assess the quality of
33
35
457 energy transmission and the completeness of energy use. The controllers should be used
458 in conjunction with multi-zone controllers. Software systems based on neural network
459 algorithms should be able to process a large array of data and select the weight
460 coefficients of the controlled parameters. Therefore, Kosko neural network algorithms
461 are suitable for these purposes [1-5]. SCADA systems are designed for process control.
462 All additional devices should be included in the control system of the dynamic
463 simulator mechanism for combining methods of joint energy generation developed by
464 us and presented in the article. The micro-networks in the ETC should use additional
465 sensors of the IoT system and the Internet of Energy, built into the control and control
466 systems of technological processes.
467 Table 3. Name of processes of production and consumption of heat and electric energy and
468 additional types of control and measuring devices for control and supervision assessment of the 3-
469 E efficiency of interconnections of micro-grid objects.
Photovoltaic
Additional instruments and control Power Gas-fired biogas Wind power
panels
system plant plant plant
(data for 2021)
Temperature, pressure, and
concentration sensors + + +
Controllers
+ + +
Software systems based on neural

network algorithms + + +
SCADA systems + +
470 To organize economic relationships in the form of user transactions, they must be
471 represented by digital assets that confirm the mutual transfer of capacities or products of
472 producers and consumers. This is made out by signed contracts, documents of their
473 verification and payment on the basis of inter-machine interaction of objects.
474 Processes whose parameters change abruptly or exponentially are particularly
475 difficult to account for and model. This makes it necessary to use special mathematical
476 software, used, for example, to represent the processes of signal transmission. Such
477 features determine the additional use of tools for deeper analysis and digital modeling
478 of Data Science processes [7,20]. It is based on providing real-time control and regulation
479 using deep machine learning neural network algorithms using artificial intelligence.
480 Similar processes are applied by us for regulation of the 3-E efficiency in power
481 installations of objects of a micro-grid of ETC. At the same time, there is often a decrease
482 in the stability of development processes due to abrupt changes in the processes during
483 the transition to a new structure of interrelations of objects in the complex.
484 Improvements of the radical type are also distinguished by the singularity (unusual) of
485 the processes of transition to new technologies, methods of analysis and regulation of
486 processes. It can be expressed in exponential, hyperbolic, and even jump-like (for
487 example, sawtooth waveform), changes in indicators-properties of 3E-efficiency at zero
488 or minimum transition time to their new level.
489 To ensure the sustainability of the proposed processes of control and supervision, it
490 is necessary to form a model of a dynamic simulator of a mechanism for combining
491 management methods for coordinating the interests of traditional and renewable energy
492 facilities (Figure 4).
36
38
Stable balance of interests in

high-tech production
- reducing the imbalance of
interests between producers LB
and consumers
- provision of target indexes IQ
of the quality of transaction
management in the complex
(IQij)
Application of basic and Organization of research and Assessment of compliance

additional functions to development work on the development with environmental factors
improve the quality of of strategic plans and projects for the and needs
management formation of the complex
3
Technical, technological,
Big Date
organizational and Date Science methods Examination of compliance
economic factors of the for to digitalize 1 of the results with the
external environment and regulatory methods quality of regulation
Development
needs
2 of mathematical models,
algorithms and software systems
Borders of the center for
493 reconciliation of interests
494 Figure 4. Control system of the dynamic simulator of the mechanism of combining methods of
495 joint energy production.
496 The level of the balance of interests is ensured by the regulation of the quality
497 indices of the regulation parameters according to the above criteria. The corresponding
498 resulting indicators are evaluated by well-known approaches to thermodynamic
499 modeling of the processes of increasing energy and environmental efficiency for
500 separately functioning objects II-V of renewable and traditional energy (Table 4).
501 Table 4. Methods, parameters used and results of the analysis of calculations of the 3-E efficiency
502 in the conditions of joint operation of objects 2-5 of the microgrid.
Types of objects Advantages Disadvantages

