THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 1

Republic of the Philippines

APAYAO STATE COLLEGE
San Isidro, Luna, Apayao, Philippines 3813
asc.edu.ph,www.facebook.com/asceduofficial.

APAYAO STATE COLLEGE VISION, MISSION, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Vision

“Empowering lives and communities through stewardship for cultural sensitivity and
biodiversity”

Mission

Apayao State College is committed to provide empowering and holistic development of

citizens by providing quality and innovative instruction, strong research, responsive
community engagement and entrepreneurship in order to prime the development of Apayao
Province, the Cordillera Administrative Region.
ASC GOALS ASC OBJECTIVES
 Transformative and empowering education  To elevate quality access and relevance for
 Increase capacity and performance in research instruction
and innovation.  To strengthen research and development and
 Create a significant and highly visible extension capability, outcomes and impact
development impact in the region.  Strengthen partnership and institutional
 Generate additional resources for strategic linkages to increase the regional impact of
investment programs and initiatives ASC extension program.
 Transparent, responsive, unifying and  Increase productivity and income of ASC
empowering governance.  Enhance governance and organization and
management system, processes and
environment.
GOALS OF GENERAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM
In general education the holistic development of the person takes place in
overlapping realms:
 Individual where the student is enabled to develop her/ his identity as a
person, conscious of his/her talents, rights and responsibilities towards
the self and others;
 Filipino society and nation, where the individual is aware and proud of
her/his collective identity, and able to contribute meaningfully to the
development of Filipino society at local and national levels;
 Global community where the Filipino student recognizes and respects
the fundamental humanity of all, respects and appreciates diversity and
cares about
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS the problems that affect the world.
OF RIZAL 2
 Republic of the Philippines
APAYAO STATE COLLEGE
San Isidro Sur, Luna, Apayao

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

2ND SEMESTER (2020-2021)

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL

Contents

1. Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Succesos de la Islas Filipinas

2. Noli Me Tangere
3. El Filibusterismo
4. The Philippines: A century hence
5. Jose Rizal and Philippine Nationalism - Bayani and KaBAYANIHAN
6. Jose Rizal and Philippine Nationalism – national Symbol

Objectives:
1. Analyze Rizal’s ideas on how to rewrite Philippine history.
2. Compare and contrast Rizal and Morga’s different views about
Filipinos and Philippine culture.
3. Appraise important character in the novel and what they represent.
4. Examine the present Philippine situation through the examples
mentioned in the Noli.
5. Compare and contrast the characters, plot and theme of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
6. Value the role of the youth in the development and future of society.
7. Assess Rizal’s writing.
8. Appraise the value of understanding the past.
9. Frame arguments based on evidence.
10. Interpret views and opinions about bayani and kabayanihan on the
context of Philippine history
11. Assess the concepts of bayani and kabayanihan in the context of
Philippine Society and society.
12. Examine the values highlighted by the various representations of
Rizal as National Symbol.
13. Advocate the values Rizal’s life encapsulates.

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 3

 CHAPTER 6

ANNOTATION OF ANTONIO MORGAS SUCCESSOS DE LA ISLAS

FILIPINAS

Objectives:
1. Analyze Rizal’s ideas on how to rewrite Philippine history
2. Compare and contrast Rizal and Morga’s different views about Filipinos and
Philippine culture.

Lesson 6: Annotation of Antonio Morgas Successos de la Islas Filipinas

 One of the first book published regarding the History of the Philippines.
 Written by Antonio de Morga and published in Mexico in 1609.
 It pertains to the events that happened inside and outside the Philippines from year 1493
up to 1603.
 It is one of the most important work in the early history of the Spanish colonization of
the Philippines.

ANTONIO DE MORGA

 A high-ranking colonial official in the Philippines, New Spain and Peru.

 Led the Spanish in one naval battle against Dutch Corsairs in the Philippines in 1600.
 Wrote the first lay formal history of the Philippines conquest by Spain (Sucesos De Las
Islas Filipinas)
 His history is valuable in that Morga had access to the survivors of the earliest days of
the colony and he, himself, participated in many of the accounts he rendered.
 The book narrates the history of wars, intrigues, diplomacy and evangelization of the
Philippines in somewhat disjointed way.
 Modern historians (including Jose Rizal) have noted that Morga has a definite bias and
would often distort facts and even rely on inventions to fit his defense of the Spanish
conquest.

MORGA'S PURPOSE IN WRITING SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS

The purpose of writing the Sucesos was so he could Chronicle the deeds achieved by
our Spaniard in the discovery, conquest and conversion of the Filipinas Island as well as
various fortunes that they have from time to time in the great kingdom and among the Pagan
people surrounding the Island.
Taking issue with the scope of these claims, Rizal argued that the conversion and
conquest were not as widespread as portrayed because the conquerers were only successful
in conquering a portion of the population of certain Island.

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 4

SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS

Chapter 1: Magellan and Legazpi's seminal expeditions.

Chapter 2-7: Chronological report on government administration under Governor-General.
 Dr. Francisco de Sande
 Don Gonzalo Ronqquillo de Peñalosa
 Santiago de Vera
 Gomez Perez Dasmariñas
 Francisco Tello

Pedro AcuñaChapter 8: The Philippine Island, the natives there, the antiquity, customs and
government.

What leads Jose Rizal to Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas?

 Rizal was an earnest seeker of truth and this marked him as an historian .
 He had a burning desire to know exactly the conditions of the Philippines when the
Spaniards came a shore to the Islands.
 His theory was the country was economically self sufficient and prosperous. Entertained
the idea that it had a lively and vigorous community.
 He believed the conquest of Spaniards contributed in part to the declined of the
Philippine’s rich tradition and culture.

What leads Jose Rizal to annotate the Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas?

