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TIME TO CHANGE
do people experience in life?
I •Whatdifferent kinds of change go through?
major change that you think you will
•What is the next Why/Why not?
important to accept and adapt to change?
•Is it

READING
you
Work with a partner. Look at the pictures. Do
part of
know what they show? Do you know which
the world they have in common?

2 Quickly read the text. Which of the pictures are

mentioned? What are the pictures examples of?
Label them with these words.
•cultural learning
• European explorer
• genetic adaptation
• Inuit culture

Why humans are

champions of change
Humans are undoubtedly better at adaptingto their
surroundings than any other livingcreature.Proofof
this is the fact that as a species, we inhabit every corner
of the earth. Although it is true that other species also
live in these places, none of them inhabits as many
places as we do. But what makes humans the world
champions of adaptation? Are we more intelligent and
more capable of finding solutions to the difficulties
that each environment throws at us? Not necessarily.
One idea puts cultural adaptation forward as the
explanation. It argues that our ability to learn from
others and to transmit knowledge,wisdom and skills
means we are able to adapt to, and thereforesurvive
in, new surroundings far more quickly than biological
adaptation would allow. It has even been argued that this
process has replaced biological adaptation.
Some people believe that the mechanism which drives
our ability to adapt at the cultural level is not very
different from that which causes us to adapt at the
biological or genetic level. In his 1976book, TheSelfish
Gene, the evolutionarybiologist RichardDawkins
coined the term 'a meme' to convey, as he put it, 'a unit
of imitation'. He abbreviated'mimeme' from the Ancient
Greek root meaning fimitated thing', and suggested
that as a unit of culture, memes such as tunes, ideas,
4 Inuit of the Canadian Arctic, who are living in
fashions and even building methods could be passed,
or transmitted, from mind to mind through imitation.
Some scientists see a similarity between genes and
memes. Both are kinds of information passeddown
through the generations; the latter of course allowing
faster adaptation than the former.
This is really the crux of the matter when we compare
ourselvesto other species. Although other living
creatures have exhibited cultural transmission, the
examples are very few and far between compared with
what humans can achieve. In addition, other creatures
do not pass on the same kind of knowledgethat wedo.
Some species may learn, for example, how to findshelter
or hunt for food through imitation, but this behaviour
could be learnt by the individual on their own.Other
their
specieslack the ability to pass on knowledgeabout
time. AS
surroundings that has been accumulated over
a result, many species become extinct as their natural
newones•
habitat shrinks and they are unable to adapt to
does
Of course, this accumulation of cultural knowledge
and
not happen overnight. It happens over generations
but also
relies not only on the sharing of knowledge, from
on the improvement of the existing technologies
example,the
one generation to the next. Consider, for
some

Make sure you find evidence in the text and don't rely on personal
beliefs or experiences when you answer multiple-choice questions.
The questions are about the text, and the writer's opinion, which not
all readers will agree with!
3 Read the article again and choose the best answer A, B,
Cor D.
1 What does the writer say about cultural adaptation in
the first paragraph?
A It proves humans are cleverer than other living
creatures.
B It is less useful than biological adaptation.
c It has speeded up biological adaptation.
D It has enabled humans to inhabit diverse
environments.
2 What is said about the word 'meme' in the second
paragraph?
A The Ancient Greeks invented it.
B A scientist created it.
c A book was written about it.
D Biologists discovered it.
3 In what way do memes resemble genes, according to
the second paragraph?
A They are transferred biologically.
B They spread at similar rates.
c They contain similar information.
D They create the possibility for change.
of the harshest conditions on earth. Their survival
has depended on theứ knowledge of seal behaviour,
theữ ability to fashion tools for hunting, to sew warm
clothes and to build shelters to keep out winter storms.
They designed a covered seal-skin boat which was later
adopted by Europeans and Americans and retains the
Inuit name: kayak. Each subsequent generation did not
have to reinvent’ these methods of survival; they simply
learnt them from older generations and in fact, this
accumulated knowledge could not have been invented by
one individual.
A tragic illustration of how crucial cultural adaptation
is can be seen in Sừ John Franklins wefl-equipped
expedition to find the Northwest Passage back in 1845. It
ended in disaster. He and his crew died when their ship
was ice-bound for two winters. The region, however,
had been inhabited by the Inuit for over 700 years. They
had access to rich sources of food and their culture
flourished. The reason the British explorers died was
because they lacked the local knowledge necessary to
survive in such a harsh environment and could not have
acquired it in such a short period of time. As the writer
HG Wells famously said, Adapt or perish, now as ever, is
natures inexorable imperative.’ Culture appears to be the
key to man’s ability to heed this advice.
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4 In the third paragraph, the writer explains that the
difference between humans and other species is that
A humans develop more quickly than other species.
B humans benefit from things previous
generations learnt.
c cultural transmission is unique to humans.
D humans cannot survive in shrinking habitats.
5 Why does the writer mention the Inuit?
A They are an example of how cultural evolution
works.
B They live in extremely unpleasant surroundings,
c They show how one culture spreads to another.
D They share their knowledge with Europeans.
6 What is the point of the final paragraph?
A It is impossible to go against nature.
B The ability to learn from others ensures human
survival.
c All species are equal in the struggle to survive.
D Life on earth is changing constantly.
4 Complete the sentences with these words from the
article.
abbreviate accumulate achieve
acquire adopt convey
acquire
1 The explorer managed to _________________________
important survival skills from the Inuit.
2 People often send flowers to loved ones as a way to
convey their feelings.
achieve
3 The anthropologist hopes to _________________________
a breakthrough in her research.
4 It's common for lots of people with long names to
abbreviate them to something shorter.
5 When their experiment failed, the team decided to
adopt
____________ _____________a new strategy.
accumulate
6 It took time to ____________ _____________the evidence
linking vitamin deficiency and disease.
5 Work in pairs or small groups and think of examples
of how humans and other species have adapted to
these environments.
• a desert
•a tropical rainforest
• a polar region
• a mountainous region
5
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VOCABULARY 4 Complete each
group of sentences with the
verbs. Each group must use the
1 Complete the sentences with these
words. form of these
meaning of the verb in each
verb. How does the
Find other uses for these
diversified sentence change? verb
adapt adjusted affect altered
replace shrink transform a dictionary.

