Slides 17 CerebralCortex BrainAndNervousSystem

Cerebral Cortex
With Dr. Craig Canby
Nicole Yatawara, nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

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Lobes
Lateral Aspect
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
© by Lecturio Nicole
GmbH Yatawara,
© nicoleyatawara@gmail.com
Lobes
Lateral Aspect
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
GmbH Yatawara,
Lobes
Lateral Aspect
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
GmbH Yatawara,
Lobes
Lateral Aspect
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
GmbH Yatawara,
Lobes
Lateral Aspect
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
GmbH Yatawara,
Sulci
Lateral Aspect
Central sulcus
Parieto-occipital
sulcus
• Central
• Parieto-occipital
• Lateral sulcus (fissure)
Lateral sulcus (fissure)
GmbH Yatawara,
Frontal Lobe
Lateral Aspect
GmbH Yatawara,
Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex
Primary motor cortex
• Precentral gyrus
• Homunculus
• Contralateral motor control
• Contralateral paralysis or
paresis; Babinski response
GmbH Yatawara,
Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex
Primary motor cortex
• Precentral gyrus
• Homunculus
• Contralateral motor control
• Contralateral paralysis or
paresis; Babinski response
GmbH Yatawara,
Frontal Lobe
Premotor Cortex
Premotor
cortex
• Programming of motor
events
• Neurons activate prior to

primary motor neurons
Lesion
• Apraxia (motor speech

disorder)
GmbH Yatawara,
Frontal Lobe
Supplemental Motor Cortex
Supplemental motor cortex
• Planning of complex motor

movements
Lesion
• Apraxia
GmbH Yatawara,
Frontal Lobe
Frontal Visual Field Cortex
Frontal visual
field cortex
• Coordination of voluntary
movements
Lesion
• Paralysis of conjugate gaze
to opposite side
GmbH Yatawara,
Frontal Lobe
Area
• Word production
(motor speech)
Lesion
• Expressive (nonfluent)
aphasia
area
GmbH Yatawara,
Frontal Lobe
Prefrontal Cortex
Prefrontal
cortex
Executive function
• Problem-solving
• Judgement
• Planning
• Behavior and emotions
• Olfaction
GmbH Yatawara,
Parietal Lobe
Lateral Aspect
GmbH Yatawara,
Parietal Lobe
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
• Postcentral gyrus
• Homunculus
• Receives somatosensory
input from opposite side
• Contralateral anesthesia
GmbH Yatawara,
Parietal Lobe
Parietal Association Area
• Stereognosis Parietal association area
• Awareness of contralateral
self and surroundings
Lesion
• Astereognosis
• Neglect of contralateral self

and surroundings
• Apraxia
GmbH Yatawara,
Occipital Lobe
Lateral Aspect
GmbH Yatawara,
Occipital Lobe
Primary Visual Cortex
• Vision
Lesion
• Contralateral homonymous
hemianopsia
Primary
visual
cortex
GmbH Yatawara,
Occipital Lobe
Visual Association Cortex
Processing of inputs related to:

• Form and color Visual
association
cortex
• Motion
• Depth
• Spatial relationships
• Bilateral lesions cause loss

of color and loss of spatial
relationships
GmbH Yatawara,
Temporal Lobe
Lateral Aspect
GmbH Yatawara,
Temporal Lobe
Primary Auditory Cortex
• Hearing
Unilateral lesion
• Difficulty localizing sound
from opposite sound input
• Subtle loss of hearing
Primary auditory cortex
GmbH Yatawara,
Temporal Lobe
Middle and Inferior Temporal Gyri
• Long-term memory
• Bilateral lesions produce

memory impairment of past
events
Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

Nicole and Waschke
Yatawara, nicoleyatawara@gmail.com
Temporal Lobe
Parahippocampal Gyrus
• Recent memory

anterograde amnesia

Nicole and Waschke
Temporal Lobe
Uncus
• Olfaction

anosmia

Nicole and Waschke
Temporal Lobe
Occipitotemporal Medial Gyrus
• Face recognition
Lesion
• Face blindness

Nicole and Waschke
Parietal Lobe
Area
area
• Comprehension of language
Lesion
• Receptive (fluent) aphasia
GmbH Yatawara,
Arterial Supply
Arteries Supplying the Brain
ICA
• Internal carotid arteries (ICA)
• Vertebral arteries (VA)
VA

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Arteries Supplying the Brain
• Internal carotid arteries (ICA)
• Vertebral arteries (VA)