 He then decided to undertake the annotation of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos De Las

Islas Filipinas
 His personal friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt provided the inspiration for doing a
new edition of Morga’s Sucesos
 Devoting for months research and writings and almost a year to get his manuscript
published in Paris in January 1890

Ferdinand Blumentritt

 Writing in Spanish, instead of his native German language.

 Praised Rizal’s work as “scholarly and well-thought out”
 He noted that Morga’s Sucesos was so rare that “they very few libraries that have it
guard it with the same solicitude as if it were the treasure of the Incas”
 He criticized Rizal’s annotation on two counts:
 He first observed that Rizal had committed the mistake of many modern Historians who
judged events in the past in the context of contemporary ideas and mores.
 He perceived as the overreach of Rizal’s denunciation of Catholicism, that Rizal should
confine his critique to the religious orders in the Philippines who spared no effort to
suppress calls for reform

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 5

Ferdinand Blumentritt also wrote a preface emphasizing some salient points:

 The Spaniards have to correct their erroneous conception of the Filipinos as children of
limited intelligence
 That there existed three kinds of Spanish delusions about the Philippines:
 Filipinos were inferior race
 Filipinos were not ready for parliamentary representation and other reforms
 Denial of equal rights can be compensated by strict dispensation of justice

Rizal’s Annotation of Morga’s Sucesos

 His extensive annotations of Morga’s work number “no less than 639 items or almost 2
annotation for every page”
Rizal also annotated Morga’s typographical errors
 He commented on every statement that could be nuanced in Filipino cultural practices.
For example, on page 248 Morga describes the culinary art of the ancient Filipino’s by
recording: “ they prefer to eat salt fish which begin to decompose and smell.”
 Rizal’s footnotes: “ This is another preoccupation of the Spaniards who, like any other
nation in that matter of food, loathe that to which they are not accustomed or is unknown
to them…. The fish that Morga mentions does not taste better when it is beginning to rot;
all on the contrary” it is bagoong, and all these who have eaten it and tasted it know it is
not or ought not to be rotten.”

3 Main Proposition in Rizal’s New Edition of Morga’s Sucesos

 The people of the Philippines had a culture on their own, before the coming of the
Spaniards
 Filipinos were disseminate, demoralized, exploited and ruined by the Spanish
colonization
 The present state of the Philippines was not necessarily superior to its past

Rizal’s purpose of the Morga’s Sucesos

In Jose Rizal’s dedication, he explained among other things, the purpose of the new
edition of Morgas Sucesos: “if the book succeeds in awakening in you the consciousness of
our past which has been obliterated from memory and in rectifying what has been falsified
and calumniated, I shall not have labored in vain, and on such basis, little though it may be,
we can all devote to studying the future”

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 6

Flaws of Rizal’s Annotations

Straight-forward
historical Annotations
2 types of
annotations which reflect his
annotation made
strong
where Rizal by Rizal
amplifies or correct anticlerical basis
the original one

Rizal commits the error of many historians in criticizing the events of past centuries
according to the concept that correspond to present standards.

Rizal’s attacks on the church were unfair and unjustified because the abusive should not be
taken to mean that Catholicism is bad.

Some of Rizal’s annotations were exaggerated.

RIZAL’S ANNOTATION

In his historical essay, which includes the narration of Philippines colonial history,
punctuated as it was with incidences agony, tensions, tragedies and prolonged periods of
suffering that many of people had been subjected to. He correctly observed that as a colony
of Spain, “ The Philippines was depopulated, impoverished and retarded, astounded by
metaphor sis, with no confidence in her past, still with out faith in her present and without
faltering hope in the future.”

He went to say:

“….little by little, they (Filipinos) lost their old traditions, the mementoes of their past; they
gave up their writing, their songs, their poems, their laws, in order to learn other doctrines
which they dis not understand, another morality, another aesthetic, different from those
inspired by their climate and their manner of thinking. They declined, degrading themselves
in their own eyes. They become ashamed of what was their own; they began to admire and
praise whatever was foreign and incomprehensible; their spirit was damaged and it
surrendered.”

Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

To The Filipinos: In the Noli Me Tangere (“The Social Cancer”) I started to sketch
the present state of our native land. But the effect which my effort produced made me
realize that, before attempting to unrule before your eyes the other pictures where which
were to follow it was neccessary first to post you on the past. So only can you fairly judge
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 7
the present and estimate how much progress has been made during the three centuries (of
Spanish rule). Like almost all of you, I was born and brought up in ignorance of our
countries past and so, without knowledge our authority to speak of what I neither saw nor
have studied I deem it neccesary to caught the testimony of an illustrious Spaniard who in
the beginning of the new era control the destinies of the Philippins and had personal
knowledge of our ancient nationality in its last days. It is then the shade of our ancestors
civilization which the author wil call before you. If the work serves to awaken in you a
conciousness of our past and to blot from your memory or to rectify what has been falsified
or is calumny, then I shall not have laboured in vain. With this preparation, slight taught it
may be, we can all pass to the study of the future.

“To foretell the destiny of a nation, it is necessary to open the books that tell of her past”
-JOSE RIZAL

EXERCISES I

Name:_________________________ Score:________________
Course & Yr.___________________ Date:_________________

Direction: Answer the following briefly. You may use other clean sheet of paper.
1. How did Morga portray the Filipino? Site at least three examples.
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2. What is the purpose of Morga for writing successos? Is there any significance on this
writings of Morga? Why or why not?
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THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 8
 CHAPTER 7

THE LOVES OF RIZAL

Objectives:
1. Identify the different women who had romantic relationship to Rizal
2. Discuss the impact of the relationship to the life of Jose Rizal

Lesson 7: The Loves of Rizal

Segunda Katigbak was Rizal’s first love, he first met

Segunda in Manila, she was with her fiancée and cousin
Manuel Luz. Because Segunda came from the richest family
in Lipa, she was destined to marry her cousin Manuel who
was also part of the wealthiest family of Lipa. Jose could not
express his true feelings for Segunda because of her
engagement. When the parents of Segunda found out about
the constant visit of Pepe to their daughter, they asked
Segunda to go back to Lipa. And until the last moment Pepe
did not admit to Segunda his true feelings. Even after the
wedding of Segunda and Manuel. Pepe bore the heartache
that Segunda brought to him for two years. The feelings that he had no courage to admit.