colour will
drive manage pass see
1 Simply painting the room a different
totally transform it. see the point
so 1 a Can you I'mtryi
2 The company's original product wasn't selling to make?
they diversified and started making a seeing the doctor
range of items. tomorrow
saw him as a
c I've always
3 A business needs to be flexible so it can reliablf
adapt to the changing demands of person.
the market. 2 Just stop the car for a minute to let that
pass
4 It took Damien a while, but he eventually ambulance
passed
adjusted to living alone. b A lot of years have
5 You have to be careful when you wash woollen last saw him.
clothes so that they don't shrink It'll be disastrous if the government
pass this law.
6 The power supply on the laptop was badly
damaged, so I had to replace it with a
3 a He never managed to finish in
time.
new one.
b I used to have trouble managing
7 Discovering how to work with metal stress levels.
altered the course of history. manage
c How do you withouta
8 I don't know why you are telling me this - it doesn't
affect mobile phone?
me.
4 a The new supermarket drove
smaller shops out of business.
b Danielle was driven
2 Look at the verbs in 1 again and write the nouns. by the desire
Write sentences using each one in your notebook. to impress her parents.
c The increasing number of vehicles on theroa
drives up the demand for oil.
3 Circle the correct words. Write sentences in your
notebook using the words you didn't circle.
1 Everyone was amazed by the diversity /
transformation they saw in John after the
operation.
2 Office chairs are often replaceable / adjustable
so that you can find the most comfortable working
position.
3 Scientists now agree that evolution is the reason
we
have such diverse / alterable species of life forms.
4 Do you know of a shop where I can take
thisjacket
to have some adaptations / alterations
made to it?
5 When cheaper imports started arriving
from abroad,
the demand for locally-made products
shrank /
affected.
6 The punishment he received had
very little effect/
affect on him.

6
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Prepositions Collocations & Expressions

5 Complete the text with these prepositions. You 6 Complete the sentences with these words. Can you
will need to use some of them more than once. work out what the expressions in bold mean?

as from in of on oute ove%to change hands heart mind pace places

scenery subject ways

The Inuit 1 Kyle didn't want the conversation to turn to money

so he quickly changed the subject
The Inuit, formerly called Eskimos, were long 2 Early computers are collectable and they can
change hands for a lot of money.
believed to have been a group of people who
settled in the Arctic following their 3 We went for a drive in the country for a change of
scenery
migration from Mongolia. Travelling people at that
4 If he doesn't want to get thrown out of college, he's
time relied 2 on a long-gone geological going to have to change his ways
phenomenon known 3 as the Bering Land 5 I've changed my mind —I'm not
Bridge. This enabled people to walk from Asia to going to buy a new phone. I'll keep this one for a
North America, but it disappeared when the sea while longer.
6 I know he's rich, but he has to cope with a
levels in the area rose. A more recent theory, based
huge amount of stress. I wouldn't change
4 on analysis of bone, tooth and hair places with him for anything.
samples from archaeological remains, suggests 7 The old woman was planning to leave all her money
that the Inuit are related to people who migrated to her family, but at the last minute she had a change
of heart and left it to charity instead.
from what is now modern-day Siberia 5 to
8 Things are moving too slowly. We need to have a
Alaska around 6,000 years ago. pace if we'regoing to get
change of
Whatevertheir origins, the Inuit have proved to this project finished on time.
9 I know you love the cinema, but couldn't we do
be a tough and resilient people. They managed change 7
to some of the something else for a
to adapt 6 worst living
conditions in the world, building homes that
Commonly Confused Words
keep 7 from the cold and finding extremely
7 Complete the groups of sentences with the words in
inventive solutions 8 to the problem of
bold in the correct form.
the limited food supply in the frozen north.
9 over 1 fashion build manufacture
time, the Inuit have adopted many a The company manufactured small electrical
items.
customs and traditions from the lands where b Stone-age people fashioned a variety of
they live. Despite that, many of them still hunt different tools out of rocks.
and fish, and they still possess skills that make building a house yourself saves you money,
them capable 10 of surviving long and but you might have problems.
dangerous expeditions. Although they depend
2 adopt adapt adept
11 on aTheyturned their backs on their traditions and
food sources high in protein and fat, adopt the customs ofthe people in the area.
those who keep to a more traditional diet suffer b Victor became adept at horse riding and
12 from fewer health problems than people he did it whenever he could.
eating imported foodstuffs. c Change will always happen, so sensible people
learn to adapt to it.
3 inhabit reside stay
a I once lived in London, but I only stayed
for a few months.
b Scientists know a lot about the climate during the
time when dinosaurs inhabited the Earth.
c Many people from the tribe no longer
reside
in their place of origin.
4 accumulate gather collect
a Would you mind collecting Danny from
school today?
b The bills seem to just accumulate so that I don't
know which one to pay first.
c In the evenings, we would all gather in our
favourite café.
7
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TOMORROW'S WORLD
a human?
•In which kind ofjobs could a robot replace
life?
O) •How does automation affect your everyday change?
to technological
•Why do you think some people are resistant

J READING
1 What future developments do you think there will .1-,

be in the field of automation?

