SBEG 1473 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

AND REMOTE SENSING

LAB02

ASSOC.PROF DR. ZULKARANAIN

NAME : ANNSHALITA A/P PERAK
SUT
STUDENT NUMBER : A20BE0022
Introduction:
Erdas Imagine is an image processing app by ERDAS LLC,that easen
the work of Geoinformatic student in analyzing the given data image
and learn how to do some detailing information on each images of
different sources.

Objective :
To Guide the students on how to handle Erdas Imagine tools such as,
display,cursor operations and opening the spatial and spectral profiles.
1a) What is the pixel size in the X and Y direction?
Pixel size in the upper left X is 426000.0,while for the lower right X
is 436000.0. While for pixel size in upper left Y is 2867500.0 while
for the lower right Y is 2857500.0.
Overall the pixel size of X and Y are the same which is 20.0 meters .

1b) What are the units of measurement?

The units of measurement of spot image of Marco island are metres.
1c) What map projection is the image geo-referenced to?
Map projection UTM,Zone 17 is the image that geo-referenced to.
1d) What is the maximum brightness value indicated in the
Statistics Info for the green band?
The maximum brightness value indicated in the statistic info in the
image for the green band is 158.
1e) What is the minimum brightness value indicated in the
Statistics Info for the red band?
The minimum brightness value for the red band in the image is 27.

1f) Print out the histogram for the NIR band, evaluate it, and
explain the reason for the bi-modal distribution.

The histogram above showing the bi-modal distribution for NIR

image that consist of 2 different modes.There is 2 peak of modal
above but the right is the highest due to the band combination applied
on the image.
1g) Examine the Image Info contents of the panchromatic band.
Can you identify any errors?
There is some error in the image in panchromatic band because SPOT
band 4 panchromatic data were at first acquired at 10x10m spatial
resolution and it has been resampled to 20x20 so it might change the
resolution of the image a little but the image still can remain its
detailed spatial information.

1h) How large are the individual SPOT bands in megabytes?

Individual SPOT bands is 2 power of 8 equal to 256 megabytes.

2a) What are some advantages of having multiple viewers open

when working in a digital image processing research project?
The advantages of having multiple viewers open when working in a
digital image processing researching project are that user are able to
analyze the 2 ,3 or more images at one time without having to click
open new raster file again. Multiple viewer function easen the task by
the researcher and it saves time. The researcher also able to
differentiate both images of different bands more faster and effective.

2b) Compare each of the three grayscale bands (NIR = band 3,

Red = 2, Green = 1) and briefly describe how they differ in their
spectral responses to water, bare soil (sand), and mangrove
wetland vegetation.

As can be shown from the images above, NIR image show that most
of the land vegetation area covered in red whereas for image #1 which
is band show gray and black combination of most land area. For
image #3, the land area are colored in darker grey shade while for
image #4 show black colour for sea area and some gray on land area.
Band 3 for NIR showing the most effectiveness in spectral responses
especially in bare soil(sand) . It can easily let the user to detect the
difference between one kind of land from another cropland.
Profile 1 can be known as water and its spectral response is at lowest
at band 3 whereas highest at band 1. For profile 2 which can be
estimate as bare soil, the profile reach it peak at band 3 compare to
profile 1. The lowest point of profile 2 for bare soil is at band 2.
Profile 3 which can be estimate as mangrove wetland vegetation reach
the highest point on band 3 but below profile 2.Profile 3 reach the
lowest point at band 2 also.

2c) If you wanted to study the road network on Marco Island,

which one of the three black and white bands image (green, red,
and NIR) would be best? Why?
Road network probably best to be analyzed by black and white
images in image #1 because it illustrate road clearer compare to NIR
image.
2d) Now substitute the 10 x 10 m SPOT panchromatic band 4 for
the red band in the color composite display in 2D View #1. Now
which band would you use to identify roads in the imagery?
Why?
I would choose band 4 SPOT panchromatic image to identify roads in
the imagery because the colour of the road line can be seen obvious
compare to other type of images.