The ability to work on almost any
Heat pumps High service cost
type of low-potential energy
Рhotovoltaic cells Application in any climate Complexity of maintenance
Variety of installation types by Wind speed and nature
Wind-powered installations
environmental factors protection restrictions
Easy maintenance and independent
Diesel generators High fuel consumption
of environmental factors
Microturbines using High speed and fast output to the The efficiency depends on the
accumulated biogas resources rated operating parameters gas composition
Use in any area, including remote
Local heat and power networks Low power quality
areas
Complex lines that combine all Complexity of the control
Use of all types of energy sources
the previous ones system
503 Calculations show significant increases in the 3-E efficiency in the organization of
504 interaction of objects of type II-V in the ETC. An additional increase in the indicator is
505 achieved in terms of integration with an object of type VI. A radical improvement in the
506 quality of parameter control is provided by the mechanism proposed in the article. To
507 do this, it is necessary to use the process of control and supervision of energy
39
41
508 transactions and increase the focus of technologies and methods on the rational
509 organization of the cycles of the formation of ETC. The possibilities of contractual
510 transfer of facilities' capacities to each other can be realized by three types of interaction:
511 organizational and economic (development of models and projects for combining
512 methods and resources, execution of contracts for energy transactions and contracts for
513 research and design development and their author support); machine-to-machine
514 (monitoring of energy quality parameters and other commodity results of activity and
515 data exchange); physical (creation of thermal and logistics networks for the
516 implementation of transactions). At the same time, the imbalance of these interests often
517 grows. The research concept can be implemented using the methods of the methodology
518 of integration-balancing regulation of the three specified types of interactions of the
519 objects of the formed complex. Its methods are most effectively implemented on the
520 basis of energy transactions on the Internet of Energy using the tools Big Data and Data
521 Science [20]. The Data Science toolkit is characterized by the ability to radically improve
522 the efficiency of decision-making in real-time machine-readable estimates for concluding
523 the necessary energy transactions on the Internet of Energy. In practice, there are
524 interrelated subsystems and the main stages of the methodology for developing the
525 appropriate platform. First, an organizational and economic platform for energy
526 transactions on the Internet of Energy is being formed with an assessment of the quality
527 of the parameters of regulation of the 3rd efficiency in the conditions of separate
528 operation of objects (see Figure 1). Further, special mathematical software is adapted for
529 modeling and algorithmization of actions for solving problems of combining resources
530 in the platform. Secondly, projects are being developed in the technical and
531 technological areas of combining micro-and macro-network objects of a single ETC.
532 Then the application of existing or adaptation and development of computer programs
533 for transactional energy on the Internet of Energy based on Mashine Learning methods
534 for modeling and evaluating the progress of projects is justified (see Figure 4).
535 Artificial intelligence neural network technologies make it possible in real time for
536 several days (not months, as previously) to implement a cycle of activities for the
537 development and experimental implementation of projects for high-tech resource
538 combination based on the organization of transactions in the network of ETC objects. At
539 the same time, the advanced capabilities of multivariate and multi-criteria analysis in
540 such a digital platform are implemented without primary filtering of the source data.
541 The method increases the depth and durability of business intelligence based on a series
542 of operational solutions, without filtering the data. The use of neural network algorithms
543 of deep machine learning provides the possibility of obtaining a machine-readable signal
544 transmission control system at the output of the developed system, while increasing the
545 speed and reliability of evaluating and regulating the parameters of interaction between
546 ETC objects. Third, comparative thermodynamic calculations are carried out to assess
547 the 3-E efficiency of two options: in the scheme of the process of control and supervision
548 of separately functioning distributed energy facilities of the hybrid type (see Figure 1
549 and Table 2); in the energy transaction platform for organizing the interaction of
550 microgrid objects after the completion of the subsequent stages of the development of
551 organizational, economic and mathematical methods.
552 The development of organizational and economic models and methods of
553 coordinated interaction of macro-and micro-grid objects is aimed at creating analog
554 models that describe the processes for the formation and development of ETC. The
555 combination of methods and integration of resources is supposed to be carried out in the
556 transactional energy platform as an Internet of Things and Energy system. It is a high-
557 tech basis for the functioning of the newly created coordination structure of the CCI
558 network of complementary ETC objects. The criterion for improving the quality of the
559 process of control and supervision for regulation should be the maximization of the 3-E
560 efficiency of the use of traditional and renewable resources by methods of their
561 integration. Therefore, the purpose of the Center is to use additional functions of
562 monitoring and dispatching the processes of regulating commodity-money relations
563 between producers and consumers of a diversified composition of energy and material
42
44
564 products. In order to ensure the consistency of the interests of these objects in these three
565 types of interaction, in addition to energy flows, logistics flows should also be taken into
566 account. In this case, it is the sale of the results of research and design work and their
567 author's support for the operational implementation of business ideas in the areas of
568 work of object V in projects to improve the 3-E efficiency of hybrid energy. At the same
569 time, for the registration of energy transactions, the following should be determined and
570 taken into account: sales and consumption of electric and thermal energy (taking into
571 account the use of storage devices) of different quality parameters; complementary
572 products formed when using diversified resources of renewable and traditional energy;
573 provision of transactional services to energy producers and consumers (including
574 households). Thus, two types of markets are formed and regulated, which are
575 geographically limited by the physical possibilities of capacity transfer and other results
576 of the ETC activity: a macro-network (see Figure 1) with an unlimited scalable market
577 (electricity and research and development); a micro-network (see Figure 2) with local
578 markets (mainly thermal energy, by-products, or secondary products, small amounts of
579 electricity). Micro-networks are formed to increase the 3-E efficiency of interaction of
580 hybrid distributed energy facilities located at distances of no more than 25 kilometers.
581 To achieve a compromise of goals within the boundaries of the platform, an analog
582 model of a macro network of objects consisting of two pyramid-shaped functional blocks
583 has been developed (Figure 5). The arrows in the model show the rational direction of
584 the processes of forming the platform and network in the cycle of changes with
585 evolutionary changes from a low level of quality of the parameters of control and
586 dispatching processes in the technologies of separate functioning of objects (quadrant 1)
587 to its increase in the integration of individual objects (quadrant 2 in cycle 1). Next, in
588 quadrant 3, there is a leap-step transition to a high level of 3-E efficiency of combining
589 organizational methods and technologies. The stabilization of the achieved level of
590 quality of parameters for regulating the interaction of traditional and renewable energy
591 facilities in the new platform structure is achieved in quadrant 4 or in the next cycle.
592 The structure of the platform shows the interaction of blocks. The left pyramid
593 represents the sequence and direction of the application of additional functions of
594 control, evaluation, analysis, coordination of interaction with objects of type 6 (see
595 Figure 1). This is necessary for making decisions on changing the quality parameters of
596 regulating the processes of improving technologies and methods. The goals of increasing
597 the 3-E efficiency by the methods of the post-industrial knowledge economy are taken
598 into account. The transfer of technologies and methods is the result of sales and author
599 support of scientific and design developments. This increases the speed and efficiency of
600 implementing business ideas in the areas under study in distributed hybrid energy
601 projects. The right pyramid corresponds to the impact of material resources when selling
602 technologies of four levels of novelty and 3-E efficiency.
603 To assess and regulate the processes of the impact of resource types, the analog
604 model is combined with a quantitative display of curves on the graph of changes in the
605 3-E efficiency (H) over the cycle time (t). The three types of curves are further justified by
606 mathematical proofs. They reliably represent the processes in cycle 1-4. The left pyramid
607 defines the direction and sequence of" I–IV " technologies and methods of using
608 intangible resources of separately existing objects of education (level I), basic research
609 (II), applied science (III), design development of equipment and business models of
610 organizational methods of combining and their author service (support of
611 implementation processes) (IV). The lack of constant cooperation or project interaction
612 with separately functioning energy facilities leads to insufficient efficiency of their
613 transformations. This use of the capabilities of individual objects of a low-tech type in
614 the context of the disintegration of resources corresponds mainly to the industrial type
615 of economic development. This is shown by the decrease in efficiency in cycle 1 and by
616 the area ratio S of cycles 1 and 2 in Figure 5.
617 The standard model of the direction and sequence of "I–IV" improvement of
618 economic and organizational interaction of objects does not fully correspond to the
619 challenges of the post-industrial knowledge economy. Therefore, it is proposed to
45
47
620 integrate resources of non-material and material types within the boundaries of an
621 effective platform and micro-network of high-tech development of distributed energy.
622 The right pyramid represents the "4-1" pattern of direction and sequence of actions. It is
623 distinguished by the use of the most developed high technologies and tools of Data
624 Science, which dramatically increase the 3rd efficiency of processes in the context of the
625 integration of objects II-V in the micronetwork of ETC (level 4). Arrow 1 shows the
626 direct effects of these additional functions when using large databases for digital
627 modeling based on artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and energy. In order to
628 improve the quality of regulation of the enterprise's relationships in the next cycle of
629 high-tech transformations or to stabilize the achieved level of efficiency, a decision is
630 made on the need to use more knowledge-intensive and innovative energy-saving
631 technologies in the formed platform and micro-network: 4-business models, technical
632 means and methods of low-quality parameters of control and dispatching processes in
633 technologies of separate operation of objects that maintain or reduce the achieved level
634 of 3-E efficiency; 3-the use of separate tools and methods for improving the quality of
635 control parameters and dispatching processes in technologies for integrating separately
636 functioning objects at the beginning of the formation of a micro-network and a macro-
637 network of ETC; 2 - the use of a full set of tools of control and supervision to ensure a
638 leap transition to a high level of 3-E efficiency by combining the maximum number of
639 organizational methods and technologies; 1 - means of stabilizing the achieved level of
640 quality of parameters for regulating the processes of interaction between traditional and
641 renewable energy facilities in the new structure of the platform. Levels 1 and 2 are
642 provided by the use of additive technologies of the digital industry based on digital
643 doubles, the Internet of Things and other SMART technologies using artificial
644 intelligence. Such high technologies should be transferred to the education system at
645 level I to transfer the experience of their practical application and start a new
646 development cycle.
647 Special additional resource integration management functions implement direct
648 links (arrow 1) that have planned, regulatory, coordinating, or project impacts of Data
649 Science tools. Feedback loops (arrow 2) implement the function of monitoring the results
650 of high-tech development of objects in the complex. This allows you to more fully use
651 the platform's information networks for resource integration.
652 At the second stage of the implementation of the research concept it is necessary to
653 justify and adapt mathematical methods for describing evolutionary and leap processes
654 combining and applying Data Science tools in the specified development cycle.
Hi(t), efficiency
Recource Recource
disintegration Cycle 1 Cycle 2 integration
cycle 1 zone Sc1 Sc2 cycle 2 zone
t, s
48
50
1
IV 4
2 3
1 4
III 3
Intangible Tangible
recources recources
II 2
2
I 1
The conventional boundaries of the platform
655 Figure 5. The model of integration-balancing regulation in the transactional energy platform
656 (modified by [21]), Hi(t) is 3-E efficiency (dimensionless unit), t is the cycle time (seconds)
657 For this purpose, the application of a new method of approximation of a

