REMOTE

SENSING
CONTENT
1.INTRODUCTION

2.PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY INTERACTION IN ATMOSPHERE AND EARTH

SURFACE FEATURES

3.IMAGE INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

4.VISUAL INTERPRETATION

5.DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

 1.INTRODUCTION
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object
or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object
and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth.
Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including geography,
land surveying and most Earth science disciplines (for example,
hydrology, ecology, meteorology, oceanography, glaciology,
geology); it also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic,
planning, and humanitarian applications.
In current usage, the term "remote sensing" generally refers to the
use of satellite- or aircraft-based sensor technologies to detect and
classify objects on Earth, including on the surface and in the 
atmosphere and oceans, based on propagated signals (e.g. 
electromagnetic radiation). It may be split into "active" remote
sensing (such as when a signal is emitted by a satellite or aircraft
and its reflection by the object is detected by the sensor) and
"passive" remote sensing (such as when the reflection of sunlight is
detected by the sensor)
OVERVIEW
Passive sensors gather radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or
surrounding areas. Reflected sunlight is the most common source of
radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples of passive remote sensors
include film photography, infrared, charge-coupled devices, and 
radiometers. Active collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to
scan objects and areas whereupon a sensor then detects and measures the
radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target. RADAR and 
LiDAR are examples of active remote sensing where the time delay
between emission and return is measured, establishing the location, speed
and direction of an object.
Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data of dangerous or
inaccessible areas. Remote sensing applications include monitoring 
deforestation in areas such as the Amazon Basin, glacial features in Arctic
and Antarctic regions, and depth sounding of coastal and ocean depths.
Military collection during the Cold War made use of stand-off collection of
data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces costly
and slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas
or objects are not disturbed.
2.PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY INTERACTION IN ATMOSPHERE

When electromagnetic energy reaches the Earth's surface there are three
possible energy interactions with the surface feature:
• Reflection: occurs when radiation "bounces" off the target and is
redirected
• Absorption: occurs when radiation (energy) is absorbed into the target
• Transmission: occurs when radiation passes through a target

The proportion of energy reflected, absorbed and transmitted will vary

EXAMPLE HEADER
depending on the surface material, condition and wavelength of the
energy. For example: Vegetation and soils can reflect approximately 30-50%
of the incident energy (across the entire EM spectrum) while water on the
other hand reflects only 10% of incident energy. Water reflects most of this in
the visible range, minimal in the NIR and beyond 1.2 μm (mid-infrared) water
absorbs nearly all energy.
REFLECTION

Reflection occurs when incoming energy bounces off a surface and is reflected back. The amount of reflection varies with:
Wavelength of Energy
Geometry of the Surface
Surface Materials
The color of an object is actually the wavelengths of the light reflected while all other wavelengths are absorbed.

Geometry

The surface geometry of an object is an important consideration when discussing reflectance. This is primarily a function
of the surface roughness of an object.

Specular Reflectors

Specular reflectors are flat surfaces that produce mirror like reflections. Mirrors and calm surfaces of lakes are specular
reflectors and produce mirror-like reflections. On an ideal specular reflector the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
3.IMAGE INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUE

INTERPRETATION:- Interpretation is the

processes of detection, identification,
description and assessment of significant of
an object and pattern imaged. The method
of interpretation may be either visual or
digitalor combination of both. Both the
interpretation techniques have merits and
demerits and even afterthe digital analysis
the output are also visually analysed.
Basic elements of interpretation

The interpretation of satellite imagery and aerial photographs involves the study of various basic
characters of an object with reference to spectral bands which is useful in visual analysis. The basic
elements are shape, size, pattern, tone, texture, shadows, location, association and resolution.
Shape:  The external form, outline or configuration of the object. This includes natural features (Example: Yamuna River), in
Delhi Man Made feature (Example : Nehru Stadium, Delhi.

Size : This property depends on the scale and resolution of the image/photo. Smaller feature will be easily
indented in large scale image/photo.

