APUSH PERIOD NINE-“NEW HOPES & NEW FEARS” (1980-Present)

KEY CONCEPTS-SFI REVIEW

Directions: For each box (a, b, c, d, etc.) write 3 pieces of specific factual information. You do not
have to write in complete sentences. You may write more information than the required 3 SFI’s.
You may write or type your information. You may use any color that you want as long as it is not
light in color. You may use abbreviations.
Key Concept 9.1
Students will understand that…
A newly ascendant conservative movement achieved several political and policy goals during the
1980s and continued to strongly influence public discourse in the following decades.
Students will know that… Specific Factual Information (SFI) Referenced Where?
I. Conservative beliefs regarding the (individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
need for traditional social values and the key concept in depth)
a reduced role for government
advanced in U.S. politics after 1980.
A) Ronald Reagan’s victory in the 1981 Economic Recovery Tax Act was an across- the-board • “The Reagan Revolution,” Ch. 26, pp. 1039-
presidential election of 1980 49
represented an important :
25 percent reduction in tax rates
Ended price controls on Oil that had begun under Nixon
milestone, allowing conservatives
to enact significant tax cuts and Ended the oil windfall profits tax in 1988.

:
continue the deregulation of many
industries.
B) Conservatives argued that liberal Reagan also helped save Social Security by passing the Social • “Conservatives and Reagan,” Ch. 26, pp.
programs were counterproductive Security
​ Reform Act of 1983. It provided extra revenue 1045-46
dedicated to securing the solvent future of Social Security.
in fighting poverty and stimulating
As Reagan slashed spending in his first term on programs such
economic growth. Some of their
as food stamps and subsidized housing, the poverty rate climbed

:
efforts to reduce the size and from 12% to 15% and unemployment rose from 7% to 11%
scope of government met with
Family Support Act - required states to establish and operate a Job
inertia and liberal opposition, as
Opportunities and Basic Skills program
many programs remained popular
with voters.
C) Policy debates continued over free- • “The Reagan Revolution,” Ch. 26, pp. 1039-
trade agreements, the scope of the imposed import quotas on Japanese cars. 49
government social safety net, and : NAFTA - no tariffs on gods between countries of North America
calls to reform the U.S. financial
Financial Services Moder nization Act - repealed parts of New Deal
system.

:
Key Concept 9.2:
Students will understand that…
Moving into the 21st century, the nation experienced significant technological, economic, and
demographic changes.
Students will know that… Specific Factual Information (SFI)
I. New developments in science and (individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
technology enhanced the economy the key concept in depth)
and transformed society, while
manufacturing decreased.
A) Economic productivity increased Computers and phones connected the world • “Globalization and Its Discontents,” Ch. 27,
as improvements in digital Digital communication increased pp. 1060-67
communications enabled : New technology careers
increased American participation
in worldwide economic
opportunities.
B) Technological innovations in Print newspapers shut down and were being replaced • “The Computer Revolution,” Ch. 27, pp.
computing, digital mobile : Social networking was used for communication 1062-64
technology, and the Internet Introduction of search engines like Google

:
transformed daily life, increased
access to information, and led to
new social behaviors and
networks. Unions lose power as jobs move overseas
C) Employment increased in service Manufacturing jobs were outsourced • “Rising Inequality,” Ch. 27, pp. 1065-67
11358 air traffic controllers fired after striking
sectors and decreased in • “The Newest Immigrants,” Ch. 27, pp.
manufacturing, and union Recession of 2008 -2009 1067-72
membership declined.
D) Real wages stagnated for the
: Occupy Wall Street protests (2011)
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act • “Fruits of Deregulation,” Ch. 27, pp. 1065
working and middle class amid • “Rising Inequality,” Ch. 27, pp. 1065-67
growing economic inequality.
Students will know that… Specific Factual Information (SFI)
II. The U.S. population continued to (individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
undergo demographic shifts that had the key concept in depth)
significant cultural and political
consequences.
A) After 1980, the political, Lack of labor union power • “Culture Wars,” Ch. 27, pp. 1067-83
economic, and cultural influence Increased immigration from Latin America
of the American South and West Sunbelt population gains
continued to increase as
population shifted to those areas.
Result of 1965 Immigration Act
B) International migration from Latin Catholicism become largest Christian denomination • “The New Diversity,” Ch. 27, pp. 1072-75
America and Asia increased
dramatically. Latinos become largest minority group in America