658 generalized function of the form of a delta function by analytical functions is justified
659 [58]. It is established that they adequately allow to solve theoretical and applied
660 problems of representation and analysis of the specified dynamics in relation to
661 modeling of processes of interaction of objects of the formed ETC. The delta function can
662 be defined by a functional of the following form [58].
663
δ(x)=¿ {+∞, x=0, ¿¿¿¿ (1)
664 with
δ n(x)=¿ {n/2, ∀x∈[−1/n,1/n ], ¿ ¿¿¿
665
666 It is not difficult to see that for any n the area of the figure under the graph of
667 such a step function is equal to one. We find the values of the coefficients of the Fourier
668 series on the segment, taking into account the theorem on the average value of a certain
669 integral:
+π 1/n
1 1 n 1
a0= ∫ δ n ( x )dx= ∫ dx= ;
670
π −π π −1/n 2 π
671
a k=0, by virtue of the parity of the function;
π 1/n
1 1 n 1 n 2 cos(kx ¿ )
b k= ∫ δ n ( x )cosk xdx= ∫ cosk xdx= ⋅ ⋅ cos(kx ¿ )= ,
π −π π −1/n 2 π 2 n π
672 x ¿ ∈[−1/n, 1/n ],
δ ( x )=lim δ n ( x )
673 Since the delta function is n→∞
¿
x → 0
674 and, noting that n→∞
1
b k=
675 find π
51
53
676 Therefore, the expansion of the delta function into a Fourier series on the segment
677 [−π , π ] has the form
1 1 ∞
δ (x )= + ∑ cos(kx ).
678
2π π k=1
679 For a finite series, we have an approximate relation
n
1 1
δ (x )≈ + ∑ cos( kx).
680 2π π k =1
681 It is established that the selected segment [−π , π ] does not reduce the generality
682 of our reasoning. Using variable substitution, the results are generalized to the case of an
683 arbitrary segment. It is found that even with a significant number of harmonics (in our
684 case n = 1000 ) the approximation error is very high. This shows the Gibbs effect [3], even
685 though the delta function is non-negative. The minimum value of the constructed
686 approximation is negative and is ─ 69.182. Moreover, with an infinite increase in the
687 number of terms in the approximating Fourier series, the minimum value of its sum
688 tends to −∞ . This corresponds to the statement proved earlier [59] about the
689 possible infinitely large error in the approximation using the Fourier series. In other
690 words, the approximation by Fourier series, even with an infinite number of terms, does
691 not correspond to the original delta function at all.
692 The Gibbs effect leads to extremely negative consequences of using the partial sum
693 of the trigonometric series as an approximating function for solving mathematical
694 modeling problems, for example, in the study of periodic transformation processes of
695 technical systems. The use of a sequence of step functions does not allow for the proper
696 representation of the derivatives of the delta function, which are also generalized
697 functions. The problem is that step functions have discontinuity points at which they are
698 not differentiable in the mathematical sense. Therefore, to represent the derivatives of
699 the delta function, you need to use an approximating sequence of analytical functions
700 that have derivatives of any order.
701 To construct such a sequence, we use the fact that the delta function is a derivative
702 of the function O. To construct such a sequence, we use the fact that the delta function is
703 a derivative of the O. Heaviside function, or the unit jump function. It determines the
704 estimates of the 3rd efficiency (H) by factors x of improving the quality of control
705 parameters over time [58, 59]
706
H(x)=¿ {1,∀x>0;¿¿¿¿
707 It is proposed to approximate the Heaviside function with a sequence of functions
708 of the form
709
H n ( x )=0,5(1+f n ( x ))
710 where the sequence of recursive functions

f n( x ) is defined by the relation
711
{ f n ( x )|f n ( x)=sin (( π /2)⋅f n−1 (x )) , f 1 ( x)=sin x ; n−1∈N } ⊂С∞ [−π/2, π/2 ]. (2)
712 It can be proved that the sequence

f n( x ) converges in norm to a function
713
f 0( x ) in space
L2 [ 0 , π /2 ]
.
714 This allows us to make the assumptions shown in Figure 5 by graphs of three
715 consecutive approximations. We interpret them as the effects of the proposed increase in
716 the number of additional quality functions of the control parameters from 9 to 11. This
54
56
717 addition will allow you to evaluate and regulate transactions in a more complex macro-
718 and micro-network of hybrid energy facilities. The values of A can model the increasing
719 degree of impact of the quality parameters of the regulation of the processes of
720 combining resources, which are taken into account when changing the planned
721 indicators in the CCI at the stages of the development cycle [59].
722
H 9( x )=0,5(1+sin( A ( A ( A ( A ( A( A( A ( A ( x)))))))))) ,
723
H 10 (x )=0,5(1+sin ( A ( A ( A ( A( A( A ( A ( A ( A( x)))))))))) ,
724
H 11 ( x)=0,5(1+sin( A( A( A ( A ( A ( A ( A( A( A ( A ( x)))))))))))
.
π
A ( x)= sin x
725 2 .
Where
726 The thickness of the graph lines in Figure 6 increases as the number of the
727 approximating dependence increases. We propose to interpret them as the increasing
728 number of regulatory effects of the energy quality functions in the complex's CCI on the
729 coordination of the interests of objects 2-5 of the microgrid in assessing the growth of the
730 3-E efficiency of combining methods and integrating resources.
Hi(t)
Cycle 1 Cycle 2
Sc1 Sc2
t, s
731
732 Figure 6. Graphs of approximations of the Heaviside function, simulating the processes of
733 improving the quality of energy parameters during the transition to the microgrid and complex
734 structures, Hi(t) is 3-E efficiency (dimensionless unit), t is the cycle time (seconds)
735 Figure 7 shows the dynamics of the efficiency of energy generation and
736 transmission processes by the factors of interaction between traditional and renewable
737 energy facilities. The energy efficiency indicators of the hybrid complex of small
738 distributed energy (solar panels in combination with a diesel generator from the type III
739 objects) are taken into account according to Table 1. The maximum corresponds to the
740 working conditions as part of the micro-grid of the ETC. The dynamics is explained by
741 the fact that in the interval of 15...20 months, there are factors that affect the efficiency of
742 solar panels (winter and summer time) After reaching the maximum efficiency, its sharp
743 abrupt decrease occurs.
744 The average indicator of the energy efficiency of a diesel generator separately
745 operating for electricity generation and water heating as part of a large energy complex
746 that uses traditional resources (for example, a central power plant from type IV facilities)
747 is represented by an estimate of the maximum value according to Table 1. The maximum
748 corresponds to the conditions for joint operation of objects as part of a micro-grid of
749 ETC. The dynamics is explained by the fact that in the interval of 15...20 months,
750 there are factors that affect the amount of heated water (winter and summer). After
751 reaching the maximum efficiency, there is a quite understandable decrease in it.
57
59
752
753 Figure 7. Dynamics of the efficiency of energy generation and transmission processes by factors of
754 interaction between traditional and renewable energy facilities:1 – small distributed energy; 2-
755 interaction of microgrid objects in accordance with the developed methodology; 3 – large
756 centralized energy, Hi(t) is 3-E efficiency (dimensionless unit), t is the cycle time (seconds)
757 An integrated approach to the organization of economic, machine-to-machine and

758 physical interaction of objects in accordance with the developed methodology provides
759 a significant increase in the 3rd efficiency (Table 5).
760 Table 5. Improving the 3-E efficiency in terms of quality control parameters of processes control
761 and supervision of interaction of microgrid objects.
Number of interacting objects

Performance indicators, %
2 3 4 5
Energy,
loss reduction 1.5 2.0 3.5 5.0
Environmental, reducing the amount of emissions into the atmosphere

5 8 12 15
Economic, reducing the cost of heat and electricity 0.8 1.6 2.5 3.5
Improving reliability 4 7 13 16
762 Using expressions for the first derived approximations of the Heaviside function,
dH9 (x ) dH10 ( x ) dH11 ( x )
763 we obtain successive approximations dx , dx , andfor dx
764 the delta function. Their graphs are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. With a sufficiently
765 large number of nested and regulating functions, we obtain an approximating function
dH18 ( x )
766 dx that fully corresponds to the function of the original function. Such a
60
62
767 function can simulate processes that correspond to the high quality of the control
768 parameters and the maximum 3-E efficiency.
769 Consequently, the proposed approximation methods give a much more accurate
770 approximation of the delta function than the Fourier series. Moreover, the accuracy of
771 the approximation can be increased to an arbitrarily large degree by increasing the
772 number of nested functions. The height of the approximation peak (the amplitude) can
773 be determined by the integral condition in the definition of the delta function. To do this,
774 we differentiate the approximating functions of the considered sequence
775
H n ( x )=0,5(1+f n ( x )) and obtain in Figure 8 the mapping of the processes of
776 applying 9, 10, and 11 functions. Thus, the increase in the speed of applying the quality
777 parameters of regulating the processes of interaction of micronetwork objects in the CSI
778 of the complex is modeled by increasingn−1
the number of additional regulators [58].
dH n ( x ) π n−1 π
779 dx
= n ∏ cos
2 k =1 2 k (
f ( x ) ⋅cos x ) (4)
780 Substituting in the resulting expression for the derivatives x=0 , taking into
781 account the parity of the function δ , we find the value for the height of the peak of
782 the approximating functions
H n ( x ) . Thus, it is proposed to assess the maximum
783 degree of impact of the quality parameters of regulation. At the same time, the
784 maximum levels of 3-E efficiency and balance of interests of traditional and renewable
785 energy facilities in the micro-grid are achieved [58].
n−1
π
A n=
786 2n (5)
dHi(t)
dt
Cycle 1 Cycle 2
Sc1 Sc2
t, s
787
788 Figure 8. Graphs of delta function approximations for modeling the speed of processes for
789 improving the quality parameters of transaction regulation, Hi(t) is 3-E efficiency (dimensionless
790 unit), t is the cycle time (seconds)
791 The average reliability indicator – the probability of failure-free operation of small
792 distributed power equipment with traditional and renewable resources (for example, a
793 wind-powered installation) from the composition of type III objects) is represented by an
794 estimate [58, 59] using the formula (6):
r
795 P=1− ,(6)
N
796 where r is the number of failures at the time of operation (use) of the installation, N is the number of elements at the
797 beginning of the use of wind energy.
798 The main advantages of using this indicator in calculations are two factors. First,
799 the probability of failure-free operation is evaluated, taking into account all the factors
800 that affect the reliability of the elements. Reliability assessment is carried out according
801 to the criterion of the maximum indicator P. Secondly, the probability of failure-free
63
65
802 operation is determined in the reliability assessment of complex systems consisting of

