Supporting Lecturer : Dr. Sc. Syahril, S.

Si, MT

MID TEST ENGLISH PHYSICS

ROTATIONAL MOTION

RAFI’UL MUZAKI

1805112656

PHYSICS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

RIAU UNIVERSITY

2021
I. PRELIMINARY

Rotation is the rotation of objects on a fixed axis, such as the spinning top
and the rotation of the earth on its axis / axis. For earth, this rotation occurs
in the north-south line / axis / axis (vertical line and slightly tilted to the
right). So the north-south line of the earth does not coincide with the axis of
rotation of the earth, as seen in the "globe of the globe" used in earth
science / geography. This rotation speed is measured by the number of turns
per unit time. For example, our earth rotates 1 rotation per 24 hours. For the
rotation of an engine that rotates faster than the rotation of the earth, we use
the unit of rotation per minute (rpm).

As a result of this rotational motion, the object will experience centrifugal

force, which is the type of force in physics that causes objects to be thrown
out. This will be felt when we ride in a car that passes the curve. When the
car is moving in a rather high speed, passengers in the car will feel thrown
sideways (to the outside of the circle) as a result of centrifugal force.

Rotational motion cannot be interpreted linguistically but can be illustrated

or explained as follows. rotational motion is a motion that involves a matter
of orientation and rotation. So, orientation is the equivalent of position and
rotation is a shift equivalent.

As humans we even if our earth is grounded have rotated on its axis. So fast
the earth rotates so that it does not feel sometimes day and night sometimes.
Examples of objects that rotate around us are play comedy. Loosen and
tighten nuts and bolts including rotational motion.

The following is the difference between straight and rotational motion

II. ROTATIONAL MOTION

A. MOTION ROTATION

Rotational motion is the motion of an object or component of construction

in the form of a circle in the form of a circle toward a central point. The
component of the construction is a rigid body rotating towards a fixed axis,
so the distance of each particle in the system to the rotation axis will always
be fixed. Review the rotation of a particle in a circular path with a grid r.

a rod (r) in the circle (s) circle

In the picture above if the rod r is considered a radius (r), at the outer edge r
is considered the furthest point that forms the distance to the center point.
The distance traveled in the interval ∆t is s related to the angle θ (in
radians). The relationship between trajectory (s) and θ is given by s = rθ.
For a very small interval, the linear velocity is given by (ds / dt) = r (dθ /
dt), the quantity ω ≡ dθ / dt is called the angular velocity, the direction of
which is given by the direction of the right hand rotate, perpendicular to the
circle. The angular acceleration α is defined as the rate of change in angular
velocity with time, α ≡ dω / dt The relationship between linear acceleration
and angular acceleration is given by, dv / dt = r (dω / dt) = rα, the direction
of α is given by the direction of change ω, or in a linear fashion. vector,
because the kinematics equations connecting θ, ω and α, with kinematics
equations are linear motion, then using this analogy will be obtained as
follows, constant angular velocity, θ (t) = θ0 + ωt, and for acceleration
constant angle, θ (t) = θ0 + ω0t + 1 / 2αt2, ω (t) = ω0 + αt, ω (t) 2 = ω2.

B. TORSI

If an object is given a force of F, the object will have an acceleration caused

by that force. The acceleration of an object has the same direction as the
force applied to it. An object will rotate when subject to torque. Torque is
the same as the force in translational motion. Torque shows the ability of a
force to make objects rotate.

(a) a beam is given a force F, the object will translate, if the beam in the
middle is nailed so that the beam cannot rotate but can rotate, (b) if the
force is applied at angle B the object will rotate, in a different direction
from (b), ( c) likewise when given at an angle C

The amount of torque depends on the force exerted and the distance
between the axis of rotation and the location of the force. Torque is also
called the moment of force and is a vector quantity. The torque is the result
of crossing between the position vector r and the force F, it can be written

τ⃗ =⃗r × ⃗
F

The amount of torque is:

τ =rFsinθ

At the stem above the vector r is a vector that starts at the end of the trunk
that is brazed and ends or is directed at the other end. If the force is
perpendicular then θ = 90 so the value of sin θ = 1. The maximum torque
performed on the rod. When it is parallel to, then the value of sin θ = 0 so
that the amount of torque is 0 and the stem does not rotate. The amount of
torque we can write as:

τ =l F

With l=rsinθ

The torque arm is indicated by L. The torque arm of a force is defined as

the length of the line drawn at the point of rotation of the axis until it cuts
perpendicular to the line of force.