2 Quickly read the text. Are any of your ideas from 1

mentioned?

3 Six paragraphs have been removed from the article.

Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits
Ee)jobsat risk
each gap (1-6). There is one extra sentence which
you do not need to use.
A Humans are still ahead when it comes to any
fjo»utonqati0M
work requiring creativity,emotional intelligence,
entrepreneurialism and interpersonal skills. This
The Industrial Revolution, which occurred 200
means that jobs including counsellors, nurses,
trainers and entertainers will probably continue to
years ago, led to an explosion in the manufacturi
be done by humans in an automated world. industries as mass production was born. Huge
demographic changes took place as people m
B Weare already embracing a degree of automation in
to the cities to work in the new factories.
our daily lives. Today, passengers can book their own
flights, check themselves and their baggage in and C
shoppers can use a self-service checkout. Perhaps
students will soon have their work marked by a This feeling of dislike is understandable. One very
program on their laptop. real effect of machines, sofbuare and robots
becomingmore sophisticated is that millionsof
C There was, however, great consternation among
jobs are being lost throughout the workforce. This
people who felt that their livelihoods were being
threatened by the machines that replaced them. has been especially evident in factories, where
Some of these people, known as Luddites, acted historically, people had done the repetitive, boring
together as a group, protesting against the changes work. Robots are ideal for these tasks because,
and actually destroying the machinery that they saw unliketheir human counterparts, they dont get
as a threat to their jobs. The word Luddite is still used bored or tired. They can also cut costs and raise
today, albeit with the slightly different meaning of efficiency.
anyone who has an aversion to new technology.
B?
In all likelihood, many kinds of work, even highly
skilled work. will change as computers take over
part or all of the tasks involved. Jobs that used
to be challenging and called for high degrees of
expertise could become much less rewarding.Thi
abilityto enter data and interpret screen readouE
will be the main requirement.
D?

For some jobs, however, this automation of tasks

may have an upside. The ability of a computer
4
program to grade students' essays, for instance,
14
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• reference words such as this. What does This at the beginning of paragraph D refer to?
• ideas expressed in other words. Which missing paragraph contains a paraphrase of
This feeling of dislike at the beginning of the paragraph after gap 1?
•a specific example of something general. What general idea are the radiologists
mentioned in paragraph D an example of?

D This is already happening today. In the field of

would probably meet with most teachers' approval.
Surprisingly, this daunting task has been carried
out quite accurately by computers, which can
grade essays as well as humans, according to US
research.
F?
radiology, for example, digitised X-rays and other
medical scans along with improved computer
algorithms, mean that modern radiologists are acting
more as fact checkers than as medical detectives.
E This automation of work is undeniably a
characteristic of the digital age. Already computers,
cash machines and self-servicecheckouts have
replaced secretaries, bank clerks and supermarket
workers respectively. In the near future, door-to-
door delivery by drones and driverless taxis may
become commonplace, making both couriers and
taxi drivers redundant.
F Education needs to keep up with innovation.
Reforms are needed where education prepares
pupils for a future that only exists in the past!
G Many of today's jobs would have been impossible
to imagine twenty years ago. Who could have
predicted the job of app designer before the
invention of mobile devices? It is obvious that we
cannot make predictions with certainty about what
new types of work will emerge in the future.
4 Circle the correct words. Write sentences in your
notebook using the words you didn't circle. All the
words appear in the article.

As we do more for ourselves with the help of
computers, many people in middle-class positions,
liketravel agents, telephone operators and lab
technicians who lack the necessary training to move
into another job at the same level, will be forced
into lower-paid work. There's obviouslya major shift
happening in the skills that will be needed in future,
but unfortunatelyit is somewhat unpredictable.
G over 3,000 employees.
Although robots will become more visible in the
future, there are still some jobs that humans will
continueto do better than robots. That is, at least
until robots develop more human-like intelligence.
A
It is also a question of attitudes. In some cases,
customers feel that there is no substitute for the
human touch. Restaurants may well begin using
tablets to take orders and robots to deliverthe
food, but society might not necessarily take to that
change. It could turn out that people simply want to
be served food by other people, not by machines,
even if that means we are modern-dayLuddites.
1 Unlike humans, robots do not have a(n) aversion /
consternation to unpleasant tasks.
2 Online shopping threatens the livelihood /
likelihood of high street shops.
3 The Japanese team leader discussed their common
goals with his French counterpart / substitute.
4 Technology will always have an efficiency / effect
on the economy.
5 This softwarecompany has a field / workforce of
6 Can a robot have the same level / expertise as a
surgeon?
7 We didn't like the new computer program at first,
but our attitude / approval soon changed.
8 Technological innovations / shifts will continue to
affect jobs in future.
5 Work in pairs or small groups and discuss the
expressions below. Which are you? Do you know
people who belong to the other group? How does
each group deal with technology?
•digital natives: people born in the digital age
•digital immigrants: people born beforethe digital age