i
C) The new immigrants affected U.S. Cheap labor in construction and agriculture • “The New Diversity,” Ch. 27, pp. 1072-75
culture in many ways and supplied the
economy with an important labor
force. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 - penalized
D) Intense political and cultural employers for hiring illegal immigrants • “The Post-Cold War World,” Ch. 27, pp.
debates continued over issues such as Don’t ask don’t tell - banned openly gay individuals from the 1054-60
military
immigration policy, diversity, gender Culture wars sparked much debate on things such as the future of • “Culture Wars,” Ch. 27, pp. 1067-83
roles, and family structures. the nuclear family
Key Concept 9.3:
Students will understand that…
The end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S. leadership forced the nation to redefine its
foreign policy and role in the world.
Students will know that… Specific Factual Information (SFI)
I. The Reagan administration (individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
promoted an interventionist foreign the key concept in depth)
policy that continued in later
administrations, even after the end of
the Cold War.
A) Reagan asserted U.S. opposition to • “Reagan and Gorbachev,” Ch. 26, pp. 1048-
communism through speeches, Strategic Defense Initiative 49
diplomatic efforts, limited military Raegan and Gorbachev in Austria and Iceland
interventions, and a buildup of nuclear End of Cold War
and conventional weapons.
B) Increased U.S. military spending, • “Reagan and the Cold War,” Ch. 26, pp.
Poland “solidarity” movement
Reagan’s diplomatic initiatives, and 1046-47
political changes and economic “Peace Through Strength
Increased Department of Defense
problems in Eastern Europe and the
Soviet Union were all important in
ending the Cold War.
C) The end of the Cold War led to • “The Gulf War,” Ch. 27, pp. 1054
new diplomatic relationships but also New World Order • “Visions of America’s Role” Ch. 27, pp.
new U.S. military and peacekeeping Tiananmen Square (China) 1054-55
Peacekeepers in Balkans
interventions, as well as continued • “The Post-Cold War World,” Ch. 27, pp.
debates over the appropriate use of 1054-60
American power in the world.
Students will know that… Specific Factual Information (SFI)
II. Following the attacks of September (individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
11, 2001, U.S. foreign policy efforts the key concept in depth)
focused on fighting terrorism around
the world.
A) In the wake of attacks on the • “The War on Terrorism,” Ch. 28, pp. 1091-
Invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq
World Trade Center and the Pentagon, 93
the United States launched military Edward Snowden - loss of privacy • “An American Empire?” Ch. 28, pp. 1094-
efforts against terrorism and lengthy, Drone strikes 96
controversial conflicts in Afghanistan
and Iraq.
B) The war on terrorism sought to
improve security within the United
States but also raised questions about
the protection of civil liberties and
human rights.
C) Conflicts in the Middle East and
concerns about climate change led to
debates over U.S. dependence on
fossil fuels and the impact of
economic consumption on the
environment.
D) Despite economic and foreign
policy challenges, the United States
continued as the world’s leading
superpower in the 21st century.
*Define the following key terms on pages 1089 and 1133 of your textbook (NOTE: There is a
glossary in the back of your textbook J):
Chapter 27 (p. 1089):
• New World Order (p. 1053)
• Gulf War (p. 1054)
• “Don’t ask, don’t tell” (p. 1056)
• North American Free Trade Agreement (p. 1057)
• Contract with America (p. 1057)
• Oslo Accords (p. 1059)
• Rwandan genocide (p. 1059)
• Ethnic cleansing (p. 1059)
• Balkan crisis (p. 1059)
• Globalization (p. 1061)
• Americans with Disabilities Act (p. 1078)
• Multiculturalism (p. 1079)
• Culture Wars (p. 1080)
• Defense of Marriage Act (p. 1081)
• Family values (p. 1081)
• Bush v. Gore (p. 1084)
Patriot Act
: TSA airport screenings • “The Aftermath of September 11 at Home,”
Domestic electronic spying Ch. 28, pp.
:
1097-1101
Global warming debate
• “Bush before September 11,” Ch. 28, pp.
Electric cars
: British Petroleum Oil Spill 1091-92
Increase in Fracking industry • “An American Empire?” Ch. 28, pp. 1094-
:
96
• “The World and the War,” Ch. 28, pp. 1096
Largest military budget
Only nation with global reach
: Biggest economy
Chapter 28 (p. 1133):
• Kyoto Protocol (p. 1092)
• Bush Doctrine (p. 1093)
• War on Terrorism (p. 1093)
• War in Afghanistan (p. 1093)
• Iraq War (p. 1095)
• USA Patriot Act (p. 1097)
• Guantanamo Bay (p. 1097)
• Hurricane Katrina (p. 1102)
• Obergefell v. Hodges (p. 1106)
• Great Recession (p. 1111)
• Sonia Sotomayor (p. 1116)
• Gulf oil spill (p. 1116)
• Occupy Wall Street (p. 1119)
• Black Lives Matter (p. 1121)
• ISIS (p. 1124)
• Edward Snowden (p. 1125)
• Tea Party (p. 1125)
• American exceptionalism (p. 1129)
Chapter 27

New World Order

President George H. W. Bush’s term for the post–Cold War
world.

Gulf War
Military action in 1991 in which an international coalition led by
the United States drove Iraq from Kuwait, which it had occupied
the previous year

Don’t ask don’t tell

President Clinton’s compromise measure that allowed gay
people to serve in the military incognito, as officers could no
longer seek them out for dismissal but they could not openly
express their identity. “Don’t ask, don’t tell” was ended under
the Obama administration, when gay military service was
allowed.