Leonor Rivera was a cousin of Jose Rizal but

he fell in love with her. He used the name Tiamis to
call Leonor. In one conflict that they had against the
Spaniards, Jose got hurt and Leonor nursed him.
Leonor and Jose were engaged and the reason why
Jose did not have a serious relationship with other
women when he travelled to Europe was because he
was committed to Leonor. Leonor waited for Jose for
eight years and because her mother did not want Jose
for Leonor, she intercepted the letters of Leonor to
Jose and the letters of Jose to Leonor. She decided to
marry and Englishman named Charles Kipping
because of her mother but she never forgotten Rizal.

Consuelo Ortiga Y Perez was a daughter of a rich

Filipino who settled in Madrird. Pepe noticed the attractive
face of Consuelo and her intelligence. However, Rizal chose
not to court her because of her engagement to Leonor Rivera
and his friend Eduardo de Lete who was courting Consuelo.
He then expressed his feelings to Consuelo by writing a poem
for her bearing the initials of Consuelo as the title.

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 9

 O Sei San is one of the reasons why Rizal wanted to
stay in Japan. He met O Sei San when he stayed in the
embassy of Germany in Japan. The 23 years old girl was a
descendant of a samurai. She was intelligent and could
speak French. She also became Rizal’s translator while he
was in Japan. He compared her to Chodji flower which even
if it fell from its stem the petals did not wither.

Nelly Boustead came from the rich family of

Filipino-British who settled in Paris. On his stay in Paris, he
had the opportunity to meet Nelly, but because Antonio
Luna was courting Nelly, he could not tell Nelly about his
admiration. Nelly had special feelings for Rizal but she
could not reveal it because she knew Antonio Luna and Jose
Rizal were friends. Since Leonor Rivera was already
married, he could be engaged to Nelly, however, he was not
able to marry her because of Nelly’s condition to convert
Rizal to Protestantism. This condition was impossible for
Rizal because his mother who was a devoted Catholic.

Josephine Bracken was the dulce estrangera in

the life of Rizal. She went to Dapitan with George
Toffer, a blind man who adopted Josephine. According
to her, her mother was a Chinese while her Father was
an Irish. She had little education and mysterious origin
so Dona Teodora called galondrina (Swallow)
(Bantug). After the medication of George, he would go
back to Hong Kong but Josephine chose to live with
Rizal.

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 10

 EXERCISES II

Name:_________________________ Score:________________
Course & Yr.___________________ Date:_________________

Direction: Answer the following briefly. You may use other clean sheet of paper.
1. Choose 3 from the lovers of Rizal and make a simple profile about them. Identify their
contributions and impact to Rizal’ s life.
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2. If you were one of the lovers of Rizal and you found out that you are not the only girl in
his life, how are you going to react?
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3. How did Rizal view women when he was still alive?

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THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 11
 CHAPTER 8

NOLI ME TANGERE
Objectives:
1. Appraise the important characters of the novel and what they represent
2. Examine the present Philippine situations through the examples mentioned
in the novel.

Lesson 8: Noli Me Tangere

It was Rizal’s first novel which tackled the society and government in the Philippines
during the Spanish colonization. He used cancer as the metaphor of the Philippines society
since like cancer, the sickness of our society was untouched, growing to be chronic malady
and incurable. In his novel, he discussed how friars deceived the Filipinos and made them
blindly in the practices of religion.

He used San Diego as the epitome of the Philippines, the events in San Diego were
based on his observation in political situations and society in our country and also there
were influences of the books that he had read while he was in Europe like the book of
Harriet Beecher Stone entitled “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” which described the abuses
experienced by the Africans under their American masters and the book written by Eugene
Sue entitled “The Wandering Jew.”

Characters of the Novel

1. Juan Crisostomo Ibarra – He was the main character in the novel, a gentleman
who studied in Europe, full of idealism and dream to contribute change in the society by the
establishment of a school. He was the son of Don Rafael Ibarra and the lover of Maria Clara.
However, his good intention failed because of Padre Damaso who did everything against his
father and him. He was also a picture of a son who wanted justice for his father who died
because of injustice and abuse of others in their power.

2. Don Rafael Ibarra – He was the father of Crisostomo, a person who belonged to
the high part of the society but had a heart for the poor. Dignified and a person of principles.
A former friend of Padre Damaso and because of the prestige and recognition that Don
Rafael experienced, Padre Damaso envied him and plotted different things against Don
Rafael. He was imprisoned because he helped a child under the abuse of a Spaniard. Inside
the prison, he died and Padre Damaso ordered that his remains should be thrown in the river.

3. Elias – He was a rebel in the novel. He became friends with Crisostomo when the
latter saved him from the crocodile who attacked them. He symbolized the less fortunate
Filipinos who thought that uprising could be the means in ending their poverty and abuse in
the society.

4. Maria Clara – She was the girlfriend of Crisostomo, she symbolized a Filipina
who came from a good education, modest, faithful, reserved and conservative.
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 12
 5. Sisa – The mother of Crispin and Basilio. She came from a rich family and married
a man who was engaged in gambling. They became poor and because her husband Pedro did
not want to work, her two children worked in the church. Unfortunately, the Sakristan
Mayor accused Crispin that he got the seven silver coins in the church. Crispin was punished
and later on died in the hands of Sakristan Mayor. Sisa became insane because of her search
for Basilio and Crispin. Sisa symbolized a mother who would do everything for the sake of
her children.