15
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use ther
compound nouns and then
2 Make sentences below.
Read the sentences and think about the meaning complete the
similar
of the words in bold. Which adjectives have breakthroughs production
meanings? Writethem in the table below. appliances
revolution technologies
records, recognition
Old music formats, like cassettes and vinyl revolution
are almost obsolete.
• Computer skills are considered essential in many production
jobs nowadays. appliances

• Our company makes use of cutting-edge breakthroughs

technology in our production methods. 4 technological
technologies
• The industry is falling behind, partly due to
5 emerging
recognition
antiquated machineryand methods. ????
• Carrying state-of-the-art navigational equipment, reality
the explorers set off around the globe.
This security system is considered so sophisticated experience pilots gain from
that it is completely burglar-proof. 9 Thehands-on during their trainin
7
• Old-fashioned telephones can fetch a high price if
indispensable.
they are in good condition. 1 is generally believed t
• If you plan to store large files like films on computer,
10 and 1840.
taken place between 1760
an external hard-drive is indispensable. 3
11 Some state-of-the-art
The ability to make smaller models was crucial to
cookersand fridges, can be controlled remotel)
the development of the mobile phone industry.
phone.
5 such as gene therapy al
12
obsolete, antiquated
3D printing,suggest that things will change veo
old or outdated rapidlyin the near future.
old-fashioned
13 Manypeople object to their movements
essential, indispensable
being monitored by security devices such as
very important 8
2 crucial
or necessary 14
2 makes it possible to supp
the huge consumer demand for electronic devic
15 Thesiliconchip has undergone a series of
cutting-edge, sophisticated 4
3 since it was first develope
state-of-the-art good or modern
16 Some large companies use 6
when you telephone them, so they can
direct yow
call to the right department.

3 Circle the correct words.

Write sentences in your
notebook using the words you
didn't circle.
1 Faultssubmerged /
emerged in the aeroplane's
systems,so the flight was
cancelled.
2 It requires /
desires a certain set of
smallelectronic device. skills to servic
3 The research
scientist's biggest breakthrough
recurred / occurred
many years ago.
4 Further
automation in factories
terrorise the livelihoods will threaten/
5 Ifwe behave/ of millions more workers
act together asa group, wecanbi
about the changes
6 Many we want.
schools lack / omit
equip classrooms the money they needtc
7 Farmers for lessons in technology.
have been
modern methods subjected / forced into using
8 For the by the need to make a profit
sake of the
to embrace next generation, teachers nea
/ empower
rather than fear technology in the classro
it.
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PDFelement
Collocations & Expressions
6 We use many words from technology in everyday
language. Read these sentences, paying attention
to the expressions in bold. What do they mean? How
are they related to technology?
fluidly
1 That company runs like a well-oiled machine. I
don't know how they do it. not difficult to understand
2 I don't know why you're finding this so difficult to
understand - it's not rocket science! in sync
3 It's difficult to work with him because we'rejust not
on the same wavelength. get angry
4 The manager's going to blow a fuse if he finds out
0 about this. restart from the
beginning
5 There's no need to reinvent the wheel - all you
need to do is make a few minor changes.
have a misunderstanding
6 Jenny and I must have got our wires crossed. I
thought we were meeting at six o'clock and she
thought we'd said seven. relax
7 Take a couple of days offto recharge your batteries.
give up/ stop
Word Formation 8 The project was losing money fast, so the manager
decided it was time to pull the plug.
4 The suffix -ion is often used to form nouns from
verbs. Change the verbs into nouns with -ion
endings and then write the adjectives. Make any Phrasal Verbs
necessary spelling changes. Which of the verbs also
7 Circle the correct words.
have nouns made in other ways?
1 Many people need time to gét used to new technology
Verb Noun Adjective while others never seem to take to / take over it.
automate 1
automation 2 automatic 2 It turned around / turned out that somebody had
explode 3 explosion 4 explosive already invented something similar, so his work was
wasted.
innovate 5 innovation 6 innovative
3 During the interview, it was me who brought up /
interpret 7 interpretation interpretative
brought in the subject of salary.
predict 8 prediction 9 predictive 4 Presenting his ideas at the new technologies
produce 10 production 11 productive conference was daunting, but he was able to
revolutionise 12 revolution 13 carry it off / carry it out admirably.
revolutionary
5 In orderto keep up with / keep back the rapid
changes in technology, companies invest millions in
5 Match some of the words from 4 with these researchand development.
definitions.
innovative •describing someone or
something new, original or creative 8 Now match the phrasal verbs you didn't use in 7 with
revolution the meanings below and then write a sentence using
2 a total change which
each one in your notebook.
introduces a new system
carry sth out do something, eg a task, tests,
3 explosive •able to or likely to break apart
violently research or an experiment
4 interpretation •an explanation of what 2 take over •gain control of something, eg a
something means (eg a language or data) company, a machine or a vehicle
turn around
5 production •the making or manufacturing 3 •change a bad situation into
of something something good
6 predict •to say what you think will 4 keep back delay or prevent the progress of
happen in the future something
automate 5 bring in •introduce someone or something,
7 •to convert (eg a process, office
or industry) so that things are done by machine, not eg a new law, a new system or a team of experts
by hand
17
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PROGRESS REVIEW 1
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PDFelement