803 more than one element. The dynamics shown in Figure 9 is explained by the fact that in
804 the interval of several months of operation of the installation, environmental factors,
805 such as weather conditions, act. The average reliability indicator is the probability of
806 failure-free operation of a large power plant that uses traditional resources (for example,
807 traditional energy facilities of type IV). At the same time, the calculation is carried out
808 according to the same formula, but the number of elements in the composition of large
809 energy facilities is immeasurably greater, so the probability of trouble-free operation is
810 not significantly reduced. This occurs after reaching the maximum reliability during the
811 warranty period. Further, the probability of trouble-free operation is sharply reduced.
812 An integrated approach to the organization of economic, machine-to-machine and
813 physical interaction of objects in accordance with the developed methodology provides
814 a significant increase in reliability. Indeed, the tools of the control mechanism of the
815 dynamic simulator of the mechanism for combining methods of joint energy generation,
816 the Internet of Energy and things provide advanced diagnostics of equipment failures
817 and opportunities for author supervision during its life cycle. This significantly increases
818 the 3-E efficiency of the joint operation of micro-network objects. In absolute terms, for
819 example, the gains in energy and environmental efficiency are determined as follows
820 (the results of the calculations are summarized in Table 5).
821
822 Figure 9. Dynamics of equipment reliability indicators by the factors of interaction between
823 traditional and renewable energy facilities: 1 – large and 2 – small energy using traditional
824 resources; 3-distributed energy and other hybrid energy facilities; 5-interaction of micro-grid
825 facilities in accordance with the developed methodology, Yi(t) is dependability (dimensionless
826 unit), t is the cycle time (seconds)
827 Since we have approximated the generalized functions by analytic functions, after
828 differentiating them, we can find derivatives of any order and degree of accuracy. The
829 constructed graphs of successive approximations of the first, second, and third
66
68
830 derivatives of the delta function are proposed to be used to model the speed of the
831 processes of digital control and dispatching advanced digital processes of control and
832 supervision in a dynamic simulator of the mechanism for combining methods for
833 coordinating the interests of complex objects (see Figure 3).
834 In the conditions of the functioning of the ETC micro-network, the results of the
835 analysis of the processes in Figures 5-8 show that the manifestations of the Gibbs effect
836 lead to extremely negative consequences of using the partial sum of the trigonometric
837 series as an approximating function for solving mathematical modeling problems. This
838 is established in the study of the dynamics of technical systems with the use of photo-
839 and thermoelements for generation in distributed energy, monitoring of electrical and
840 thermodynamic parameters of equipment (the scheme is given in section 5 of the article).
841 It is necessary to adjust the readings of sensors and the effects of electric drives of
842 industrial Internet of Things (IoT) actuators when implementing the processes of
843 physical interaction of complex objects.
844 The indicated Gibbs effect in the approximation of functions by trigonometric
845 expressions determined a critical attitude to the proof of some theorems of the theory of
846 signal transmission. New possibilities of correcting Kotelnikov's theorem, known in
847 English literature as Nyquist's theorem, are revealed. When proving the theorem, V. A.
x
sin t
Si(x )=∫ dt
848 Kotelnikov used the so-called integral sine, defined by the expression 0 t ,
849 to approximate the functions .
850 Based on the integral sine, he constructs a function
851
Si(T (ω+ω1 ))−Si(T (ω−ω 1 )) ,
852 where ω is the argument,
T, ω1 some parameters.
853 It is stated that, with an increase T, this function tends to the limits shown in
854 Figure 10a, i.e., we quote verbatim, it is equal to zero at
ω>ω1 and equal to π for
855
ω<ω1 .
f(ω) f(ω)
π π
T=∞ T=∞
0 ω1 ω 0 ω1 ω
856
857 Figure 10. Graphs of the limit function in the Kotelnikov theorem, f(ω) is standard function
858 (dimensionless unit), ω is the argument of standard function, for example dimensionless speed
859 (dimensionless unit)
860 It is established that the graph of the limit function will have the form shown in
861 Figure 10b. That is, for any, even arbitrarily large, but finite values of the parameter T,
862 there will always be those
ω<ω1 for which the values of the function constructed by
863 Kotelnikov V. A. will be different from π , and there will always be those 1ω>ω
864 for which its values will be different from zero. Moreover, it is important to note that
865 this difference tends to increase not to zero, but to a certain number, approximately
866 equal to 0.281[58]. Therefore, in the practice of signal transmission, it is necessary to
867 adjust their effects on the specified value of the coefficient, which we propose to call the
868 Aliukov constant
869 2.2. Design of Methods of Combining Generation of Hybrid Systems on Organic Fuel and
870 Photovoltaic Cells in a Single Energy Technology Complex Assessment and Regulation
69
71
871 The third stage of the study is to design the technical and technological composition
872 of the equipment of manufacturers and consumers of the products of the formed ETC,
873 the processes of which are justified by the results of modeling. This determined the need
874 to develop an algorithmic scheme of the processes of the method of controlled
875 improvement of the quality of control parameters according to the proposed criterion of
876 increasing the 3-E efficiency. Decisions are made based on the following methodology
877 (Figure 11). The algorithmic model defines the stages of the methodology of research
878 and design of the transactional energy platform and the network of the energy
879 technology complex of hybrid objects.
880 Determination of the initial assessment of the level of imbalance of efficiency goals
881 (H) over time (x) of cycle 1 of the application of modernization and evolutionary
882 changes in technology and organizational methods in the modernization processes (see
883 Figures 4-6 in the ranges – 0.20...0.00 radians. This is modeled by comparing the
884 estimates of the areas of the zones S, which reflect the increase in speed in cycle 1 and its
885 decrease in cycle 2. Therefore, the static criteria for improving the quality of control in
886 finite increments of the indicator-properties have the following inequalities and relations
887 [58]:
Н i (x )x ц 2t 2
⊇1
888
|H i ( x) x ц2|⊇|H i (x )х ц 1| H i (x )x ц 2t 1 (7)
889 An increase in the area in cycle 2 or the value of the area ratio greater than 1 shows
890 an increase in the quality of the control parameters in the space and time of innovative
891 transformations. In addition, it defines the boundaries of the steps 1-4 of the cycle in
892 Figure 4 for the adoption and start of the implementation of the appropriate methods
893 and processes. This is how the use of additional functions for the use of high-tech
894 processes control and supervision is modeled: the transition from separate to joint
895 operation of micro-and macro-network objects of the ETC.
896 Figure 11 shows an algorithm for developing and applying a methodology for
897 improving the quality of energy parameters regulation according to criteria 3-E
898 efficiency of joint operation of objects of the II-V microgrid. The objects are included in
899 the objects of the macro network of the unified ETC and take into account environmental
900 factors based on the integration-balancing methodology for organizing economic,
901 machine-to-machine and physical interactions of objects. The methodology is applied
902 based on the results of mathematical modeling of processes for improving the quality of
903 regulatory parameters, based on new methods for approximating generalized functions.
904 Steps 1-8 of the model correspond to the application of the methodology, organizational
905 and mathematical models and methods of section 3 of this article. Steps 9-17 present the
906 practical application of the results of mathematical modeling of processes in sections 4-8
907 of the article. For this purpose, the methods of physical modeling and error estimation of
908 mathematical modeling are used.
72
74
Methodology for the development of an energy technology complex based on an improved system of neural
network algorithms through the use of new approximation schemes
Methods, models and tools for solving scientific Algorithm for the development of an energy
problems in the field of energy technology complexes technology complex
1. A theoretical model of the organizational and 9. Justification of the stages of the cycle and types of
economic theory of regulation of integration and processes for increasing 3E-efficiency and quality of
balancing regulation, as well as the dynamics of management
thermodynamic parameters and the operational 10. Formation of an expert group to assess the
structure of subsystems of the energy technological indicators of initial indicators of management quality
complex and indicators of 3E-efficiency
11. Determination of the conformity of ETC objects to