6. Kapitan Tiago – He was Don Anastacio de los Santos and one of the richest men
in San Diego. He was known as the father of Maria Clara and his house was often the venue
for the gatherings in the town. Even though he knew some of the irregularities in the
government and society, he would not do anything because he wanted to protect his
properties. He symbolized the Filipinos who were passive and thought of their welfare first.

7. Padre Damaso – The head priest of San Diego for 20 years. He was a former
friend of Don Rafael Ibarra and the real father of Maria Clara. He was envious, greedy and
he would use his power to get what he wants. He symbolized the abusive leaders of the
church and society.

8. Dona Victoria – She was the wife of Don Tiburcio de Espadana a doctor. She was
a social climber and dreamed to be part of the upper society. She symbolized the Filipinos
who would give up their principles and identities as a Filipino just to be part of the higher
society.

9. Dona Patrocino – She had an elicit love affair with the Alferez. Although she had
bad attitudes and habits, she wanted to hide it by being prayerful. She symbolized the
Filipina who always prayed and joined the activities in the church just to hide her bad
attitudes.

10. Pilosopo Tasio – He was considered insane in the novel because of his
intelligence and his assertiveness in speaking his mind. However, Crisostomo Ibarra often
referred to him for truth and knowledge. He symbolized a Filipino who was intelligent and
spoke for his principles.

Summary of the Novel

Crisostomo Ibarra returned to San Diego after his stay in Europe for his studies. He
learned about the death of his father because of sickness inside the prison. He attended a
dinner in the house of Don Tiago to see his girlfriend, Maria Clara but in the same place he
also saw Padre Damaso who had negative remarks about him because he practiced the
behavior that he learned from Europe. During the dinner, Padre Damaso got mad because
Crisostomo got the meaty part of the chicken tinola when he only got the neck part. Senor
Guevarra, a friend of his father, told Crisostomo about the misfortune that his father suffered.

The knowledge about the misfortune of his father led him to seek justice and to know
the persons behind this injustice. The next day, he was able to talk to Maria Clara and renew
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 13
their relationship and after their conversation he went to the cemetery to seek justice for his
father. From there, he knew that Padre Damaso was the one behind the sufferings of his
faather.

On his travel to different parts of San Diego, he met Pilosopo Tasio with whom he
had conversation about the school that he wanted to build for the reform of the society. He
also learned about the story of Sisa who became insane because of the search for her two
sons who were abused by the Sakristan Mayor. In the midst of insanity, she only uttered the
name of Basilio and Crispin.

The friends of Crisostomo and Maria Clara had the picnic in the river. While riding in
a boat a crocodile attacked the group. Elias dove into the water but the crocodile
overpowered him so Crisostomo also dove into the water and saved Elias. And this was the
start of the friendship of Elias and Crisostomo. So, during the ground breaking of the school
that Crisostomo planned to build, Elias saved Crisostomo from the plan of assassination
against him.

The search for justice and his good intention of building school for the poor led Padre
Damaso to hate Crisostomo so he always delivered negative comments and criticism to
Crisostomo during his homily. And because he knew that Padre Damaso was the person
behind the death of his father, in one dinner he attempted to kill Padre Damaso but Maria
Clara pleaded to him because Padre Damaso was her true father. Crisostomo escaped after
the incident.

The people had an uprising against the government but it was nut successful. And
Crisostomo was accused to be the leader of the said uprising. Elias helped him to escape and
before they left they went to the house of Maria Clara. Unfortunately, the Guardia Civil
knew that they were there so after bidding goodbye to Maria Clara the two jumped to the
water to escape. The Guardia Civil shot Elias thinking that he was Crisostomo and as the
two jumped into the water the truth was hidden from the authorities. Crisostomo went to the
cemetery to bury the body of Elias and in the same place there was Basilio who also buried
the body of her mother Sisa. It was only Basilio who knew the truth about Crisostomo. At
the end of the novel, the readers observed that evil things could overshadow the good
principles of the other people.

The Result of Noli Me Tangere

The novel was printed with the help of Dr. Maximo Viola who lent Jose Rizal an
amount of 200 pesos, the money which was intended for the allowance for food but Jose
chose to use the amount in printing his novel. His friends commended the novel. Ferdinand
Blumentrit commended Jose Rizal because according to him, the novel was written from the
heart. And based on the technical aspects of the novel, Rizal, according to Ferdinand,
possessed a gift in writing and his novel could be a source of enlightenment of the people of
his country. Padre Francisco Sanchez commended the literary skills of Jose Rizal which was
evident in the novel, however he also suggested to Rizal that he should include the good

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 14

qualities of the priest in his novel. But still Padre Sanchez defended the novel against the
public. The novel was a literary piece but based on the actual observations of the writer.

EXERCISES III

Name:_________________________ Score:________________
Course & Yr.___________________ Date:_________________

Direction: Answer the following briefly. You may use other clean sheet of paper.

1. What do the characters Ibarra and Elias represent in the novel?

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2. Compare and contrast Father Damaso and Father Salvi.

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3. What does the novel say about revenge?

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4. What does the character of Captain Tiago say about colonialism?

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THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 15
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5. Is Noli Me Tangere anti- Catholic or anti- religion? Why or why not?

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6. Do you think Rizal portrays education as the solution of oppression? Why or why not?
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7. What is the “cancer” that the title alludes to?

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8. Choose a character in Noli Me Tangere and make a symbol about the personality,
contributions or part of the character in the novel.
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THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 16
 CHAPTER 9

EL FILIBUSTERISMO

Objectives:
1. Compare and contrast the plot, character and theme of El Filibusterismo and
Noli Me Tangere
2. Value the role of youth in the development of future society.