VOCABULARY in bold.
of the words way we work,
1 Complete the sentences with the correct form changes in the
1 Information technology has brought about revolutionary
expertise EXPERT
Offera
2 our engineers, and administrators
in the fields of design and construction. couldn't function DISPENSE
our business
indispensible to our work -
3 State-of-the-arttechnology is
be EXPLODE
without it.
explosive and should only
4 Be careful! The materials in this device are
organisation and
better'system of
5 Japan used its famous 'kaizen' orthange for the industry.
PRODUCE
management to boost productivity in its manufacturing

2 Circle the correct words. to heat our

only half the energy we used to need
1 Our new environmentally-friendlyhome acquires / requires
old house. computer-whydontYOU get a new one?
antiquated old
2 It's almost impossible to surftheweb using this obsolete /
being given to patients.
3 New drugs are subjected / forced to rigorous tests before the cold.
winter clothing to keep out / keep back
4 Explorers and mountaineers wear specially-designed away the
so that you don't have to throw
5 This printer is designed with adjustable I replaceable components,
unit if one part goes wrong. survive in the harsh
adopted / adapted the clothing and eating habits of the local people in order to
6 The explorers
environment.
hearing, so you won't be able to drive whileyou•tE
7 Unfortunately, thé treatment will effect / affect your balance and
taking the medication.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of these verbs.

fashion invent know manage omit shrink

1 In many cases a brand name may replace the actual name of a product - for example the vacuum cleaner is comma
known as a 'hoover'.
fashioned this model boat out of driftwood.
2 He's a very skilled craftsman and
3 Kelly had trouble managing a class of 25 noisy children on her first day ofteaching at the primary school.
4 Look - you don't have to reinvent the wheel. We don't want or need a new system - just label the filesæ
put them in the filing cabinet!
shrank in the wash - now it looks like a doll's dress!
5 My new top
6 You omited to mention on your application form that you were sacked from your last job. I'm sorry,
this interview is at an end.

4 Complete the paragraph with one word in each gap.

The Industrial Revolution
Can you imagine life without the I household appliances - fridges, electric cookers,
washing machines, etc which
we take for granted today? None of these things existed 200 years ago. However,
that changed with the coming Ofth
Industrial Revolution.The steam engine, the spinning jenny and iron smelting
were just some of the technol-
breakthroughs which lead to a change in the way goods were 3 made ogical
The new factories relied on
coal to create steam power, which in turn fuelled factories where 5 mass
factories producing thousands of different products. People moved
production became the norm, with
away from country areas and
in cities because more and more workerswere required began to settle
to keep up 7 with
The wages paid to this new generation of workers helped the increased production
economy to grow even more
demand for consumer goods. and drove up
24
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PROGRESS REVIEWRemove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement
(Units 1 & 2)

rau

GRAMMAR
Use present tenses.
1 Complete the sentences.
1 How long (you/ learn) the flute?
2 Leila (rarely talk) about her work as a model.
3 Why (that girl / look) at us so intently?
4 Caitlyn (not feel) very well lately - I think she's suffering from stress.
5 The train (leave) at seven o'clock sharp, so don't be late.
6 (not appreciate) your sarcastic remarks, so please be quiet.
7 This restaurant (change) hands at least four times over the last two years.
8 (Emily / adjust) to life with her adopted family?

2 Circle the correct words.

1 What would you do / were you doing on rainy winter days when you were little?
2 The steam engine used to transform / transformed both the economy and society of Europe.
3 Would the analysts predict / Had the analysts predicted such a huge drop in share prices or did it come as a
complete surprise?
4 We were depending / depended on Polly to drive us to the station, so we were a bit annoyed when she phoned at
the last minute to say she wouldn't be coming.
5 It seems that he had been suffering / suffered from anaemia for months before he actually went to see a doctor.
6 I don't know how people would / used to manage without the household appliances we have today.
7 A lightning bolt had flashed / flashed acrossthe sky and the lights in the house blacked out.
8 Did you use to have / Were you having trouble juggling both career and family when your children were younger?

3 Complete the sentences. Use future forms. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
1 By twelve o'clock, Phoebe (play) for three hours. Let's hope she wins in the end!
2 What (you / do) later this morning? Do you want to meet for coffee?
3 Do you think you (recharge) your batteries by the end of this holiday?
4 You'll never know if you can do it until you (try)!
5 I hope you (not be) too upset if I don't come to your party.
6 The match (not begin) until three o'clock so we can grab a bite to eat before it starts.
7 (you / change) your clothes before we go out?
8 Tomorrow morning isn't a good time for me as I (meet) with my French counterpart at
head office.

4 Complete the sentences with these words and phrases.

meant to was about to was supposed was thinking were going to would

1 of studying psychology, but in the end he chose industrial design.

2 The play start when somebody appeared on stage and told us that the leading actor had
suddenly been taken ill.
3 The producers adapt the book for the screen, but they couldn't get the author's
permission.
4 Why are you sitting around drinking coffee?Weren'tyou be fixing the CCTV system?
5 Numerous publishers rejected the first Harry Potter novel; they didn't know that the series of books
sell an astonishing 450 million copies!
6 The bomb to explode at ten o'clock,but luckily, bomb disposal experts were able to
disarm it in time and no damage was done.

