Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion (STEM)

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 4 Inquiries Subject Teacher:

Module 4

MEAN OF UNGROUPED DATA and INDEPENDENT t-TEST

A. INTRODUCTION

Mean of Ungrouped Data

The term average is used frequently in everyday life to express an amount that is typical for a
group of people or things. For example, you may read in a newspaper that on average people watch
3 hours of television per day. We understand from the use of the term average that not everybody
watches 3 hours of television each day, but that some watch more and some less. However, we realize
from the use of the term average that the figure of 3 hours per day is a good indicator of the amount
of TV watched in general.

Averages are useful because they summarize a large amount of data into a single value; and
indicate that there is some variability around this single value within the original data.

In everyday language most people have an inherent understanding of what the term average
means. However, within the language of mathematics there are three different definitions of average
known as the mean, median and mode.

The mean is the most commonly used mathematical measure of average and is generally what
is being referred to when people use the term average in everyday language. The mean is calculated
by summing all the values in a dataset; this total is then divided by the number of values that make up
the set of data.

Independent t-test

A t-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference

between the means of two groups, which may be related in certain features. Essentially, a t-test allows
us to compare the average values of the two data sets and determine if they came from the same
population.

Mathematically, the t-test takes a sample from each of the two sets and establishes the problem
statement by assuming a null hypothesis that the two means are equal. Based on the applicable
formulas, certain values are calculated and compared against the standard values, and the assumed
null hypothesis is accepted or rejected accordingly. If the null hypothesis qualifies to be rejected, it
indicates that data readings are strong and are not by chance. The t-test is just one of many tests used
for this purpose.

A statistically significant t-test result is one in which a difference between two groups is unlikely
to have occurred because the sample happened to be atypical. Statistical significance is determined
by the size of the difference between the group averages, the sample size, and the standard
deviations of the groups. For practical purposes statistical significance suggests that the two larger
populations from which we sample are “actually” different.

B. OBJECTIVES

In this module, the students will…

• Recall the process in obtaining the mean of a data set that is ungrouped.
• Apply the concept of mean in solving problems related to their field.
• Relate the concept of mean in real life by conducting a simple survey using data like age,
grade, height and the like.
 Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion (STEM)
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 4 Inquiries Subject Teacher:

• Perform the procedures in conducting t-test utilizing Microsoft Excel.

• Analyze problems involving data sets of controlled and uncontrolled groups
• Interpret results of an experiment scenario by providing a summary report

C. PRE-REQUISITES
• Statistics and Probability

D. TIME FRAME
• 4 week

E. MATERIALS NEEDED
• Survey Sheets
• Calculator
• Microsoft Excel

F. PROCEDURES

1. Mean of Ungrouped Data

a. Conduct a quick survey obtaining grades in any two courses of your interest (e.g. General
Physics and General Chemistry; Oral Communication and Komunikasyon)
b. Select a random sample of 30 male students and 30 female grade students who already
took the subject.
c. Summarize your data in the table (see attached)
d. Compute for the mean. Present your data in a table (an example is shown below) to be
presented in the ‘Results and Discussion’ section of your output.

e. Briefly write an analysis of your result. Write these after each table of results in your paper.

2. Independent t-test (using Microsoft Excel)

a. Input your data set on the grades from two courses in Microsoft Excel.
b. To test, first, perform an F-Test to determine if the variances of the two populations are equal.
This is not the case.
c. On the Data tab, in the Analysis group, click Data Analysis.
 Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion (STEM)
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 4 Inquiries Subject Teacher:

d. Select t-Test: PAIRED TWO SAMPLE FOR MEANS and click OK.

e. Click in the Variable 1 Range box and select the range where the data for the first course
(e.g. General Chemistry grades of Male Students) is found.
f. Click in the Variable 1 Range box and select the range where the data for the second course
(e.g. General Physics grades of Female Students) is found.
g. Click in the Output Range box and select ‘New Worksheet’.

h. Click OK.
i. The analysis will show. (Here is an example)

j. Recall your statistics lesson and interpret the results of your test.
k. Present your data and inference in the ‘Results and Discussion’ section
l. Example:
“Since t Stat < -t Critical two-tail or t Stat > t Critical two-tail, we reject the null hypothesis. This
is not the case, -2.365 < 1.473 < 2.365. Therefore, we do not reject the null hypothesis. The
observed difference between the sample means (33 - 24.8) is not convincing enough to say
that the average number of study hours between female and male students differ
significantly.”
 Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion (STEM)
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 4 Inquiries Subject Teacher:

G. OUTPUT
1. Follow the template given by your Inquiries adviser
2. Introduction
- Write your introduction. Since there are two main objectives of your mini research: a.)
average performance in two courses and b.) difference in the performance between males
and females in the two courses, your introduction should revolve on these.
- Include here your statement of the problem:
1. What is the average performance of students in the following courses:
a. [Subject A]
b. [Subject B]?
2. What is the difference in the performance of students in the following courses when
grouped according to gender:
a. [Subject A]
b. [Subject B]
3. Methodology
- Discuss the type of research of this activity
- Discuss your Data Treatment
- Discuss your Data Gathering Procedures
4. Results and Discussion
- Follow the order as in your SOPs
5. Conclusion
6. References
- Include all your references especially literatures you used in the Introduction
7. Appendices
- Attach your survey sheet

H. SCORING RUBRIC
Teacher’s Evaluation 1 2 3 4
1. Over-all paper impression (grammar, vocabulary, technical format,…)
2. Introduction (literatures presented, objectives of the study, …)
3. There is a thorough discussion of research design, selection…
4. Appropriate data gathering procedures and data treatment are presented.
5. The results gathered or expected results are relevant and logical.
6. Suitable tables and/or figures were used to present results.
7. Discussions are very comprehensive and logical.
8. Conclusions and Recommendations are aligned to the objectives of the study.
9. Proper referencing is observed and appendices (raw data, data treatment) are included.
10. Over-all quality of the study.
SCORING (to be filled up by the panel)
Number of Marks
Multiplied by the column score 1 2 3 4
Total Score
Sum of Total Scores =______/40