Lesson 9: El Filibusterismo

The second novel of Jose Rizal was full of revenge and anger. This novel encouraged
the people who experienced abuse to revenge and seek for justice using violent means. This
novel was written in the memory of GomBurZa, the three priests who experienced injustice
and executed in 1872. If Noli Me Tangere describe the society during the Spanish
colonization in the Philippines, El Filibusterismo encouraged the people to rise and unite to
assert reform even with violent means.

Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo

 Published in Berlin, Germany
 March 21, 1887
 Published through the help of
Maximo Viola
 Influenced by the novel “Uncle
Toms’ Cabin”
 A novel exposing the real situation in
the Philippines
 Touch me Not
 Huwag mo akong Salingin
 Came from the Bible
 Sometimes used to described an eye
cancer
 Refers to the existing SOCIAL
CANCER (Apathy and Ignorance0
 Culture of the Philippines
 An idealist introducing reforms
 A tragic love story
 Colonial discrimination
 Church power
 The Subversive
 Published in Ghent, Belgium
 September 18, 1891
 Saved by Valentin Ventura
 Dedicated to the GomBurZa
 Sequel to he Noli
 Darker and more tragic than its
predecessor
 Shorter than Noli (Noli 64 chapters:
Fili 38 chapters)
 A political novel
 A story of revenge and revolution
 Metaphor of Philippine Society
 Simoun’s plot of revenge and
revolution
 Failure of the Revolution planned by
Simoun

Characters of the Novel

1. Simoun – The continuation of the character of Crisostomo from being idealistic, the cruel
society made him pessimistic. Using his wealth, he encouraged the people who experienced
abuse to join him in his rebellion against the church and the society.
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 17
2. Basilio – He was the son of Sisa and was adopted by Kapitan Tiago. A medicine student
and the boyfriend of Juli.

3. Isagani – He was the nephew of a good priest named Padre Florentino. He was idealistic
and a student leader. He was the friend of Basilio and the boyfriend of Mario Paulita Gomez.

4. G. Pasta – He was a former idealistic Filipino but because of the corruption in the
government he became self-centered.

5. Juli – She was the less fortunate daughter of Cabesang Tales and the girlfriend of Basilio.
When her father was abducted by the rebels, she offered her service to Hermana Penchang
to get the money for the ransom. And when Basilio was imprisoned, she offered her body to
a priest for the release of Basilio. Because of the different misfortunes that she experienced,
she committed suicide.

6. Cabesang Tales – A farmer who rented a piece of land from the corporation of the friars.
When the friars wanted to increase the tax for the land he refused and then he was abducted
and later he joined the plan of Simoun. But instead of attaining justice, he faced his death.

7. Placido Pinetente – He was a student from the province. A scholar and a victim of a self-
centered professor. He walked out from school and joined the plan of Simoun.

8. Don Custodio – A Spaniard who placed in the high position in the government even if he
was not educated and did not have enough skills.

9. Maria Paulita Gomez – She was the girlfriend of Isagani but in the end she married
another man just to follow the request of her aunt, Dona Victorina.

10. Padre Florentino – The relative of Isagani and a good Filipino priest.

Plot

El Filibusterismo is the sequel of Noli Me Tangere, Simoun Ibarra or Crisostomo

Ibarra in the lst novel sought revenge against the people who did wrong to his family. He
planned the revolution to overthrow the existing government and the friars through
encouraging other people who also experienced misfortunes because of them. The first
scene in the Bapor Tabo, the order of the people aboard represented the social stratification
in the society where native Filipinos were in the lowest part of the ship and the Peninsulares,
government official and the friars were on top.

Simoun encouraged the people who experienced injustice in the hands of the friars
and Spanish authorities like Placido Penitente who experienced discrimination from his
teacher, Padre Milton. One day in his class in Physics, Placido was asked to answer a
question which is intended for Juanito Pelaez. Padre Milton was a kind of teacher who
would get mad if someone could answer his question and he only accepted answers coming
from the book. However, as an intelligent student, Placido could expand well his answer and
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 18
because of that he had an argument with Padre Milton. Because he could answer the
question, Padre Milton felt insulted so he marked Placido as absent and failed for that day.
And then Placido answered back that how could he receive a failing grade for that day if he
was absent. Then Placido walked out from the university and decided to join Simoun.

Kabesang Tales was a farmer who lost his land because of the friars. He refused to
pay taxes and filed a case against the friars. He was kidnapped by the rebels because they
thought that he had a lot of money because he could afford to sue the friars. His daughter
Juli decided to work as house worker in the house of Hermana Penchang to earn money for
the ransom of his father. However, Kabesang Tales chose to live with the rebels and fought
against the government. His idea of revenge was encouraged by Simoun and later give him
financial support for the rebels.

Isagani was the leader of the Filipno students who wanted to build an academy of
Spanish language so that the Filipino students could have the opportunity to know the
language. He was an idealist who was suspicious of Simoun. He was the boyfriend of Maria
Paulita Gomez but Paulita married Juanito Pelaez since he was a Spaniard and came from a
wealthy family.

Basilio, the son of Sisa, was a medical student and was the adopted son of Kapitan
Tiago. He was the boyfriend of Juli and because he was part of the organization who fought
for the foundation of the Academy of Spanish Langauge, he was later imprisoned. And
because he could not pay for his freedom, Juli offered herself to Padre Camorra so that
Basilio could be free. Juli could not bear the result of her agreement with Padre Camorra so
she committed suicide.

The plan of Simun would be executed during the wedding of Maria Paulita Gomez
and Juanito Pelaez because the wedding would be attended by the friars and the highest
officials in the government. Simoun would give the oil lamp that would explode when the
lid of the light pulled. The explosion would be the cue for the rebels to attack. But his plan
did not materialize because on the day of the wedding Basilio warned Isagani about the
explosion. And so Isagani went to the venue and threw the oil lamp to the river the
explosion did not happen and the rebels thought that they were deceived by Simoun. The
Spanish authorities arrested those who were included in the plan and the secret of Simoun as
Crisostomo Ibarra was revealed.