25
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POWERFUL PEOPLE
•What kind of power can people have?
person? What ha
•Have you ever been influenced by a powerful to do it?
on the world, how would you like
•If you could make an impact

READING
1 Work with a partner. Discuss whether these
statements about Shakespeare are true (T) or false (F).
1 A lot is known about Shakespeare's life.
2 Hamlet, Shakespeare's longest play, takes
four hours to perform.
3 Some scholars say Shakespeare did not
write the plays attributed to him.
4 Shakespeare introduced almost 3,000 words
Shakespeare
into the English language.

THE WORLD
5 There are no records of Shakespeare spelling
his name 'William Shakespeare'.

AS A STAGE
6 Shakespeare never acted in any of his plays.

2 What do you think a famous person's life can tell us comment

about his or her work? Four reviewers
book
on Bill Bryson's
3 Quickly read the reviews of a biography of
Shakespeare. What feature of Shakespeare's life do
all the reviewers mention?

Several reviewers have criticised Shakespeare
by Bill Brysonfor what it is not. It is not an
academic book and was never intended to
be. It is no secret that it was publishedwith
the general reader in mind; it's part of the
'Eminent Lives' series of short biographies,
which allows well-known writers to relate the
basic facts of an eminent person's life and give
their opinion. Bryson relates the little we know
about Shakespeare, points out the many things
we do not know and explains the reasons why
detective work relating to Shakespeare is so
difficult. There were very few records kept in
Shakespeare's time and even when they did
survive, they were badly kept. The mystery
surroundinga lot of Shakespeare'slife has led
to much speculation. For those, and I do not
include myself, who enjoy Bryson's somewhat
flippant style, it's worth reading, even if you
are not a fan of Shakespeare.
26
After writing a number of extremely popular
books about his travels, bestselling authorBill
Bryson has turned his hand to a biographyof
Shakespeare. It is no surprise that this slim
volumeis fairly light-hearted in tone as B
narrates what little we know of Shakespeare's
life and, in his trademark style, mocks some
of the crazier theories that have been put
forward about this most famous playwright.
Bryson'sversion of Shakespeare's life focuses
on gathering together the fragmented
evidence that exists and adding fascinating
criticisms. He lists Shakespeare's outrageous
plagiarism, glaring errors in geographyand
dates of real events, erratic spelling of
commonwords and examples of unintelligible
lines. There is no doubt that this book is
very enjoyable, but it is little more thana
collection of Shakespeare trivia and, as such,
of no interest to the serious scholar.

Bryson's take on the life of William
Shakespeareis an enjoyable read that
managesto get the few details we know for
sure about Shakespeare's life across to the
reader. At just fewer than 200 pages, it is
probably the shortest Shakespeare biography
ever published. The author keeps it brief
precisely because he doesn't pretend to
know things that are essentially unknowable
unless some hidden stash of Shakespeare's
personal papers is discovered. Bryson's
accessible style, familiar from his bestselling
travelogues and memoirs, is in full evidence
as he picks apart details of Shakespeare's life
and times. He gives the reader a clear sense
of what is really known versus what is mere
conjecture. Bryson also addresses, at the very
end of the book, the various controversies
about whether William Shakespeare the man
was simply a stand-in for someone else as the
authorof the works, and uses what we do
know to refute the more common theories.
It's difficult to write a book on a topic
about which we know almost nothing: the
life of William Shakespeare. Instead of
avoiding this problem, Bryson uses it to his
advantage. After laying out the evidence
we have about Shakespeäre, Bryson turns
to a lengthy description of the world in
which Shakespeare lived to explain what
we do know about the man and the puzzles
surroundinghim. He really brings England in
the late 16th and early 17th century to life
and this history lesson paints a fascinating
picture of the period in which the reader
can imagine Shakespeareoperating.
Using the information that we have about
Shakespeare and the times in which he lived,
Bryson assesses the various Shakespeare
theories in his usual entertaining manner.
It is unfortunatethat it deals less with
Shakespeare's life and more with his times.
Make sure you understand the opinions expressedWondershare
by the
Remove Watermark
differences and similarities
different writers. Look for the PDFelement
in their opinions about different aspects of the subject
they deal with. Pay careful attention to each writer's
choice of vocabulary in order to understand whether
their views are positive or negative.
4 Read the four reviews again. For questions 1-4,
choose from the reviews A-D. The reviews may be
chosen more than once.
Which reviewer
1 has a different opinion from the others about
the focus of the book?
2 expresses the same opinion as reviewer A
as regards the book's target audience?
3 does not share the others' view on Bryson's
style?
4 explains the reason for the length of the book
mentioned by reviewer C?
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
these words. All the words you need to write appear
in the reviews.
access assessment controversial
entertain fortune mysterious
1 The minister's education reforms caused a great deal
of
2 The band cancelled the show due to the
accident of the lead
singer.
3 The film star made a(n)
speech after accepting her award.
4 The author managed to make a difficult subject
to her readers.
5 The location of the lost masterpiece remains
a(n)
6 Experts who the portrait
of Shakespeare revealed that it was a fake.
6 Did you know that Shakespeare coined some of the
sayings we often use today? Work in pairs or small
groups and discuss the sayings below. Are they
familiar to you? What do they mean? Do they exist in
your language?
•A fool's paradise
•All that glitters is not gold.
•All's well that ends well.
•Love is blind.
•Too much of a good thing
•Wear your heart on your sleeve
27
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groups of sentences with these