The amount of torque depends on the force and arm force. The size of the
arm force l depends on the angle between the r and F. The torque direction
is positive toward the y axis, the magnitude of l is r sin θ
 

Pay attention to the direction of the torque, the direction of the torque
according to the rules of rotation of the right hand, as shown in the Figure
above.

If the direction of rotation is counterclockwise then the torque is upward,

and the direction if the rotation is clockwise then the torque is downward.
We can see it with a coordinate system. If the rod is located on the x-axis
and the base of the vector r is at the point (0,0,0). The force on the positive
y axis direction of the rod rotates counter-clockwise, the torque direction is
toward the positive z axis. Conversely, if the direction of the force toward
the y-axis is negative, the rod rotation is counterclockwise, the torque
direction to the z-axis is negative. If the direction of the force is not right on
the y axis but forms an angle θ with the x axis, then the torque direction
can be seen in the figure below

 
The torque direction for F is arbitrary. The direction of the positive y axis is
the direction in which the image is drawn. (a) the torque has a positive
direction to the z axis, but the direction of rotation is counter-clockwise, (b)
the direction of the torque to the negative z axis, the direction of rotation is
clockwise.

On a stem with a fulcrum at the left end of the stem, there are two forces
acting on the stem.

If the work object is more than 1 torque, the total torque is the sum of all
the working torque. In the Figure above the F1 force will cause the rod to
rotate clockwise, F2 force will cause the object to rotate counter-clockwise.
Total torque is the sum of the two torques:

∑ τ=τ 1−τ 2 =I 1 F1−I 2 F 2

C. MASS CENTER

There is a point whose motion is like that of a particle, that is, a parabolic
motion. The tip of the paddle is initially below when the peak of the
movement is at the bottom. The tip moves around. But there is a point on
the paddle that moves like a particle. This point is called the center of mass.
If we have a system consisting of 2 masses, mass 1 at point x1 and mass 2
at x2. The center of mass of the system is located at the midpoint

The system consists of 2 masses, if m 1 = m 2 then the center of mass is

located in the middle.

x pm=x 1 m 1 + x 2 m 2

If the system consists of many mass objects, the center of mass of the
system is:

∑ xn mn
x1 m1+ x 2 m2+ …+ x n mn n=1
x pm= =
m1 +m2 +…+mn M

Likewise the components in the direction of the y and z axis

N
y n mn
y 1 m1 + y 2 m2 +…+ y n mn ∑n=1
y pm= =
m1+ m2 +…+ mn M

∑ z n mn
z1 m1+ z 2 m 2+ …+ z n mn n=1
z pm= =
m1+ m2+ …+m n M

If our system is a continuous system, say a beam, where is the center of

mass of the beam? We can divide into small pieces, each of which has mass
dm. 6 will turn into an integral. The center of mass of the system is

x pm=
∫ xdm
M
y pm=
∫ xdm
M

z pm=
∫ xdm
M

Now we can think of the motion of a rigid body with mass M as a mass of
particle mass M. The center of mass of an object moves like a particle,
meaning that it does not undergo rotation. The center of mass of the system
moves as if the entire mass of the system is centered at the center of mass of
the object.

D. HEAVY POINT POINT

The center of weight will coincide with the center of mass if the
acceleration of gravity at all points on the object is the same. Let's look at
the picture on the side. Each mass element dm will have a weight W = gdm.
We can consider the total gravity centered at a point XG. We call XG the
center of gravity

∑ x n wn
x 1 w1 + x 2 w2 +…+ x n wn n=1
XpW= =
w1 +w 2+ …+w n W

If g that works on each dm is the same then

N
x n dmn 1 g ∑ x n dmn
x1 dm1 g+ x 2 dm2 g+…+ x n dmn g ∑n=1
XG= = = 1
dm1 g+dm2 g+ …+dmn g Mg M

so the center of gravity coincides with the center of mass.

E. FORCE MOMENT
The magnitude that can cause objects to rotate is called the moment of force
or torque. Moment of force is a quantity that is influenced by force and arm.

in the above, it is necessary to rotate the bolt arm d and force F. The force
moment is defined as the product of the force acting with the arm
perpendicular to each other. What if you need a certain angle? The amount
can satisfy the following equation

τ =d ∙ F

Or τ =dFsinθ

F. MOMENT OF INERSIA

Inertia means inert or defensive. Moment of inertia means the amount

whose value is fixed in a rotational motion. This quantity is analogous to
mass in translational or straight motion. The magnitude of the moment of
inertia of a particle rotating with radius R as shown in the figure below is
defined as the product of mass with the square of its radius. I = m R2.
 

