Types of Events and Calculation of Probability:

1. Mutually Exclusive events 2. Not mutually exclusive events

1.Mutually Exclusive Events
If A and B are any two events from an experiment, such A  B   that if any one of them occurs at a
time i.e. they cannot occurs simultaneously then these event are said to mutually exclusive ,shown by the
following Venn Diagram.
And the probability of these events calculated as A
P (either A or B occurs )  P ( A  B )  P( A)  P ( B ) B
in General P ( A1  A2  A3  ....  An )  P ( A 1 )  P ( A 2 )  P ( A3 )  ......  P ( An )

2. Not Mutually Exclusive events

Suppose A and B are two events in an experiment. Such A  B   that if A occurs then B may be also
occurs and if B occurs A may also occurs then these events are called Not Mutually Exclusive
The probability of these events of these calculated as
P ( A or B )  P ( A  B )  P ( A )  P ( B )  P ( A  B )
and for A , B and C three events
P ( A  B  C )  P ( A )  P ( B )  P ( C )  P ( A  B )  P ( B  C )  P( A  C )  P ( A  B  C )
Called addition laws of probability and may generalized

Q1 There are 150 officers 60 belongs to army and 90 are Naval officers 25 of the Army and 50 of the
Naval officer read newspaper daily. An officer is selected at Random from them. What is the
chance that would be an Army officer or read news paper
Q2 Among 200 seats available on a British Airways flight, 40 are reserved for smokers (including 16
aisle seats) and 160 are reserved for nonsmokers (including 64 aisle seats. If a late passenger is
randomly assigned a seat, find the probability of getting an aisle seat or one in the smoking section
Q3 In a cafeteria students may order any combination of Chips, Sandwiches and Cold drink. The
probability that a student chooses a cold drink is 0.45, sandwiches and chips 0.19, cold drink and
sandwiches 0.15, cold drink and chips 0.25, cold drink or sandwiches 0.6, cold drink or chips 0.84,
cold drink or chips or sandwiches 0.9. Find the probability that a student chooses all the three
Q4 The event A1 that a certain part of an airplane works during a flight is determined to be 0.99 .Sine
the engineers are reluctant to risk the probability 0.01 of failure they insert another pare in
parallel. This means the failure occurs if and only if both parts fail. Let the event A2 stand for the
success of the second part. Assume that it has been determined that P ( A2 ) = 0.99 and that A1
and A2 are independent events. Find the probability of success.
Q5 An auto engineer has found that a car will require a tune-up with probability 0.6, a brake-job with
probability 0.1 and both with probability 0.02. What is the probability that a car requires either a
tune-up or a break-job or both (0.68)
Q6 Survey subjects are often chosen by using computers to randomly select telephone numbers.
Assume that a computer randomly generates the last digit of a telephone number. Find the
probability that the outcome is a. 8 or 9 b. odd or the less than 4. (Ans 0.2,0.7)

You may not be perfect in many things ….

But!! Many things cannot be perfect without you….
Q7 A customer enters a Super market. The probability that the customer buy a. bread is 0.60 b. milk
is 0.50 c.both bread and milk is 0.30. What is the probability that the customer would buy either
bread or milk or both (0.8)
Q8 An Army personal can solve 90% of the technical problems in a Technical war book and a Naval
personal can solve 93 % problems. Now a problem is chosen at random. What is the probability
that either Army or Naval personal can solve the problem?

Q9 In a departmental store customer may choose any combination of Butter, Eggs and Bread. The
Probability that a customer chooses Bread is 0.55, Eggs and Butter 0.25, Bread and Eggs 0.15,
Bread and Butter 0.30, Bread or Eggs 0.78, Brad or Butter 0.85 and all the three 0.12. Find the
probability that a customer chooses either Bread or Butter or Eggs.

Q 10 Twenty cards have been numbered from 1 to 20. The cards are shuffled and a card is drawn
i. What is the probability that the number so obtained is a multiple of 5 or 7?
ii. What is the probability that the number so obtained is a multiple of 3 or 5 ?

Q 11 A urn contains 10 balls, four of which are red, three white ant three black, three balls are drawn at
random, what is the probability that they are i. all of different color ii. All of the same color

Q 12 The following circuit operation only if there is a path of functional devise from left to right.The
probability that each device functions is shown on the graph. Assume that devices fail
independently .What is the probability that the circuit operates
0.95

0.9

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Q1 What is the probability that a vowel selected at random in an English alphabets.
Q2 Two players are to be selected out of five named a , b, c, d ,e.What is the probability that a and b
or and c and d or b and d are
Q3 An urn contains x-red balls and y- green balls. If a ball is taken at random from the urn, the
probability that it is red is 3 / 7 .Write down an equation connecting x and y. If there had been 5
more red balls in the urn, the probability would have been ½.Find x and y
Q4 There are three candidates for the award of a scholarship. Candidates A and B are given about the
same chance of winning. But candidate C is given 3 times, the chance of either A or B i. What is the
probability that C wins ii. What is the probability that A does not win
Q5 There are three candidates for the award of a scholarship. Candidates A and B are given about the
same chance of winning, but candidate C is given 3 times, the chance of either A or B
Q6 Four candidates are seeking a vacancy on a school board. If A is twice as likely to be elected a B,
and B and C are given about the same chance of being elected , while C is twice as likely to be
elected as D , what are the probability that i. C will win ? ii. A will not win
Q7 The following diagram shows a system of roads. A boy walks from A to K always going by the
direction of the arrows. At any junction where he has a choice of two roads ,it is equally likely that
he will take either. Find the probability that he will walk along GH , DH ,HK
A B

D E
F
C

K
G
H
Q8 Some of the children in a class write down the first letter of their surname on a card; these cards
are shown below:

One of these cards is taken at random. What is the probability that the letter on it is: i. W ii. S
or T iii. J or M iv. not H v. a vowel

Q9 Ahmed writes a computer program that produces at random one of these digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9 i. an even number ii. a multiple of 4 iii. a number less than 7 iv.  a multiple of 5
Q 10 The police line up 10 people in an identity parade; only one of the people is the criminal. A
witness does not recognize the criminal and so chooses a person at random. What is the
probability that: a. the criminal is chosen b.  the criminal is not chosen

“Life isn't about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself.”

Have a Nice Day