VOCABULARY the
3 Complete must use the same
word. How doesv
each Each group in each sentence change?
two words in the word
1 Read the sentences and underline the meaning of words in a dictionary.
you explain
which have similar meanings. Can for these
other uses
difference between them? short
criticised his fast just poor
1 Some of the more serious reviewers
work, but others openly mocked it.
one of his short were fighting for a
2 In the recording, the author narrates 1 a They felt they
events related
stories, which is based on a series of cause.
to him by his grandfather. in time for
the
it was to be
3 Several people doubted his theory, but - it's
refuted. Thank you for the present
another 100 years before it was finally
4 It has always been my ambition to travel
the world what I wanted!
of 40. You
and it's my intention to do it before the age 2 Here, have a seat. thing

Although it was rare to find one person with so exhausted!

5 you must be
many talents, he certainly wasn't unique. in the exams was pretty
the Her performance
6 The singer's distinctive voice set him apart from and she will probably havet
others and gave him the distinct advantage that
retake them.
people remembered him.
extremely
7 I didn't mean to imply that he was lazy. If that's what He came from an
he inferred, then he's mistaken. family.
8 She was only an amateur scientist, but after so many learner and
3 a Jenkins was a
years doing research, she was definitely no longer a quickly became proficient.
novice.
b Is that the right time or is your clock
7

2 Circle the correct words. Which of the adjectives We couldn't open the door it was stuck
have a negative meaning?
4 a Sorry I was a bit with you
Then there was Elvis! yesterday.It was a bad day for me.

Although it had a following in the 1950s, it is b Everything went wrong in her first performan
doubtful whether pop music would have become and it was nothing of disast
so I widespread / rife if it hadn't been for rock 'n' c Finding himself of money,
roll. And, although there were many 2 pioneering he decided to work for a while in the fishing
/ revolutionary rock 'n' roll performers, the industry.
person that did most to bring popular appeal to
this new genre of music was Elvis Presley.Presley
embodied just the kind of shock value that appeals
to teenagers, helped more than just a little by the
fact that some of the older generation found his
stage act so 3 infamous / outrageous. Critics of
Presley said his image was 4vulgar / refined and
his singing was often 5 illegible / unintelligible.
Towards the end of his life, some subsequent
musicians made 6reverent / flippant comments
about Presley,saying that he was irrelevant,even
laughable. Nevertheless,Presley had such a
7detrimental / profound influence on
music that
60 years after his arrival on the scene,
he is still
referred to by many as The King. Even
John Lennon
of The Beatles,whose contribution to
pop music
was hugely 8significant / eminent,
famously said
that before Presley, there had been
nothing.

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Word Formation
4 Use the suffxes to form personal nouns from the words given. Make any necessary spelling changes. What do
these people do? Add other personal nouns with the same suffixes.

Word Suffix Personal noun Other examples

review (v & n) -er / -or / -ar

assist (v) -ant / -ent 2

employ (v) 3

technical (adj) -ian / -arian 4

radiology (n) -ist 5
actor (n) -ess 6
mountain (n) —eer 7

5 Using the suffxes in 4, form personal nouns from the Prepositions

words in bold.
8 Complete the text with these prepositions. You will
What do we call a person who need to use some of them more than once.
I eats mainly vegetables?
2 cycles? around as at for in into of
3 writes a biography? on outside to towards
4 narrates stories?
5 operates a machine?
6 commentates on football matches? Influential people
7 begs for money?
8 informs the police? babies and small children, we are
9 waits on tables in a restaurant? mostly influenced by our parents and the people
10 sells things in an auction? 2 us. We process what little we know
11 trains for something? 3 the world with a lot of help from others.
When we come 4 contact with people
5
Phrasal Verbs from the family unit, we need to make
sense 6 them. School gives us
6 Circle the correct words. a protective environment in which we learn to
1 What I'm trying to get round / get across to you is relate 7 our peers and teachers. Later,
that you really need to do things differently. 8 our teens, we are typically influenced
2 Nobody agreed at first, but she soon took them in / more by our friends than by family members.
brought them round to her point of view. 9 the same time, the words and actions
3 Natasha'sfriends talked her into / stood out joining of public figures play an important part in our
the organisation.
journey 10 finding ourselves and building
4 His passionate speech ordered about / fired up the our personality. It is not uncommon
crowd and soon everyone was cheering.
us to hero-worship those that influence us the
5 You shouldn't let Gary push you around / buy you off
most, such as musicians, authors, actors or even
at work. He's not your superior.
political figures. Throughout this journey, we tend
to hone in 12 the positive aspects of
7 Now match the phrasal verbs you didn't use in 6 with
relationships, and people we don't like are
the meanings below and then write a sentence using 13
each one in your notebook. little interest to us. However,
depending 14 how sensitive we are, we
•tell somebody what to do,
can easily let people influence us 15
usually in a bossy way
a negative way. Being criticised 16
2 •fool, deceive
something, even by a stranger, can have a profound
3 •bribe, give money or gifts to 17 sensitive people. How we let
persuade somebody to do something dishonest or
illegal for you others influence us is crucial to our well-being and,
4 •persuade somebody to do what as any psychiatrist will tell you, getting it wrong can
you want them to do, usually by being very nice lead 18 lifelong problems.
5 : be clearly better than the rest