2. Technological model of the 6. Methods of
the conditions of a particular organizational and
subsystems of the energy thermodynamic
technological structure.
technological complex analysis
12. Justification of the structure of the ETC and the
Center for Sustainable Development
3. Forecasting the values of
thermodynamic parameters
13. Calculations of the effectiveness
approximation of step functions and

taking into account the weight
7. New approximation methods
13.Evaluation and calculation of
thermodynamic characteristics
justification of their reliability

coefficients
control quality indicators and
14. Adaptation of models of

and quality of management
4. Experimental modeling and
data collection using sensors and
instruments
5. Mathematical modeling in
Ansys and other computer
programs
15. Calculations by formulas to substantiate analog

8. Economic and mathematical models of the models based on the results of taking into account the
dependence of the level of sustainability of enterprise Gibbs effect
development (statistical and vector-type models) on the 16. Calculations according to formulas to justify the
quality indicators of management of the consistency of controller
the effects of subsystems using Date Science 17. Calculations using formulas to justify the multi-
zone controller
The developed energy technology complex based on an improved system of neural network algorithms through the
use of new approximation methodы
909
910 Figure 11. Algorithmic model of the methodology for improving the quality of regulation based
911 on a combination of methods in the Center of coordination of interests of complex objects.
912 The economic analysis of the quality of the process control parameters determined
913 the need to display and model the conditional expansion of space and time for the
914 application of processes control and supervision due to the high speed of regulation. The
915 approximating trajectory of processes and results is shown in Figure 12 by the polyline
916 A-B-C-D-E. It is established that at the beginning of the development of high-tech
917 methods for implementing innovative results (these technologies for combining
918 resources and ensuring the quality of energy parameters) in the formed networks of
919 ETC, the level of economic efficiency of the systems decreases [20]. Therefore, the
920 hypothesis of improving the quality of the parameters of regulation of high-tech
921 processes of combining resources with the use of the methods and models of transaction
922 organization proposed by us is valid. They make it possible to provide a zone of stability
923 of the 3-E efficiency indicators in the estimates of economic loss reduction for several
924 cycles. For its quantitative confirmation, analog-digital economic models of
925 representation of management improvement processes are proposed. They use the well-
926 known Gibbs effect in mathematics, which allows us to reveal the functional
927 relationships of the indicator-the properties of the level of economic losses of the EL (the
928 inverse value of efficiency) from the levels of innovation (LI) of the development of
929 systems.
930 In each cycle, the zones of the minimum imbalance of goals in the estimates of the
931 variability of the EL indicator are identified, depending on the LI technologies for
75
77
932 combining resources that determine the development zones during the time period of
933 cycles 1 and 2. In the cycle of evolutionary processes 1, methods of advanced investment
934 are used in the subsystems for managing the integration of educational and research
935 resources of objects of type VI (see Figure 1)with minimal and poorly regulated growth
936 of the development index of the LI. In quadrant 2, the modernization or development of
937 methods and technologies for the joint work of objects in the micro-network begins. At
938 the same time, economic losses and costs are slightly and evolutionarily reduced due to
939 the use of short-term effects of low-tech development of separately functioning objects
940 outside the ETC (segment AB of the linear representation of the loss function).
f(t)
D
LLmax
4 5
A Cycle 1 Cycle 2
C E
1 2 3
LLmin
B
change in change in t, s
the LI of the LI of
941 cycle 1 cycle 2
942 Figure 12. A model of the Gibbs effect in the parameters of the levels of efficiency of the use of
943 control and supervision technologies in the network of the complex, where f(t) is a function of the
944 level of economic losses (EL) - dimensionless unit, t is the lifetime of equipment
945 Zone 3 of the development process is characterized by an increase in investment

946 costs for personnel training and research in the areas of developing high-tech methods
947 for combining resources. In this article, these are technologies and organizational
948 methods for the joint functioning of microgrid objects) in the negative zone (-1...0),
949 shown by the direct BC. The increase in economic losses is explained by the fact that
950 each additional increase in the level of 3-E efficiency in the development of new
951 technologies and methods reduces the severity of the consumer reaction in assessing the
952 utility and cost of the formed hybrid energy networks. In practice, a number of
953 technologies and products that differ in the level of innovation are usually mastered.
954 They show a range of estimates from a jump in the levels of efficiency and innovation in
955 the development of a new technology to gradual changes in the modernization of
956 individual elements of the system. The low ratings in cycle 1 are also explained by the
957 lack of recognition of the uniqueness of households and residential buildings by energy
958 consumers. New consumer properties of the processes of physical interaction during
959 joint generation, executed by transactions (in the period tс1 ) are shown by negative
960 estimates of the zones of increase in properties and the insignificance of the reduction in
961 economic losses.
962 In cycle 2, a jump-like increase in the efficiency levels of technologies and
963 organizational products is shown. Meaningfully, it is explained by similar reasons for
964 the growth of economic losses in comparison with their value in cycle 1. This follows
965 from the structural changes in Zones 4 and 5 in the creation of the CCI and the unified
966 ETC. It is shown by the similar nature of the dependencies on direct AB and DE, BC and
967 CD. Concretizing the hypothesis of the study, it can be assumed that the zone of
968 compromise of the considered goals should be determined by balancing changes in the
969 resulting property of economic losses in the specified range of estimates (-1...1). The
970 stability of the zone boundaries should be regulated by additional functions in the
971 special control system of the dynamic simulator of the method combination mechanism
78
80
972 (see Figure 4). The mechanism provides joint energy production in the CCI, where the
973 management of the matching effects on the indicators of the integrated application of
974 investment, intellectual and research resources of long-term development is carried out.
975 Such impacts are developed based on the model of the integration-balancing regulation
976 methodology and are cyclically implemented in the transactional energy platform (see
977 Figure 5). These processes are proposed to be modeled by mathematical functions of a
978 stepwise form [58]. The evolutionary changes are described by a set of nested sinusoidal
979 maps of these functions. Systems with step characteristics and functions are classified as
980 essentially nonlinear structures. Despite the simplicity of step functions over sections,
981 the construction of solutions over the entire domain of their definition requires the use
982 of special mathematical methods. For example, the method of priming with linking
983 solutions for sections and switching surfaces makes it necessary to overcome significant
984 mathematical difficulties, quite often the solution is obtained in a cumbersome form.
985 The features of the organizational and economic relationships of a complex system
986 allowed us to neutralize the negative manifestations of the Gibbs effect. So, if we take as
987 members of the partial aggregate the levels of innovation of technologies, methods and
988 products, then their number in the developing system is known and far exceeds dozens
989 of levels. Therefore, the fact that the maxima and minima of the amplitudes of the
990 indicator-property of the EL remain unchanged under the specified condition can be
991 interpreted as the relative stability of the oscillation range during the cycle. This
992 corresponds to an increase in the quality of the parameters of regulation of the efficiency
993 of innovative development according to the criterion of reducing the imbalance of the
994 goals of hybrid energy facilities in cycles 1 and 2 on the basis of the proposed
995 methodology.
( x )   ( x ) / f ( x )
996 For relative error , the proof is similar. Moreover, even with a
997 fixed value d  R