For particle systems or rigid bodies meet the following relationship.

Particle system I =∑ m R2

Rigid body I =k m R 2

k is the value of the inertia constant whose magnitude depends on the

temperature and shape of the object.

G. LEGAL NEWTON MOTION ROTATION

Sturdy objects are objects that when moving the distance between them do
not change. For example a piece of solid wood. If for example you throw an
object up, then the object changes shape, then the object is not a rigid
object. We will study rotation in rigid bodies. A rigid body that has the
same density in all parts of the body, the center of mass is located in the
middle of the body. For example the center of mass of a ball is located at
the center of the ball and in the middle of the ball. We can find the center of
mass of an object by hanging objects at different points.

If objects are affected by a force whose number is zero ΣF = 0, the object

will be inert or translate balanced. Newton's first law can be developed for
rotational motion. If an object is affected by the moment of force zero in
number (Στ = 0) then the object will be balanced rotation. These two
conditions above can be used to explain why a rigid body is balanced. A
rigid body will be balanced if it meets the conditions above. Means the
following conditions apply.

∑ F=0or ∑ τ=0

In Newton's second law for translational motion. If the object is affected by

non-zero force then the object will accelerate. ΣF = m a. If Newton's second
law you apply to the rotational motion then when the object works the
moment of force that does not work the moment of force that is not zero
then the object will move the rotation is accelerated. Note the picture on the
side. From the above explanation it can be made a conclusion of Newton's
second law on the motion of translation and rotation as follows.

Translational motion: ∑ Z=m a

Rotational motion ∑ τ=I α

a. System of objects

An object system is a combination of several objects that experience motion

together. In the object system this chapter can be a combination of
translational and rotational motion. An example is a pulley system with
mass that is not neglected

b. Roll away
A rolling object is an object that experiences two direct movements namely
translation and rotation. Examples such as the motion of a bicycle wheel,
motorbike or a moving car. Besides rotating the wheel also moves
translation (straight). In rolling motion two conditions will apply
simultaneously from the previous equation

H. ENERGY AND MOMENTUM ANGLE

1. Rotational energy

A rotating moving object also has kinetic energy and is called rotational
kinetic energy. Analogous with translational kinetic energy, rotational
kinetic energy is influenced by quantities equal to mass i and analog with
linear velocity i.e. angular velocity ω. Consider the following equation.

1
2
Translation EkT = mv
2

1 2
Rotation: EkR = I ω
2

Rolling EkToT =EkT + EkR

1
EkToT =( 1+ k ) m v2
2

2. Angular momentum
 

Objects will have linear momentum of m. Angular momentum is defined as

the result of the cross product of the vector r and its linear momentum.

Ĺ=ŕ × ṕ=ŕ ×m v́

The direction of the angular momentum L is perpendicular to the direction r

and direction. The direction of angular momentum corresponds to the
direction of rotation of the right hand screw shown in the Figure above. The
angular momentum is:

L=( rsinθ ) mv

In translational motion objects have linear momentum whereas in rotational

motion there is angular momentum. The definition can be seen in the
following equation

Linear: p=mv

Angle: L=I ω

I. MOMENTUM IMMUNITY

Angular momentum has a relationship with style moments. Still remember

impulses and linear momentum. That relationship also applies to rotational
movements. The relationship becomes:
τ ∆t=∆ L

∆L
τ=
∆t

This formulation can satisfy the differential relationship as well.

dl
τ=
dt

If the moving object is not working force (impulse) then the momentum
will be eternal. This concept also applies to rotational movements. If the
rotating object does not work the moment of force (Στ = 0) then the motion
of the object will occur the conservation of angular momentum.

dl
τ= =0 means L = constant, so valid Lawal=Lakhir
dt

This principle is also used on beautiful jumpers. When a jumper leaves the
board has an angular velocity Z, with respect to the horizontal axis that
passes through the center of its mass, so that it can rotate most of the
circles. If he wants to make rounds 3 times half a turn, then he must
increase the angle so that it becomes 3 times the original angle speed. The
force acting on the released displacement, but the force released does not
contribute torque to the center of mass, so the angular conservation of
momentum applies. 1/3 of the initial moment of inertia by bending the hand
and adding direction.