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Circle of Willis
Anterior communicating
Anterior cerebral artery
artery
Middle
cerebral
artery
Internal
carotid
Posterior communicating artery
artery
• Internal carotid arteries
Posterior cerebral artery Superior cerebellar
• Vertebral arteries artery
Basilar artery Anterior inferior

cerebellar artery
Vertebral artery
Posterior inferior
cerebellar artery
Circle of Willis
Saccular (Berry) Aneurysms
40%
• 40% at junction of anterior
34%
cerebral and anterior 20%
communicating arteries
• 34% at bifurcation of middle

cerebral artery 4%
• 20% at bifurcation of internal

carotid and posterior
communicating arteries
• 4% at basilar artery bifurcation
PD
GmbH Yatawara, nicoleyatawara@gmail.com
Arteries
Medial View
Posterior cerebral artery
Anterior
cerebral
• Anterior cerebral artery
• Posterior cerebral

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Anterior Cerebral Artery
• Medial frontal and parietal lobes
• Anterior limb of internal capsule
• Most of corpus callosum

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Anterior Cerebral Artery

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Middle Cerebral Artery
• Lateral frontal and parietal

lobes, and portion of
temporal lobes
• Genu and posterior limb of Middle cerebral artery

internal capsule
• Most of basal ganglia

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Posterior Cerebral Artery
• Occipital lobe
• Portion of temporal lobe
• Midbrain

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Posterior Cerebral Artery

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Homunculus
Middle
cerebral artery

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Internal Capsule
Anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Internal Capsule
Mm. bulbi
Mm. laryngis
Mm. pharyngis
Mm. palati et faucium
Mm. masticatorii
Mm. linguae
Mm. faciei
Mm. colli
Mm. digitorum manus
Somatotopic Mm. manus
Mm. antebrachii
organization Mm. brachii
Mm. cinguli pectoralis
Mm. thoracis
Mm. abdominis
Femur
Mm.
membri Grus
inferioris Pes
Mm. digitorum pedis
Mm. vesicae urinariae; Mm.

Nicole and Waschke
Arterial Supply
Watershed Territory
• Anterior cerebral artery
• Middle cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery
• Posterior cerebral artery

Nicole and Waschke
Summary
Cerebral Cortex
• The cerebral cortex is divided into frontal,

parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
defined by gyri and sulci.
• The lobes are tasked with specific

functions: frontal is concerned with motor
activity and executive function; parietal lobe
is concerned with sensory function;
occipital lobe for vision; and temporal for
audition and memory.
•
concerned with motor production and
comprehension of speech and language,
respectively.
© by LecturioNicole
GmbHYatawara, nicoleyatawara@gmail.com
Summary
Cerebral Cortex
• Artery supply is by the paired internal

carotid and vertebral arteries and the circle
of Willis.
• Anterior cerebral artery supplies the

homunculus (motor and sensory)
associated with the lower limb; whereas the
middle cerebral artery supplies the
proximal homunculus.
• The internal capsule is topographically

arranged with the major motor and sensory
systems passing through the genu and
posterior limb, which are supplied by the
middle cerebral artery.
© by LecturioNicole
GmbHYatawara, nicoleyatawara@gmail.com
Attribution
The images used in this presentation were

sourced from:
Paulsen and Waschke:

Atlas of Human Anatomy, 15th edition,
Elsevier GmbH 2011

This document is a property of: Nicole Yatawara
Note: This document is copyright protected. It may not be copied, reproduced, used, or
distributed in any way without the written authorization of Lecturio GmbH.


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Cerebral Cortex

With Dr. Craig Canby

Nicole Yatawara, nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Lateral sulcus (fissure)

Lateral sulcus (fissure)

Primary motor cortex

• Contralateral motor control

Primary motor cortex

• Contralateral motor control

• Neurons activate prior to

• Apraxia (motor speech

• Planning of complex motor

• Behavior and emotions

• Stereognosis Parietal association area

• Neglect of contralateral self

Processing of inputs related to:

• Bilateral lesions cause loss

• Subtle loss of hearing

Primary auditory cortex

• Bilateral lesions produce

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

• Bilateral lesions produce

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

• Bilateral lesions produce

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

• Internal carotid arteries (ICA)

• Vertebral arteries (VA)

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

• Internal carotid arteries (ICA)

• Vertebral arteries (VA)

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

Basilar artery Anterior inferior

• 34% at bifurcation of middle

• 20% at bifurcation of internal

• 4% at basilar artery bifurcation

Posterior cerebral artery

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

Anterior cerebral artery

• Medial frontal and parietal lobes

• Anterior limb of internal capsule

• Most of corpus callosum

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

Anterior cerebral artery

• Lateral frontal and parietal

• Genu and posterior limb of Middle cerebral artery

• Most of basal ganglia

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

• Portion of temporal lobe

Posterior cerebral artery

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

Posterior cerebral artery

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

Mm. vesicae urinariae; Mm.

Anterior cerebral artery

• Anterior cerebral artery

• Middle cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery

• Posterior cerebral artery

Posterior cerebral artery

Image: Elsevier, Paulsen

• The cerebral cortex is divided into frontal,

• The lobes are tasked with specific

• Artery supply is by the paired internal