Simoun was able to escape and reached the place of Padre Florentino. He confessed to
the priest and before he committed suicide by drinking poison, he entrusted his box of
jewelry to the priest. Padre Florentino threw the box of jewelry to the sea where it came
from.

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 19

 EXERCISES IV

Name:_________________________ Score:________________
Course & Yr.___________________ Date:_________________

Direction: Answer the following briefly. You may use other clean sheet of paper.
1. How did Rizal compare the Noli and El Filibusterismo? Explain.
a. Similarities
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
b. Differences
_____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Choose a character in the novel. What does he/she symbolize in relation to Philippine
society today?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 20

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Why did Rizal dedicate El Filibusterismo to Gomburza?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

4. What does filibustero mean?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

5. After reading the two novels of Rizal, how will you appraise Rizal as a novelist?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 21
 CHAPTER 10

THE POLITICAL THOUGHTS OF JOSE P. RIZAL IN HIS ESSAYS: THE

INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE, THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY
HENCE, AND LETTER TO THE YOUNG WOMEN OF MALOLOS

Objectives:
1. Discuss the content of the different essay of Rizal
2. Explain the impact of the essay to the rise of the Philippine Nationalism

Lesson 10: The Indolence of the Filipino People

The Indolence of the Filipino People is the longest essay of Rizal published in La
Solidaridad on July 15, 1890, to defend the Filipinos against the accusation of Mr. Sanciano
that the Filipinos are indolent. This is due to the observation of Sanciano to a Filipino farmer
who was having a siesta at nine o’clock in the morning because he was already done on his
work.
Main Points of the Essay
1. Indolence is not only laziness but little love of work and lack of energy
2. Man is not a brute nor a machine so indolence is natural
3. Indolence is not the cause of backwardness but backwardness is the result of
indolence
4. The causes of indolence are climate, Spanish colonization, and Filipinos own
fault
5. The indolence of the Filipinos is the result of the following reasons
a) Spanish policies like force labor and taxation without
representation
b) Religion
c) No motivation for work
d) Gambling
6. The solution to indolence are proper training and sense of nationalism

Lesson 11: The Philippines A Century Hence

The Philippines A Century Hence contain the predictions of Jose Rizal about the
Philippines 100 years before its publication. He published the essay on September 30, 1889
under La Solidaridad.

Main Points of the Essay

1. Using the past to understand the present thus predicting the future
2. Filipinos have lost confidence in their past, lost faith in the present, and
lost their hope in the future
3. The Filipinos will still be under Span if they will implement the freedom
of the press and the Filipinos has representation in the Spanish Cortez
4. If the reforms are not implemented then a spirit of a nation rises and thus,
a revolution is highly positive
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 22
Lesson 12: Letter to the Young Women of Malolos

The Letter to the Young Women of Malolos was written by Dr. Jose P. Rizal as
fulfillment of the request of Marcelo H. del Pilar to commend the young women of Malolos
who fought for their rights for education. On December 12, 1888, the committee of 20
young women of Malolos expressed their desire to acquire education. They wrote a letter o
request to Governor Valeriano Weyter and petition to establish a night school.

The young ladies were:

1. Cecilia Tiongson
2. Merced Tiongson
3. Aleja Tiongson
4. Agapita Tiongson
5. Filomena Tiongson
6. Paz Tiongson
7. Feliciana Tiongson
8. Anastacia Tiongson
9. Emilia Tiongson
10. Basilia Tiongson
11. Teresa Tantoco
12. Maria Tantoco
13. Rufina Reyes
14. Leonisa Reyes
15. Olimpia Reyes
16. Juana Reyes
17. Elisea Reyes
18. Alberta Uji-Tangloy
19. Eugenia M. Tanchangco
20. Aurea M. Tanchangco

Main Points of the Essay

1. The problem of the Filipina

a. Blind obedience
b. Wrong understanding of religion
c. At fault for the continuing slavery of the Filipinos

2. The Filipino women should do the following:

a. Fight for their rights for education
b. Teach their children to love their country more than they love themselves like the
Spartan mother
c. Fulfill their duty as mothers and wives

3. All men are created equal and had the ability to think
4. The teaching of the friars about religion is not the same as God’s teaching
5. Saintliness is not equal to rituals
6. Saintliness is doing what is right and understanding your own religion

The Political Conditions of the Philippines during the Time of Spanish Colonization

1. The Dominance of the friars over the Decentralized Colonial Government

The Spanish government was deeply indebted to the Catholic priests in the process of
colonization and pacification of the Filipinos. And because of the great role played by the
church in the colonization, they were given rights to intervene in government affairs.

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 23

 The colonial government in the Philippines was composed of the governor general as
head of the archipelago, following the concept of decentralization of administration; the
country was divided into provinces with the alcalde mayor as the chief executive. Each of
the provinces was divided into town headed by the gobernadorcillo, and to govern the
barangays were the cabezas.

The governor general was given wide powers, but the exercise of these powers was
limited and controlled by ecclesiastical hierarchy which formed a part of the Board of
Authorities. This board was composed of the captain general, the attorney-general, the
military governor, the commander of the naval forces, the secretary of the general
government, the president of the audencia, the director-general of the civil administration,
the treasurer and the archbishop and bishops. The Board of Authorities investigated the
important and urgent matter for the country and in times of crisis to advise the governor
general.

2. The Dominance of the Principilia in the Colonial Government

The Spanish Colonial government set a qualification for the natives to be part of the
election of the Gobernadorcillo of each town such as follows:

a. Male
b. 23 years old and above
c. In the mentioned qualifications, those who were qualified to vote and be elected
were those who belonged to the higher class of the society and the native who belonged
to the Indios did not have a right to participate in the election

3. The appointment of the Under Qualified Officials in the Colonial Government in the
Philippines

Due to the distance that the Spaniards needed to travel, the qualified officials for the
colonial government did not want to be assigned in the Philippines. And most of the officials
who were assigned in the country were corrupted and used the funds of the colonial
government to their own advantage.