Rotational motion is the motion that rotates on its axis. This movement
arises because of the energy and indeed it should occur according to its
functions such as:

1. Earth's rotational motion on its axis due to the gravitational motion of the
earth to surround the sun

2. rotating moon movements according to mahari influence on tides

3. the movement of planets around the earth according to solar system

4. motion of celestial bodies such as asteroids according to solar system

5. movement of electrons surrounding the nucleus

6. motion of the car wheels to make the car move

7. motion of the car steering to direct the wheels of the car

8. motion of the roller system contained in the well bucket roll to move the
bucket rope

9. turbine motion in water or wind power to generate electricity

10. Clockwork to indicate time

III. CONCLUSION

1. Rotational motion is the motion of an object or component of

construction in the form of a circle in the form of a circle toward a
central point. The component of the construction is a rigid body
rotating towards a fixed axis, so the distance of each particle in the
system to the rotation axis will always be fixed.
2. Torque A particle that is subject to force experiences translational
motion without rotation. A rigid body subject to force can move
translational or rotational or both. A rigid body is an object whose
distance between points on an object does not change. Torque is
defined as the product of the force with the torque arm.

τ⃗ =⃗r × ⃗
F

The amount of torque is:

τ =rFsinθ
 θ = the wedge angle between r⃗ and ⃗
F . The torque arm of a force is
defined as the length of the line drawn at the point of rotation of the
axis until it cuts perpendicular to the line of force. Objects that get
torque will rotate.

3. Center of mass and center of force The position of the center of mass
of a particle system is defined as:

∑ xi mi
x pm= i=1
M

The center of mass of the system moves like a particle that has the
same mass as the mass of the particle system.

∑ xi w i
1
XG=
W

The position of the center of mass is the same as the center of force
when the acceleration of gravity at all points of the same rigid body
is the same.

4. The center of weight will coincide with the center of mass if the
acceleration of gravity at all points on the object is the same
5. The magnitude that can cause objects to rotate is called the moment
of force or torque. Moment of force is a quantity that is influenced
by force and arm.
τ =d ∙ F
6. Inertia means inert or defensive. Moment of inertia means the
amount whose value is fixed in a rotational motion. This quantity is
analogous to mass in translational or straight motion.
7. Sturdy objects are objects that when moving the distance between
them do not change. A rigid body will be balanced if it meets the
conditions above. Means the following conditions apply.
∑ F=0 or ∑ τ=0
8. Newton's Second Law on rotational motion is as follows.
∑ τ=I α
9. Angular momentum is defined as the result of the cross product of
the vector r and its linear momentum.
Ĺ=ŕ × ṕ=ŕ ×m v́
10. The law of conservation of momentum If the total torque acting on a
particle system is zero then the angular momentum of the particles is
conserved.
Reference

Abdullah, Mikrajuddin.2016. Basic Physics 1. Campus Ganesha: ITB

Endarko et al. 2008. Physics for Vocational Technology volumes 1.

Directorate of Vocational High School Development: Jakarta

Gröber S, Klein P and Kuhn J 2014 Video-based problems in introductory

mechanics physics courses Eur. J. Phys. 35

Giancoli, Douglas C.2001. Physics Volume I. Jakarta : Erlangga

Publisher.  

Halliday et al. "Fundamentals of Physics", 7th Edition. 111 River Street,

NJ, 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hari Krishnan R, Devanandh V, Brahma A K and Pugazhenthi S 2016

Estimation of mass moment of inertia of human body, when bending
forward, for the design of a self-transfer robotic facility J. Eng. Sci.
Technol. 11 166-176

Handayani, Sri and Ari Damari.2009. Physics for SMA and MA grade XI.
Bookkeeping Center Ministry of National Education: Jakarta

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012014

Accesed 26 April 2021

https://bumidatar.id/helikopter

Accesed 26 April 2021

https://langitselatan.com/2017/11/21/mengapa-benda-langit-berotasi/

Accesed 27 April 2021

Kumar S and Das J 2013 Application and Use of Flywheel in Engineering:

Overview Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Technol 12 2321-9009
Koupil J and Vícha V 2011 Simple phenomena, slow motion, surprising
physics Phys. Educ 4 454-460

Nanto D, Aini A N and Mulhayatiah D 2017 Android worksheet application

based on discovery learning on students' achievement for vocational high
school: Mechanical behavior of materials topics in AIP Conference
Proceedings 1848

Palui, Dwi Satya, et al. 2009. Physics for high school and MA in class XI .
Book center, Ministry of National Education: Jakarta

Satya Palupi, Dwi et al.2009. Physics for High School and MA grade XI
Volume 2. Bookkeeping Center Ministry of National Education: Jakarta

Shakoori A, Betin A V and Betin D A 2016 Comparison of three methods

to determine the inertial properties of free-flying dynamically similar
models J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 11 1360-1372