North American Free Trade Agreement

Approved in 1993, Canada and Mexico allowed goods to travel
across their borders free of tariffs; critics argued that American
workers would lose their jobs to cheaper Mexican labor

Contact with America

A list of conservatives’ promises in response to the supposed
liberalism of the Clinton administration, that was drafted by
Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich and other congressional
Republicans as the GOP platform for the 1994 midterm
elections. It was more a campaign tactic than a practical
program; few of its proposed items ever became law.

Oslo Accords
1993 roadmap for peace between Israel and the newly created
Palestinian Authority, negotiated under the Clinton
administration.

Rwandan Genocide
genocide 1994 Genocide conducted by the Hutu ethnic group
upon the Tutsi minority in Rwanda.

Ethnic Cleansing
The systematic removal of an ethnic group from a territory
through violence or intimidation in order to create a
homogeneous society; the term was popularized by the Yugoslav
policy brutally targeting Albanian Muslims in Kosovo.

Balkan Crisis
A series of ethnic and political crises that arose following the
dissolution of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Many atrocities were
committed during the conflict, and NATO, the United Nations,
and the United States intervened several times.

Globalization
Term that became prominent in the 1990s to describe the rapid
acceleration of international flows of commerce, financial
resources, labor, and cultural products.

Americans with Disabilities Act

1990 law that prohibited the discrimination against persons with
disabilities in both hiring and promotion. It also mandated
accessible entrances for public buildings.

Multiculturalism
Term that became prominent in the 1990s to describe a growing
emphasis on group racial and ethnic identity and demands that
jobs, education, and politics reflect the increasingly diverse
nature of American society.

Culture Wars
Battles over moral values that occurred throughout the 1990s.
The Culture Wars touched many areas of American life—from
popular culture to academia. Flashpoints included the future of
the nuclear family and the teaching of evolution.

Defense of Marriage Act

Passed in 1996, barred gay couples from spousal benefits
provided by federal law

Family Values
Set of beliefs usually associated with conservatism that stressed
the superiority of nuclear family, heterosexual marriage, and
traditional gender roles.

Bush v. Gore
Controversial election decided by Supreme Court after "hanging
chad" - Bush doesn't win popular over Al Gore

Chapter 28

Kyoto Protocol
A 1997 international agreement that sought to combat global
warming. To great controversy, the Bush administration
announced in 2001 that it would not abide by the Kyoto
Protocol.

Bush Doctrine
George W. Bush's foreign policy principle wherein the United
States would launch a war on terrorism.

War on Terrorism
Global crusade to root out anti-American, anti-Western
Islamist terrorist cells; launched by President George W. Bush as
a response to the 9/11 attacks.

War in Afghanistan
War fought against the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan
following the attacks of September 11, 2001. It remains the
longest war in American history.

Iraq War
Military campaign in 2003 in which the United States, unable to
gain approval by the United Nations, unilaterally occupied Iraq
and removed dictator Saddam Hussein from power.

USA Patriot Act

A 2001 mammoth bill that conferred unprecedented powers on
law-enforcement agencies charged with preventing
domestic terrorism, including the power to wiretap, read private
messages, and spy on citizens.

Guantanamo Bay
A detention center at the American naval base at Guantánamo
Bay, Cuba, where beginning in 2002 suspected terrorists and
war prisoners were held indefinitely and tried by extrajudicial
military tribunals. During his 2008 presidential campaign,
Senator Barack Obama pledged to close the prison, but as of
2015 it remained open.

Hurricane Katrina
2005 hurricane that devastated much of the Gulf Coast,
especially New Orleans. The Bush administration’s response
was widely criticized as inadequate.

Obergefell v. Hodges
2015 Supreme Court decision that allowed same-sex couples to
marry throughout the United States.

Great Recession
A period of major economic stagnation across the United States
and western Europe, characterized by rising unemployment and
inflation and a 37 percent decline in the stock market between
March and December 1974.

Sonia Sotomayor
The first Hispanic and third woman justice in the Supreme
Court's history, confirmed in August 2009.

Gulf oil spill

Environmental disaster that occurred in 2010 after an explosion
on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. Hundreds of millions of
gallons of oil were spilled into the Gulf of Mexico, resulting in
one of the largest environmental calamities in human history.

Black Lives Matter

Civil rights movement sparked by a series of incidents of police
brutality and lethal force against people of color.

ISIS
An insurgency that emerged from the sectarian civil wars that
destabilized Syria and post–Saddam Hussein Iraq. Beginning in
2014, ISIS forces attacked towns and cities in Iraq, Syria, and
Lybia, systematically murdering members of ethnic and
religious minorities.
Edward Snowden
An NSA contractor turned whistleblower, who released
classified information relating to the United States’ intelligence
gathering both at home and abroad.

Tea Party
A grassroots Republican movement that emerged in 2009 named
for the Boston Tea Party of the 1770s. The Tea Party opposed
the Obama administration’s sweeping legislative enactments and
advocated for a more stringent immigration policy.

American Exceptionalism
The belief that the United States has a special mission to serve
as a refuge from tyranny, a symbol of freedom, and a model for
the rest of the world.