The Reforms Needed by the Philippines according to Rizal as Stated in his Works

1. Representation of the Country in the Cortez

The governors assigned in the Philippines tried to implement reforms using the law
created by the Spanish Cortez but according to Rizal those reforms implemented were not
suitable to the Philippines because the body who framed the laws belonged to the different
culture and the only way in order to have law suitable for the Filipinos was to have a
Filipino representative in the Spanish Cortez.

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 24

2. Secularization of the Parishes

In all writings of Jose Rizal, he stressed the secularization of the parishes of the
designation of the secular priest in the parishes. The policy of the Spanish regular clergy that
became the hindrance for the appointment of the Filipino priest in the parishes was rooted to
ethnocentrism of the regular priest. As Fray Gaspar de San Agustin believed that the indio
was good only as a slave and they should not be allowed to become a priest for it would
upset his mind. Aside from the said reasons, the economic and political issues were also part
of the factors why the regular priests did not want to give the secular priest position in the
parishes. However, Rizal did not propose the rapid eradication of the regular priest in the
country but the gradual assignment of the secular priest in the parishes and to widen their
influence in the church.

3. The Abolition of the Power of the Friars over State

The Union of Church and State because of the great help extended by the church in
the establishment of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines brought a huge
power to the curate to intercede with the government policies and decisions. And because of
their influence on the government, the abuse of the friars became rampant. Although Rizal
recognized the contribution of the Jesuit and Dominican friars in the founding of universities
and the construction of building and roads.

4. The Reform in the Administration and in all Branches

a. Corruption in the Government – The governor-general assigned to the Philippines was

part of the military who exercised the executive, judiciary and legislative power. And the
only way to check his administration was through the residencia and the visitador which
ceased to function after the short period of its existence. The term of eight years of the
governor-general in the Philippines was reduced to three years, but their power was still in
great extent. However, their decisions would be in line with the friars, for instance the
resignation of governor-general Despujol and Blanco were attributed to the friars. One of the
governor-general who experienced the disapproval of the friars was governor Fernando M.
de Bustamante y Bustillo who was sent in the country by the king in 1717. He was honest
and determined to clean the colonial government who had conflict with other officials in the
government who malversed the funds and the friars. His enemies conspired against him
which led to his assassination.

b. The needed Reforms – The basic freedom and bill of rights of the Filipinos should be
granted by the government and according to Rizal, liberty and freedom were not necessarily
the same with independence. The natives should be informed about those rights so that they
could guard themselves against the abuses. The Filipinos had no protection against the abuse
of the Spanish officials and were often punished without the due process of law. The
administration of justice was slow and expensive. As he stated in his essay, The Philippines,
A Century Hence.

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 25

c. The Equal Participation of the Filipino and Spanish in the Government in the
Philippines

d. The Elevation of the Moral Standard of the Administration

5. Reform in the Educational System

The defects of the Educational system in the Philippines according to Rizal were: first,
there were too much emphasis on the religious subjects in all areas of educational system
and second, there was no academic freedom. The two reasons resulted to the backwardness
of the system and the teacher-centered curriculum where the friars used the education to
lower the self-esteem of the youth to avoid the rebellions against them. Rizal was against the
church-centered education because he was in favor of the development of science and
practical education. His stay in Dapitan, he advocated those systems when he taught the
children in Dapitan about the dignity of manual labor, industrial arts and practical
agriculture. The basic foundation of democracy according to Rizal was the attainment of
education

6. Freedom of Press

Rizal, as he stated on his essay, The Philippines A Century Hence, that since the
Philippines was far from Spain, it was necessary to have a freedom of the press so that this
freedom would protect the people against the abuse of the officials and friars. The
knowledge of the king about the Philippines was limited to the reports of the officials and
the friars and because of that the cruelties and the corruption of the officials in the colonial
government was beyond the knowledge of the king.

EXERCISES V

Name:_________________________ Score:________________
Course & Yr.___________________ Date:_________________

Direction: Answer the following briefly. You may use other clean sheet of paper.

1. Do you believe that indolence is an inherent trait among the Filipinos? Do you agree or
disagree with the reasons Rizal presented? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 26
2. What is the essence of Rizal’ s letter to the Young Women of Malolos and its significance
in today’ s world?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3. What do young women of Malolos think is Rizal’s view on women?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

4. If Rizal were living today, what advice do you think he will give for the 21st century
young Filipino women?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

5. What is your learning insight about the three essay of Rizal? Did this writings of Rizal
helped the Filipinos against the Spaniards? Justify.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 27
 CHAPTER 11

JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM BAYANI AND KABAYANIHAN

Objectives:
1. Interpret views and opinions about bayani and kabayanihan on the context of
Philippine history
2. Assess the concepts of bayani and kabayanihan in the context of Philippine
Society and society.

Lesson 13: The Life And Legacy Of Jose Rizal: National Hero Of The Philippines

Dr. Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines , is not only admired for possessing
intellectual brilliance but also for taking a stand and resisting the Spanish colonial
government. While his death sparked a revolution to overthrow the tyranny, Rizal will
always be remembered for his compassion towards the Filipino people and the country.

His Novels Awakened Philippine Nationalism

Rizal had been vocal against the Spanish government, but in a peaceful and
progressive manner. For him “the pen was mightier than sword”. And through his writings,
he exposed the corruption and wrongdoings of government officials as well as the Spanish
friars.

Rizal’s Unfateful Days

Upon his return to the Philippines, Rizal formed a progressive organization called the La
Liga Filipina. This civic movement advocated social reforms through legal means. Now
Rizal was considered even more of threat by Spanish authorities (alongside his novels and
essays), which ultimately led to his exile in Dapitan in northern Mindanao.