29

WRITING
Essay: Developing
your argument
In a discursive
essay, you must support
your opinions in
order to show
way you think.
the reader that you have
good reasons for the
By explaining and developing
make, you present each point you
a more logical and convincing
You actually do argument.
this quite often in daily life
Now you need to when you speak.
transfer those skills to your essay writing.
1 Read this conversation between two
friends. Maria
gives an opinion about another friend's
dog and
then supports her viewpoint in three ways.
Show
how she develops her argument by putting
the
following terms in the correct place.
example explanation u,result
Opinion Maria: Katy's dog, Rex, is so much
more than just a pet.
Friend: What makes you say that?
Maria: Katy's blind and Rex has
been trained to help her do lots of
things she couldn't do on her own.
Friend: What do you mean exactly?
2 abandon them. In contrast, if a football coach sets
Maria: When she goes out, for
instance, Rex guides her, warns her
of any dangers, and helps her cross
the street safely.
Friend: That must mean such a lot
to her.
3 In essence,the best leaders are those who practise
Maria: It means that she can be
independent without having to rely
on other people.
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PDFelement
write a paragraph,
2 In your notebook, who has had giving yo
someone
opinion about an
in pairs, compare yourinnue
your life and then,
a friend, teacher,
You can write about
Develop and support relative
famous person. your
questions in your
by answering these Writing
say that?
•What makes you
exactly?
•Whå do you mean
to you?
•What has this meant
3 Read this essay task and underline the question
must give your opinions about in your answer
There are leaders in many areas of society; in
school
at work and in the public arena. What qualities doy
think a person needs to become a successful
leaden
Support your opinion with reasons.
4 Read this essay that was written in answer to
the k
in 3 and decide which of the following explanation
correctly fits the gap in paragraphs 2 and 3.
a Listenersneed to understand the speaker's
and be inspired by it.
b There is no point in inspiring others verbally only
disappoint them in practice.
It is obvious that any leader needs to have the
knowledgeand experience to know what they
are
doing. However,the most successful leaders are
those who also have the ability to persuade others
to co-operate in order to achieve a successful
outcome.
In the first place, the ability to communicate
clearly and convincingly is a very important
ideas
in successfulleadership. C) A managing director,
for instance, may have excellent plans to make
changesin a company, but if he or she cannot
present them well,the staff may not be persuaded
to carry them out with any enthusiasm.
Moreover,a true leader should be able to follow
up their words with action. Ihe most popular
politicians,for example, are often those who give
the most powerful speeches, but if they do not
fulfill their promises, their supporters will slowly
strict training rules and is always there on time
himself every morning, he will earn the respect
and trust of the players. Consequently, the team
players will try harder and their game is likelyto
improve.
what they preach and can inspire others to do the
same.
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5 Now complete this information about the essay in 4.

8 Then write your essay in 220-260 words using your
The writer has
1 chosen to focus on a total o f_____________ ___
qualities needed for leadership.
2 clearly identified a quality in th e ______________ •
sentence of paragraphs 2 and 3.
3 used a total o f________________ examples to
illustrate and support points in the essay.
4 used an example with a positive result in paragraph
5 used examples with negative results in paragraphs
________________ a nd-___________ ______
plan and Express Yourselfl to help you. When you
have finished your essay, check your work carefully.
To improve your essay writing, check your own work
(or swap with a friend). Put yourself in the reader's
place and check the following:
• Is each point clearly made at the beginning of a new
paragraph?
• Is the reason for the viewpoint explained?
• Does the example help to make the point?
• Do all of the results support the point logically?

6 Read the information about examples and then

write a suitable example to support the following
points made in essays.
Up'alessksmtUiil
Examples can be:
a sense o f hum our
• positive or negative - whichever is best to support light-hear ted
your opinion. I serious
• specific (eg Shakespeare ...) or general (eg a w riter...). discipline
• real (eg When a football coach ...) or hypothetical disciplina rian
(eg I f a football coach Adjectives - Nouns
(im )patient - (im)patien ce
1 Role models in sport and entertainm ent have a able - ability
responsib ility to their young fans and followers. (un)fair - (un)fairne ss
sarcastic - sarcasm
respectful - respect
understan ding/unde rstandable - understan ding
knowledgeable - knowledge
2 The atmosphere in the school or college classroom curious - curiosity
should encourage learning. persuasive - persuasion
inspired/inspiring - inspiration
revealing/revelatory - revelation
co-operative - co-operation
supportive - support
encourage d/encoura ging - encouragement
Read this essay task and identify the question you enthusiastic - enthusiasm
must give your opinion about. Then copy the plan achievable - achievement
into your notebook and complete it with notes for fu lfille d /fu lfillin g - fulfillm ent
your essay. The number of paragraphs you write will
In context
depend on how many points you wish to make.
to exert your authority
The ability to learn can depend as much on the teacher I to establish control o f something
to draw out a students potential
as it does on the student. What qualities do you think
a person needs to possess in order to be a successful
teacher? Support your opinion with specific reasons.
I to draw your own conclusion s
to th in k for yourself

Plan
Paragraph 1: Topic and my opinion
Paragraph 2: Quality, example(s) & result
Paragraph 3: Quality, example(s) & result
Paragraph 4: Quality, example(s) & result
Final Paragraph: Restatement of my opinion

35