(d  0) for any M  0 , you can choose a function f ( x)  L2 [a, b]
( x0  0, d )  ( x0  0, d ) / f ( x0  0)  M
998 for which . As such a function , for
999 example, you can take a function that has
f ( x0  0)  ( x0  0, d ) / M , f ( x0  0)  0
1000 It is known that even on the set of
.
1001 continuous functions
С [, ]
, the Fourier series does not necessarily converge at
1002 every point.
1003 New methods of approximation of step functions based on the use of trigonometric
1004 expressions in the form of recursive functions are proposed for modeling the processes
1005 of increasing the 3-E efficiency depending on the sequential increase in the number of
1006 objects of the ETC macro network (see Table 5) [59]. Let us consider, for example, in
1007 more detail the step function of economic losses f(x) = EL for an example of the
1008 application of Fourier series in the comparative analysis of the traditional decomposition
1009 and the representation of the proposed hypothesis. The Fourier series expansion of the
1010 function has all the disadvantages described above. To eliminate them [58], it is
1011 proposed to approximate the original step function by a sequence of recursive periodic
1012 functions (8):
1013
 f n( x)   
f n ( x)  sin ( / 2)  f n  1 ( x) , f1 ( x)  sin x; n  1  N  С  [ ,  ]
. (8)
1014 The graphs of the original function (the thickened line) and its five successive
1015 approximations in this case have the form shown in Figure 13. They show a decrease in
1016 economic losses with an increase in the degrees of integration of the complex objects
1017 from one to five. As can be seen, even with relatively small values n , when using the
1018 iterative procedure (2), the graph of the approximating function approximates the
1019 original function (1) quite well. At the same time, the approximating functions obtained
1020 using the proposed method do not have the disadvantages of Fourier series expansion
81
83
1021 and the Gibbs effect. It is revealed that the functions

f n (x) and
f 0 ( x) are odd and
1022 periodic with a period 2 . The functions n

f ( x   / 2)
and 0
f ( x   / 2)
are periodic
1023 even. Therefore, it is sufficient to consider the sequence of approximating functions (6 )
1024 on the segment
 0,  / 2 .
f(t)
D
compromise
zone for 5 A C
products or E
methods
B
The period 1 The period 2 t, s

of increasing of increasing
1025 innovation innovation
1026 Figure 13. Modeling of the economic loss function and its five successive approximations by the
1027 five degrees of integration of the objects of the complex and the degree of combination of methods,
1028 where f(t) is a function of the level of economic losses (EL) - dimensionless unit, t is the lifetime of
1029 equipment
1030 The continuity of the function of economic losses, determined by the levels of
1031 innovation of products, allowed us to establish quantifiable boundaries of the zone of
1032 compromise of the goals of microgrid objects. To do this, based on the results of
1033 differentiating the function according to equation (1), the points of minimum B and
1034 maximum economic losses D must be determined. Thus, the boundaries of the zone of
1035 variability of the studied property of the economy of the joint development of objects,
1036 regulated by the control system of the CСI of the formed unified ETC, are also
1037 established.
1038 Figure 14 shows the dynamics of the reliability indicator in assessing the probability
1039 of failures of equipment of energy facilities (for example, a combined source of electric
1040 and thermal energy on renewable biogas resources of the SHIW landfill from the
1041 composition of objects of type III) is represented by estimates of maximum values
1042 according to Table 1. The probability of failure increases over time and this requires
1043 monitoring using the capabilities of the IoT system. The sensors of the system set the
1044 parameters of the critical point, the appearance of the standard value of the probability
1045 of equipment failure. The inclusion of Ios actuators in the automatic actions eliminates
1046 the need for standardized regulations for the operation of microgrid installations.
84
86
1047
1048 Figure 14. The dependence of the probability of equipment failure on the time of use of the
1049 facilities of the energy production complex: 1 – large and 2 – small energy using traditional
1050 resources; 3-distributed energy and other objects of hybrid energy; 5 – interaction of microgrid
1051 objects in accordance with the developed methodology; 6-use of neural network algorithms for
1052 hybrid complexes, Zi(t) is equipment failure probability (dimensionless unit), t is the cycle time
1053 (seconds)
1054 3.Results
1055 3.1. Results of Computer Simulation of Processes Combining Generation of Hybrid Systems
1056 on Organic Fuel and Photovoltaic Cells in a Single Energy Technology Complex
1057 In the schemes of hybrid microgrid objects, various methods of combining the
1058 resources of organic fuel and renewable solar energy are used to calculate the 3-E
1059 efficiency. Photovoltaic panels are installed to reserve the generating capacity of the
1060 diesel generator. The efficiency increases if we use the results of computer modeling of
1061 the joint functioning of these objects.
1062 Figure 15 shows the results of modeling the processes of increasing electrical power
1063 with an increase in the number of individual layers of a photovoltaic panel. In particular,
1064 the color shows the degree of heating of the layers under the influence of insolation.
87
89
1065
1066 Figure 15. Simulation results of individual layers of a photovoltaic panel used in a microgrid,
1067 where T is the surface temperature, oC
1068 The process of natural fuel combustion in a diesel generator is shown in Figure 16:
1069 It is established that the temperature and the length of the flame change when regulated
1070 by neural network algorithms. When organizing the joint operation of a diesel generator
1071 in a micro-network with hybrid energy objects of type 2, 4 and 5, the temperature circuit
1072 changes. The combustion temperature and other characteristics of the biogas of object 2
1073 differ significantly. This makes certain changes in improving the 3-E efficiency of
1074 combustion processes with prolonged use of diesel generator set equipment as part of
1075 the micro-grid.
1076
1077 Figure 16. Results of modeling of fuel combustion in a diesel generator as an object of a micro-
1078 grid, where T is the temperature in the initial area of the flame, K
1079 3.2. Results of Experimental Studies

1080 Experimental studies were conducted for an advanced scheme of digital control
1081 and dispatching of energy and logistics flows in the transaction network of a hybrid
1082 energy facility in the energy technology complex being formed (Figure 1). The testing
90
92
1083 system is composed of a loading system and an actuating system: Simulink control
1084 [35,36], Real-time control [37,38], Sinnal processing [39].
1085 An experimental study of the amount of transmitted energy in hybrid complexes
1086 was carried out on a model of photovoltaic cells and a model of a burner running on
1087 diesel fuel (Figures 17, 18 and 19, 20). A model of a photovoltaic panel is shown, which
1088 was tested for the efficiency of energy transformation processes as a backup power
1089 source for microenvironment objects.
1090
1091 Figure 17. Model of photovoltaic cells used in microgrid objects.
1092 There is an opportunity to use modern expensive technologies economically,