3a) Which of the coordinate systems would you use to describe a

pixel location to someone working on a different dataset of the
same geographic area? Why?
Universal Transverse Mercator,projected coordinate system best use
to describe a pixel location. I feel its easier to use this type of utm
coordinate system since it able to detect a constant distance
relationship all around the earth surface. The UTM system also
applying meters as the base unit making the conversion process easier
for the user that working on a different dataset of the same geographic
area.

3b) Position the crosshairs on a representative pixel and record

the actual data values in each band for the following features:
a. Urban

b. Water
 c. Forest

d. Agriculture

3c) How do these data values compare with your knowledge of the
spectral signatures for urban, water, and vegetation?

Data values in urban areas has the 2 nd lowest spectral reflectance

among all the other areas due to many roads and buildings were made,
and when the time goes by the spectral reflectance becomes low as the
matter characteristic become dulls and results in darker image.

Whereas in water area, the spectral reflectance are lowest in NIR

region but can be at peak in absorption process and this results in 0
value in red band.

Data values in vegetation results in higher impact of spectral

reflectance in Near infrared wavelengths spectrum compare to visible
spectrum band which are green and blue as can be seen on agriculture
data values. Spectral reflectance are decreasing in visible spectrum
due to the amount of water in the vegetation itself and the amount
cholorophyl in leaves.

4a) Using the [Measure] tools in the [Home] menu, what is the
perimeter and total area of the Coliseum? Note: Use the "Polygon
Perimeter" tool.

4b) Locate the tools found in the [View] section of the [Home]
menu. Briefly discuss how these utilities could be useful to an
image analyst.
a. Swipe (in manual and automated mode)
Swipe tool useful for hiding the top layer making it invisible or
making it appear above another layer. Image analyst able to edit
two image at one time.

b. Blend (in manual and automated mode)

Blend in tool provide image analyst in mixing the two image
together and let the image to be on top of another image
without losing the image detail.

c. Flicker (in manual and automated mode)

Flicker tools let the user to manually change or do the switching
between the selected image.
5a) 242, 470 (Healthy Cordgrass)
Healthy cordgrass which is represented by profile 2 shows a point at
peak at band 4 due to the effectiveness of spectral reflectance in near
infrared zone (NIR) compare to another band. The spectral reflectance
of visible spectrum which are consist of band 2 until 3 are lower than
in NIR.

5b) 272, 508 (Water)

Profile 1 that reflecting water showing the lowest point at band 4
because characteristic of water is not at best in spectral reflectance but
water can be at peak when it comes to absorption process around NIR.
It can be shown also that around band 1 and band 2, spectral
reflectance has impact on band coastal aerosol and Blue colour.

5c) 302, 504 (Oyster Bed)

Profile 3 which is oyster bed ‘s spectral curve almost same as water
but a little higher than water ‘s spectral curve.The spectral reflectance
of oyster bed are affected by the characteristic of soil surfaces. Oyster
bed provide high performance in absorbing process.

6a) Cordgrass is known to grow very densely at the edges of inlet

rivers and less densely as further away from the river. Draw a
profile line on the image that illustrates this point using three of
the seven bands and print the graph. Describe the general trends
of the changes in data values using your knowledge of spectral
signatures and explain why the values change as they do.

6b) Based on your analysis, what band do you think would be

most sensitive to the evidence of smooth cordgrass biomass and
why?
The band zone around (0.76-1.75 μm) which is in near infrared
spectrum probably would be most sensitive to the evidence of smooth
cordgrass biomass. This is mainly because the cordgrass mostly
consist of leaves and the content of leaves are made from mesophyll
cells that reflects back most of the near infrared light. Plus, smooth
cordgrass are classified in vegetation group so the rate of spectral
reflectance is higher in the near infrared zone (NIR) and this spectrum
region are at most sensitive in this area. High NIR reflectance can
easily detect any vegetation with good health status.