Slides 7 CranialNerves 1 BrainAndNervousSystem

Cranial Nerves, Part 1
With Dr. Craig Canby
Nicole Yatawara, nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

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Cranial Nerves
Nerve I to VI
• Olfactory (CN I)
• Optic (CN II)
• Oculomotor (CN III)
• Trochlear (CN IV)
• Trigeminal (CN V)
• Abducens (CN VI)
Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Nicole Yatawara, Human Anatomy, 15th edition, Elsevier GmbH 2011
Functional Components
Six Components
• General somatic afferent
• General visceral afferent
• Special afferent
• General somatic efferent
• General visceral efferent
• Branchial efferent

Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
Functional Component
Special afferent

Sensory neurons
Sensory cells
(olfactory cells)

• Sensory neurons
Olfactory
• Secondary neurons located in bulb
olfactory bulbs
• Olfactory cortex and amygdala

via olfactory tracts Sensory cells
(olfactory cells)
Olfactory tract

Clinical Consideration
Loss of smell (anosmia)

Clinical Consideration Causes
• Sinusitus
• Hay fever
• Influenza
• Common cold
• Obstructions of nasal passages

(e.g. polyps, tumors)
• Others

Optic Nerve (CN II)
Special afferent

Optic Nerve (CN II)
Special Afferent
Vision

Optic Nerve (CN II)
Clinical Considerations
• Blindness
• Visual field impairment
• Loss of pupillary constriction
• Impaired by multiple sclerosis

Optic Nerve (CN II)
Causes of Clinical Considerations
• Tumor
• Stroke
• Optic neuritis

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
• General somatic efferent
• General visceral efferent

Oculomotor (CN III)
General Somatic Efferent
LPS
SR
IO
IR MR

Oculomotor (CN III)
General Visceral Efferent
Constriction of pupil
Accommodation of lens for

near vision

Oculomotor (CN III)
Clinical Considerations
• Dilation of pupil
• Eye moves down and out
• Loss of pupillary reflex
• Ptosis

Oculomotor (CN III)
Causes of Clinical Considerations
• Compression from neighboring

aneurysmal artery
• Tumor
• Infarction
• Cavernous thrombosis
• Meningitis

Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
Lateral view of the left eye
General somatic efferent

The left orbit
Transmitted through superior

orbital fissure
Dr. JohannesNicole
Sobotta, PD, Wikimedia
Yatawara, nicoleyatawara@gmail.com
Superior oblique muscle

Weakened downgaze,
especially in an adducted
position

Causes of Clinical Consideration
• Microvasculopathy due to
diabetes, hypertension,
atherosclerosis
• Tumor
• Aneurysm
Philschatz, Anatomy, https://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46577.html,

Nicole Yatawara, nicoleyatawara@gmail.com CC BY 4.0
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Anatomic Components
Ophthalmic nerve (V/1)
Maxillary nerve (V/2)
Mandibular nerve
(V/3)
• General somatic afferent
• Branchial efferent (1st pharyngeal arch)

General Somatic Afferent: Ophthalmic Division (V1)
• Eyes, conjunctiva
• Upper eyelid
• Orbital contents
• Frontal sinus and ethmoidal air cells
• Nasal dorsum
• Anterior scalp
• Dura in anterior cranial fossa
• Portion of tentorium cerebelli

General Somatic Afferent: Maxillary division (V2)
• Nasopharynx and nasal cavity
• Palate
• Maxillary teeth
• Maxillary sinus
• Skin from lower eyelid inferior to

upper lip
• Dura in middle cranial fossa

General Somatic Afferent: Mandibular Division (V3)
• Skin of lower lip and below
• Anterior external ear and portion of

external acoustic meatus
• Temporal fossa
• Anterior two-thirds of tongue

General Somatic Afferent: Mandibular Division (V3)
• Mandibular teeth
• Mastoid air cells
• Mucous membranes of cheeks
• Mandible
• Dura in middle cranial fossa

Branchial Distribution is Via Mandibular Division
Muscles of mastication
• Temporalis
• Masseter
• Lateral pterygoid
• Medial pterygoid

Branchial Distribution is Via Mandibular Division
• Tensor tympani
• Tensor veli palatini
• Anterior belly of digastric
• Mylohyoid

Clinical Consideration: Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
• Emergent condition
• Pain
• Risk of blindness
• Note redness of conjunctiva

Clinical Consideration: Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
Symptoms
• Pain in region supplied by divisions of
nerve
Superior
cerebellar artery
Causes
Trigeminal
• Compression by superior cerebellar nerve
artery
• Tumors
• Aneurysms
• Infarcts

Abducens Nerve (CN VI)
General somatic efferent

Lateral rectus muscle

Unable to abduct eye

Causes of Clinical Consideration
• Tumor
• Infarct
• Aneurysm

Summary
Cranial Nerves Part 1
• The olfactory and optic nerves functionally convey

solely special afferent fibers.
• The oculomotor nerve is purely efferent as it conveys

general and somatic and visceral fibers.
• The trochlear nerve conveys general somatic efferent

fibers.

Summary
Cranial Nerves Part 1
• The trigeminal nerve contains general somatic afferent

and branchial efferent fibers that supply muscles
derived from the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch.
• The abducent nerve contains general somatic efferent

fibers.
• Clinical findings correlate with diminished or loss of

function attributable to each of the cranial nerves.

Attribution
Unless noted otherwise on the slide, images

used in this presentation were sourced from:
Paulsen and Waschke:

Atlas of Human Anatomy, 15th edition, Elsevier
GmbH 2011

This document is a property of: Nicole Yatawara
Note: This document is copyright protected. It may not be copied, reproduced, used, or
distributed in any way without the written authorization of Lecturio GmbH.


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Cranial Nerves, Part 1

With Dr. Craig Canby

Nicole Yatawara, nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Optic (CN II)

• Oculomotor (CN III)

• Trochlear (CN IV)

• Abducens (CN VI)

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• General somatic afferent

• General visceral afferent

• General somatic efferent

• General visceral efferent

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Olfactory cortex and amygdala

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Loss of smell (anosmia)

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Obstructions of nasal passages

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Visual field impairment

• Loss of pupillary constriction

• Impaired by multiple sclerosis

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• General somatic efferent

• General visceral efferent

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Accommodation of lens for

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Eye moves down and out

• Loss of pupillary reflex

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Compression from neighboring

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

General somatic efferent

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Transmitted through superior

Superior oblique muscle

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

Philschatz, Anatomy, https://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46577.html,

Maxillary nerve (V/2)

• General somatic afferent

• Branchial efferent (1st pharyngeal arch)

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Frontal sinus and ethmoidal air cells

• Dura in anterior cranial fossa

• Portion of tentorium cerebelli

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Nasopharynx and nasal cavity

• Skin from lower eyelid inferior to

• Dura in middle cranial fossa

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Skin of lower lip and below

• Anterior external ear and portion of

• Anterior two-thirds of tongue

Paulsen and Waschke, Atlas of nicoleyatawara@gmail.com

• Mastoid air cells

• Mucous membranes of cheeks