1093 especially since there are all the reasons for strategic, economic and regulatory nature. It
1094 is important to understand that oil and gas fields in subarctic and arctic climate areas
1095 should adopt renewable energy trends.
1096 In the foreseeable future, it is necessary to adequately restructure the energy
1097 balance so that renewable energy sources in the far north occupy at least 20%, which is
1098 necessary in hard-to-reach and remote regions.
1099
1100
1101 Figure 18. Application of solar collectors in the oil and gas field in subarctic
1102 conditions
1103
93
95
1104 The average annual energy input of direct solar radiation in the arctic varies from 2
1105 to 4 kW/h per square meter daily, and this is a very good indicator. For comparison, in
1106 the southern regions of Germany, it reaches 3.4 kW/h per square meter daily. In Siberia,
1107 on clear summer days, the supply of solar energy can reach indicators of 6-8 kW/h per
1108 square meter daily.
1109 The joint operation of new technologies for combining hybrid energy resources was
1110 reliably controlled and controlled by Big Data and Data Science tools. They were used to
1111 collect and process data based on neural network algorithms. In the process of obtaining
1112 data from the model of photovoltaic cells, it was found that the predicted quality of the
1113 control parameters was achieved. As physical experiments have shown, the model
1114 under study can be used as part of a hybrid complex in order to increase its reliability
1115 (Table 6).
1116 Table 6. Comparison of the authors' experimental data on the efficiency at the flame ignition site.
Standard
Parameter Standard value with new methodology
value
Efficiency, % 10 10.5
1117 Figure 19 shows an experimental setup for studying the flame temperature and the
1118 length of the torch of a diesel generator set.
1119
1120 Figure 19. Combustion of diesel fuel.
1121 The authors conducted a number of experiments on power plants. Measured the
1122 temperature of the flame, the rate of expiration of reagents, the concentration of
1123 combustion products, as well as a number of other equally important parameters of the
1124 combustion process.
1125 These experimental results were compared with the analytical calculation and with
1126 the data of predictive regulation through the use of neural network algorithms. As
1127 mentioned earlier, in the previous chapter, all experimental data underwent the
1128 procedure of finding the range of uncertainty and validation of the applied
1129 methodology.
1130 The following is an example of experimental studies. With a torch length of l = 5.1
1131 meters, the flame temperature T = 1786 K. At the same time, the fuel burned had a
1132 calorific value of 26,780 kJ / kg, Figure 20.
96
98
1133
1134
1135 Figure 20. Fuel combustion in a steam generator and the results of the study
1136
1137 We present experimental data on the operation of boilers BKZ (Barnaul boiler
1138 plant). For the boiler, the data are given at the rated load of the boiler D = 53 kg of steam
1139 per second, in addition, when burning coal with a calorific value of 24560 kJ/kg.
1140 Parameters measured in the experiment: velocity w 0=8m/s, Т0=1371К, d0=0.9m, Т=1721К,
1141 l=5.33m. For a boiler with a nominal boiler load of D = 44 kg of steam per second, in
1142 addition, when burning coal with a calorific value of 22450 kJ / kg, the parameters
1143 measured in the experiment are: velocity w 0=9.2m/s, Т0=1389К, d0=0.86m, Т=1685К,
1144 l=4.75m.
1145 The experimental data obtained show the dependence of temperature and speed on
1146 the type of fuel and operating mode.
1147 We present analytical calculated data, which were compared with experimental
1148 data. Forecast data: velocity w0=7.85m/s, Т0=1363К, Т=1709К, l=5.16m. For installation at
1149 rated load when burning fuel with a calorific value of 22450 kJ/kg forecast parameters:
1150 velocity w0=9.1m/s, Т0=1377К, Т=1672К, l=4.63m.
1151 Thus, the data obtained by the predictive method is the closest to the experimental
1152 data.
1153 As experiments have shown, the most suitable equipment from the point of view of
1154 reliability of the hybrid complex is the equipment that uses spray-type burners. The
1155 results are shown in Table 7.
1156 Table 7. Comparison of the authors' experimental data on the temperature at the flame ignition
1157 site.
Calculation
Parameter Experimental data
with correlation coefficient
Temperature, K 817 818.4
1158 Calculations based on the above formulas should be supplemented by modeling

1159 energy transactions in terms of inter-machine and physical interaction of objects - users
1160 of the Internet of energy show. At the same time, the volumes of mutual energy transfer
1161 in the ETC network are determined under contracts concluded between objects 3-5.
1162 Calculations, for example, of heat energy flows between the objects of the above-
1163 mentioned microgrid are carried out as follows.
99
101
1164 Thus, it is established that the criterion 3-E of the efficiency of the processes of
1165 combining resources in the ETC by methods of energy transactions becomes achievable
1166 in the proposed platform for the interaction of traditional and renewable energy
1167 microgrid objects.
1168 3.3. Results of Comparison of Experimental Data and Simulation Data Using the New
1169 Method
1170 The authors emphasize that the obtained modeling results in ANSYS are very akin
1171 to the theoretical and experimental data. The differences are insignificant since the error
1172 in the experimental measurements was leveled by the use of modern tools certified by
1173 the European Union. For example, this is evident by the temperature values. During
1174 standard modeling without the use of sampled data, the temperature value ranged from
1175 38.7-38.9 oC. At the same time, when using the authors’ developments, the value of the
1176 average temperature was 38.6 oC. This value is the closest to the experimentally obtained
1177 values of 38.8 oC. Thus, the maximum differences are obtained between the experimental
1178 data and computer modeling data without the use of the authors’ developments, while
1179 the maximum coincidence is shown between the average values according to the
1180 modeling results taking into account the sampled signals and the experiment. The error
1181 in calculating the results of scientific research is summarized in Figure 21.
1182 We calculate the arithmetic mean of the flame temperature from all measurements
1183 at a given point [35, 36]:
n
1
1184 T = ∑ T i . (9)
n i=1
1185 After calculations using the formula (17), we get the value T=817K.
1186 For sources of random uncertainty, we calculate the uncertainty by type A [37, 38]:
n
(T ¿¿ i¿−T )
1187
1188
u A ( T )=
√ ∑
i=1 n ( n−1 )
.(10)¿ ¿
Calculations using the formula (18) gave the result [39] u A ( T )=0.8 % .
1189 For sources of systematic uncertainty (instrument error) calculating the uncertainty
1190 by type B [39]:
∆T
1191 u B ( T )= .(11)
√3
1192 Calculations using the formula (19) showed the value of u B ( T )=1.58 % .
1193 Calculate the total standard uncertainty [39]:
2 2
1194 uC ( T ) =√u A ( T ) +u B ( T ) .( 12)
1195 Using the formula (20), we get the value uC ( T ) = √ 0,64+2,4964=1.771 %
1196 For the confidence probability (coverage probability) P = 0.95 (recommended in the
1197 Uncertainty Calculation Guide), we set the coverage factor k = 2 and calculate the
1198 extended measurement uncertainty [39]:
1199 u=k uC (T ) .(13)
1200 The total value of the extended uncertainty is determined to be u = 2∙1.771 = 3.542%.
1201 According to the regulatory document "Guidelines for measurements and their
1202 uncertainties in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union", the maximum
1203 permissible value is 5% for experimental data. Therefore, the results obtained fall within
1204 the confidence interval and confirm the data of modeling and experiments.
102
104
1205
1206 Figure 21. Calculation errors during mathematical modeling: a– ignoring the experimental data; b
1207 – taking into account the experimental data; c – taking into account the experimental data and the
1208 mathematical approaches; d – taking into account the experimental data but ignoring the
1209 mathematical approaches, where absolute error (dimensionless unit), calculation number
1210 (dimensionless unit)
1211 3.4. Sensitivity Analysis and Validation of Research Results