Pattern: Spatial arrangement of an object into distinctive recurring forms: This can be easily explained through the pattern of
a road and railway line. Eventhough both looks linear, major roads associated with steep curves and many intersection with
minor road.

Shadow:  Indicatesthe outline of an object and its length which is useful is measuring the height of an object. The
shadow effect in Radar images is due to look angle and slope of the terrain. Taller features cast larger shadows than shorter
features.

Tone: Refers to the colour or relative brightness of an object. The tonal variation is due to the reflection, emittance,
transmission or absorption character of an objects. This may vary from one object to another and also changes with reference to
different bands. In General smooth surface tends to have high reflectance, rougher surface less reflectance. This phenomenon
can be easily explained through Infrared and Radar imagery .
Infrared imagery: Healthy vegetation reflects Infrared radiation much more stronger than green energy and appears very
bright in the image. A simple example is the appearance of light tone by vegetation species and dark tone by water. Particularly in
thermal infrared images the brightness tone represents warmest temperature and darkness represent coolest temperature. The image
(Fig2) illustrates daytime and night time thermal data. The changes in kinetic water temperature cause for the tonal changes. Hence
time is also to be taken consideration before interpretation

Radar Imagery : Smooth surfaces reflect highly and area blocked from radar signal and appear dark. Bridges and cities show
very bright tone, on the contrary calm water, pavement and dry lake beds appears very dark tone.

Texture: The frequency of tonal change. It creaks a visual impression of surface roughness or smoothness of objects. This
property depends upon the size, shape, pattern and shadow:

Location Site : The relationship of feature to the surrounding features provides clues to words its identity. Example: certain tree
species words associated with high altitude areas

Resolution: It depends upon the photographic/imaging device namely cameras or sensors. This includes of spectral and spatial
resolutions. The spectral resolution helps in identifying the feature in specific spectral bands. The high spatial resolutions
imagery/photographs is useful in identifying small objects.

Association: Occurrence of features in relation to others.

Hence, careful examination has to be done to identify the features in the imagery combined with field information.
Visual image interpretation is a first analysis
approach to remote sensing imagery.
Here the size ,shape,and position of
objects as well as the contrast and 4.VISUAL INTERPRETATION
colour saturation are analysed.

The height of objects can be determined by

indirect visual analysis.

ADVANTAGES IN VISUAL INTERPRETATION

1.Simple method .

2.Inexpensive equipment

3.Uses brightness and spatial content of the image

4.Subjective and Qualitative Concrete

BASIC ELEMENTS OF INTERPRETATION
• The interpretation of satellite
imagery and aerial
photographs involves the study
of various basic characters of
an object with reference to
spectral bands which is useful
in visual analysis.
• The basic elements are
shape,size,patttern,tone,textur
e,shadows,location,association
and resolution
  Digital image processing is the use of a digital computer
 to process digital images through an algorithm.[1][2] As a
subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image
processing has many advantages over 
analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of
algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid
problems such as the build-up of noise and distortion during
processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions
(perhaps more) digital image processing may be modeled in
the form of multidimensional systems. The generation and
development of digital image processing are mainly affected
by three factors: first, the development of computers;
5.DIGITAL IMAGE second, the development of mathematics (especially the

PROCESSING creation and improvement of discrete mathematics theory);

third, the demand for a wide range of applications in
environment, agriculture, military, industry and medical
science has increased.
• Digital image processing … in order to process
remote sensing imagery digitally, the data
must be recorded and available in a digital
form suitable for storage on a computer tape
or disk
• A survey of some digital image processing
techniques which are useful in the analysis of
remotely sensed imagery, particularly
landsat,is presented.
• An overview of the various steps involved in
computer automated processing of landsat
imagery is first given
• A number of specifc tasks,which employ digital
image processing methods are then discussed;
on-board processing, radiometric
correction,geometric transformation , image
enhancement and multitemporal analyis.
Remote Sensing tackling geological problem
 THANK YOU

Presented by
ABHISHEK.P
AND TEAM
Chandanesh.P
Monisha K S
Vidyashree N
Aditya R