This however did not stop him from continuing his plan for reform. While in Dapian , Rizal
built a school, hospital, and water system. He also taught farming and worked on
agricultural projects such as using abaca to make ropes.

His legacy lives on

After his death the Philippine revolution continued until 1896. and with the assistance
of the United States, the Philippine declared its independence from Spain on June 12, 1898.
this was the time that the Philippine flag was waved at general Emilio Aguinaldo’s residence
in Kawit, Cavite.

Today, Dr. Rizal’s brilliance, compassion, courage, and patriotism are greatly
remembered and recognized by the Filipino people. His two novels are continuously being
analyzed by students and professionals.
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 28
College and universities in the Philippines even require the students to take a subject which
centers around the life and works of Rizal. Every year, the Filipinos celebrate Rizal’s day-
December 30 each year- to commemorate his life and works.

Filipinos look back at how his founding of La Liga Filipina and his two novels had an
effect on the early beginnings of the Philippine Revolution. The people also recognize his
advocacy to achieve liberty through peaceful means rather than violent revolution.

In honor of Rizal, memorials and statues of the national hero can be found not only
within the Philippines, but in selected cities around the world. A road in the Chanakyapuri
area of New Delhi (India) and in Medan, Indonesia is named after him. The Jose Rizal
bridge and Rizal Park in the city of Seattle are also dedicated to the late hero.
Within the Philippines, there are streets, towns/cities, a university (Rizal’s university),
and a province named after him. Three species have also been named after Rizal –the Draco
rizali (a small lizard, known as flying dragon), Apogonia rizali (a very rare kind of beetle
with five horns) and Rhacophorus rizali (a peculiar frog species).

To commemorate what hi did for the country, the Philippines built a memorial park ,
found in Manila. There lies a monument which contains a standing bronze sculpture of Rizal,
an obelisk, and a stone base said to contain his remains. The monument stands near the place
where he fell during his execution in Luneta.

CHAPTER 12

JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM- NATIONAL SYMBOL

Objectives:
1. Examine the values highlighted by the various representations of Rizal as
National Symbol.
2. Advocate the values Rizal’s life encapsulates.

Lesson 14: Why Rizal is our Greatest National Hero

1. Rizal is our greatest hero because, as a towering figure in the propaganda campaign,
he took an “admirable part” in that movement which roughly covered the period from
1882 to 1896.
2. Rizal’s writing contributed tremendously to the formation of Filipino nationality.
3. Rizal becomes the greatest Filipino hero because no Filipino has yet been born who
could equal or surpass Rizal as “a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger,
or fortitude in suffering”.
4. Rizal is the greatest Filipino hero that ever lived because he is “a man honoured after
death by public worship, beacause of exemptional service to mankind”.

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 29

 EXERCISES VI

Name:_________________________ Score:________________
Course & Yr.___________________ Date:_________________

Direction: Answer the following briefly. You may use other clean sheet of paper.

1. Present a photo exhibit of different Rizal monuments in the Philippines and abroad. Write
short descriptions about their background and interpretations on their imagery and
representations.( at least 10 photos)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Create a cluster diagram on the values highlighted by Rizal’s life.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Compare and contrast bayani and kabayanihan from precolonial Philippines to present.
Site examples.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

4. Make/ Compose a song or poem about Bayani and Kabayanihan.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 30
References:
Coates, Austin. Rizal: Filipino Nationalist and Martyr. Hongkong: Oxford University Press,
Quezon City: Malaya Books, 1969.
Rizal, Jose. El Filibusterismo (Translation by Virgilio Almario or Soledad Lacson-Locsin)
Rizal, Jose. Noli me tangere (Translation by Virgilio Almario or Soledad Lacson-Locsin)
Rizal, Jose. Historical events of the Philippines Islands by Dr. Antonio de Morga, published
in Mexico in 1609, recently brought to
light and annotated by Jose Rizal, preceded by a prologue by Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt.
Manila. Jose Rizal National
Centennial Commission, 1962.
Rizal, Jose. "The Philippines a Century Hence" In La Solidaridad
Almario. Virgilio. Si Rizal: Nobelista. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press,
2008.
Anderson, Benedict Why Counting Counts: A Study of Forms of Consciousness and
Problems of Language in Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2008.
Chua, Apolonio Bayani and Patricia Melendrez Cruz. Himalay ni Rizal. Manila: Sentrong
Pangkultura ng Pilipinas, 1991
Constantino, Renato. The Making ofa Filipino: A Story of Philippine Colonial Politics.
Quezon City: R. Constantino, 1982.
Constantino, Renato. "Our task: to make Rizal obsolete" in This Week, Manila Chronicle
(June 14, 1959).
Eugenio, Damiana. Philippine folk literature: The Epics. Quezon City: University of the
Philippines Press, 2001
Daroy, Petronilo at Dolores Feria. Contrary Essays. Quezon City: Guro Books, 1968.
Diestro, Dwight David et al. Talambuhay at Lipunan: Si Heneral Paciano Rizal sa
Kasaysayang Pilipino. University of the
Philippines Los Bathos Sentro ng Wikang Filipino. 2006
Fast, Jonathan at Jim Richardson. Roots of Dependency: Political and Economic
Revolution in the 19th Century Philippines.
Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1979.
Guerrero, Leon Ma. The First Filipino: A Biography of Rizal. Manila: National Heroes
Commission, 1963.
Guillermo, Ramon G. "Si Rizal at ang Kanyang Konsepto ng Kabayanihan sa kanyang
Liham sa mga Kababaihan ng Malolos" sa
Diliman Review Tomo 45, Bilang 2-3, 1997, pp. 26-29
Haul Caroline S. Necessary Fictions: Philippine Literature and the Nation, 1946—1980.
Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University
Press, 2000.

THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL 31