1212 Validation of the methodology was carried out in the software package Matlab.
1213 Validation is shown on Figure 22 and Figure 23, with Error=201.5694 (Normal),
1214 Error=139.3117 (Lognormal). The graphs are made in Matlab.
1215 These Figures 22 and 23 show the error value defined as Normal in Figure 22 and
1216 Lognormal in Figure 23. The values in these figures are dimensionless and represent:
1217 Error – error value, σ – sample variance, μ – sample mathematical expectation.
1218
1219 Figure 22. Validation error (Normal): Error – error value, σ – sample variance, μ –
1220 sample mathematical expectation.
1221
105
107
1222
1223 Figure 23. Validation error (Lognormal): Error – error value, σ – sample variance, μ –
1224 sample mathematical expectation.
1225
1226 4. Discussion
1227 The presented method of technical and economic analysis can be considered as one
1228 of the steps to digitalization of control systems for heat and power installations of a new
1229 model.
1230 This study is aimed at a systematic study of the occurrence of non-optimal
1231 operating modes of power plants, as well as the development of algorithms and
1232 programs to improve the management system of the energy complex.
1233 The top-level program with the introduction of artificial intelligence, built into the
1234 control system to optimize the operation of the power plant, is adaptive and trainable.
1235 The first time the program is turned on, it must test the sensor system of the power
1236 plant. After the power plant operation mode is stabilized, the self-learning system reads
1237 the sensor readings.
1238 The analysis of research is carried out, as well as promising developments in the
1239 field of thermodynamics and energy are identified.
1240 Methodological approaches for the analysis based on new methods of
1241 approximation of piecewise linear functions are developed. In addition, it is proposed to
1242 use this method not only to optimize energy losses.
1243 In addition to this information, all measurement divergences can also be calculated
1244 using a mathematical model that is developed taking into account the results of
1245 numerical modeling.
1246 The project is aimed at combining the algorithm of the analysis method and the
1247 algorithm for controlling the power plant based on the analysis of the sensor data array.
1248 This method is proposed for the first time, the authors have not identified any
1249 analogues in publications, patents and programs. The proposed method can be adapted
1250 for any control system of a power plant of any capacity. The proposed methods and
1251 approaches allow us to successfully solve the tasks and complete the project at a level
1252 that significantly exceeds the world level.
1253
1254
1255
1256 5. Conclusions
108
110
1257 New knowledge about the formation of mathematical analysis in order to optimize
1258 the operation of the power plant was obtained. Scientific significance consists in
1259 obtaining essential and important new knowledge for the world science. The applied
1260 significance lies in the use of this knowledge to create a computer model of the power
1261 plant.
1262 The authors proposed the formulation of the technology concept, the scientific
1263 justification of the concept, the search for technological approaches to the
1264 implementation of the concept, the identification of advantages over alternative
1265 approaches, the determination of the feasibility of further development of the
1266 technological concept and the assessment of the risks of its implementation. The
1267 obtained result is the ways and methods of applying the previously studied phenomena
1268 and the acquired knowledge to solve practical problems of maximum optimization of
1269 the power plant operation, the presentation of the results in the scientific and technical
1270 report on the research work, the results of the study of the computer model. The
1271 scientific significance lies in the creation of new knowledge important for the world
1272 science in the form of universal algorithms. The applied significance lies in the use of
1273 this knowledge to create software that implements the algorithm of the power plant.
1274 Experimental proof-of-concept, modeling, and testing are provided. The result of
1275 the research is a test of the software performance on existing power plants, the scientific
1276 significance also lies in the universalization of the created solutions, which is important
1277 for the global energy industry and creates prerequisites for a significant economic effect.
1278 The applied significance lies in the replication of the created software on a global scale.
1279 1. It is proposed to realize the needs for cyclic processes of network interaction of
1280 objects during the transfer of capacities and complementary types of products registered
1281 in the structure of the Internet of Energy. The concept of combining organizational,
1282 economic and mathematical models for improving technical, technological and
1283 information methods of effective integration of renewable and traditional energy
1284 facilities is formulated.
1285 2. A digital platform for machine-to-machine automatic transaction processing has
1286 been formed to formalize the relationships of network users using the technical and
1287 organizational elements of the energy Internet. This made it possible to organize the
1288 economic, organizational, informational and physical interaction of objects in it. The
1289 tasks of increasing the energy and environmental-economic efficiency of electricity
1290 transmission through the network of the formed energy-technological complex are
1291 solved. This allowed the development of schemes for using photodetectors to generate
1292 energy in distributed energy. As a result, there was an increase in the reliability and
1293 durability of wireless monitoring of digital assets for the conclusion of contracts, control
1294 of electrical and thermodynamic parameters of equipment in its diagnostic sensors and
1295 use in electric actuators of the industrial Internet of Things (IoT). These elements were
1296 implemented in the processes of machine-to-machine and physical interaction of
1297 complex objects.
1298 3. The following theoretical results are obtained: the author's methodology of
1299 integration and balancing regulation of the three specified types of interactions between
1300 the objects of the formed complex and the integration of resources is adapted; new
1301 possibilities of combining organizational, economic, mathematical, technical,
1302 technological and information methods of energy transactions in the Internet of energy
1303 are justified; the results of the author's approximation of piecewise linear (step)
1304 functions for modeling processes in control cycles are obtained.
1305 4. The use of Big Data and Data Science tools is aimed at achieving a number of
1306 practical results: the differentiation of the composition of capacities and sources in the
1307 complex of hybrid energy facilities is expanded; the possibilities of modeling their
1308 regulated interaction based on mathematical methods of concluding contracts for
1309 Internet users of energy are expanded; a model of integration-balancing regulation in the
1310 transactional energy platform of the Center for Coordinating the Interests of Complex
1311 Objects is developed.
111
113
1312 5. The results obtained as a result of the research are fully consistent with the goal,
1313 reflect new scientific methods and practical consequences of the work. "integration of
1314 generation systems" based on organic fuel and photovoltaic cells into a single energy
1315 technology complex. To confirm it, experimental studies were carried out using physical
1316 models. Comparison of experimental data and simulation data using the new method,
1317 sensitivity analysis and validation of research results showed the validity of the
1318 theoretical assumptions of the concept. In the preliminary mathematical modeling of
1319 dynamic processes in technological devices, new approximation methods reduce the
1320 calculation time and the calculation error.
1321
1322 Nomenclature
1323 Hi(t) is 3-E efficiency (dimensionless unit);
1324 t is the cycle time, s;
1325 x – variable (dimensionless unit);
1326 δ – variable function (dimensionless unit);
1327 a, b, n – variable values x, (dimensionless unit);
1328 f (x) – an arbitrary function of a variable x, (dimensionless unit);
1329 P is the probability of failure-free operation, (dimensionless unit);
1330 r is the number of failures at the time of operation (use) of the installation;
1331 N is the number of elements at the beginning of the use of wind energy;
1332 Yi(t) is dependability (dimensionless unit);
1333 f(ω) is standard function (dimensionless unit);
1334 ω is the argument of standard function, for example dimensionless speed (dimensionless
1335 unit);
1336 f(t) is a function of the level of economic losses (dimensionless unit);
1337 Zi(t) is equipment failure probability (dimensionless unit);
1338 T is the temperature, oC (K);
1339 l is the torch length, m;
1340 Error – error value (dimensionless unit);
1341 σ – sample dispersion (dimensionless unit);
1342 μ – sample mathematical expectation (dimensionless unit).
1343
1344 Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Anatoliy Alabugin, Konstantin Osintsev and Sergei Aliukov; Data curation, Anatoliy
1345 Alabugin, Konstantin Osintsev and Sergei Aliukov; Formal analysis, Anatoliy Alabugin, Konstantin Osintsev and Sergei Aliukov;
1346 Investigation, Anatoliy Alabugin, Konstantin Osintsev and Sergei Aliukov; Methodology, Anatoliy Alabugin, Konstantin Osintsev
1347 and Sergei Aliukov; Project administration, Anatoliy Alabugin; Supervision, Anatoliy Alabugin and Konstantin Osintsev;
1348 Validation, Anatoliy Alabugin, Konstantin Osintsev and Sergei Aliukov; Visualization, Anatoliy Alabugin, Konstantin Osintsev
1349 and Sergei Aliukov; Writing – original draft, Anatoliy Alabugin, Konstantin Osintsev and Sergei Aliukov; Writing – review &
1350 editing, Anatoliy Alabugin and Konstantin Osintsev.
1351 Funding: This research received no external funding.
1352 Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
1353 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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1

2 Methodological foundations for modeling the processes of

3 Energies 2021, 14, x. https://doi.org/10.3390/xxxxx www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

99 organization of processes of high-tech development with use of integration of the

237 The scheme is characterized by a number of weaknesses: excessive imbalance of

Wind energy usage

Installations using Photovoltaic and

309 2. Materials and Methods

418 Micro-networks embedded in a hybrid power system should be evaluated

Equipment of the main and auxiliary System of control and shut-off

Fuel, air, reagent mix’ supply

Software systems based on neural

Stable balance of interests in

Application of basic and Organization of research and Assessment of compliance

Types of objects Advantages Disadvantages

The conventional boundaries of the platform

657 For this purpose, the application of a new method of approximation of a

710 where the sequence of recursive functions

712 It can be proved that the sequence

757 An integrated approach to the organization of economic, machine-to-machine and

Number of interacting objects

Environmental, reducing the amount of emissions into the atmosphere

802 operation is determined in the reliability assessment of complex systems consisting of

11. Determination of the conformity of ETC objects to

13. Calculations of the effectiveness

approximation of step functions and

7. New approximation methods

13.Evaluation and calculation of

justification of their reliability

control quality indicators and

14. Adaptation of models of

15. Calculations by formulas to substantiate analog

945 Zone 3 of the development process is characterized by an increase in investment

997 fixed value d  R

1021 and the Gibbs effect. It is revealed that the functions

1022 periodic with a period 2 . The functions n

The period 1 The period 2 t, s

1079 3.2. Results of Experimental Studies

1092 There is an opportunity to use modern expensive technologies economically,

1158 Calculations based on the above formulas should be supplemented by modeling

1211 3.4. Sensitivity Analysis and Validation of Research Results

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