UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY

(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)

City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The food processing industry generates large amounts of eggshell waste

worldwide. The eggshell waste is rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), and is considered

to be a solid waste material of very complex and difficult final disposal. Eggshells are

notable agricultural waste indiscriminately disposed on the environment. Coupled with

their foul smell they tend to create an unpleasant environment wherever they could be

found.

Sand is used mainly to make cement for construction projects. Yet after decades

of continuous hauling and dredging, the negative impacts have become too egregious

to completely reverse. Sand mining is known to occur in 73 countries, on 5 continents.

Because of the difficulty in regulating sand mining operations, the tragedies of the

common results from operators that massively extract the sand without considering

long-term consequences, leading to over-exploitation and eventually degradation of the

environment.

On the other hand, cement can be defined as a finely ground, non-metallic,

inorganic powder, and when mixed with water forms a paste that sets and hardens.

The cement manufacturing industry is under close scrutiny these days because of large

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
volume of CO2 emitted. Actually this industrial sector is thought to represent 5-7% of

the total CO2 anthropogenic carbon emissions. Concern over the impact of

anthropogenic carbon emissions on the global climate has increased in recent years due

to growth in global warming awareness. In addition to the generation of CO 2 the

cement manufacturing process produces millions of tons of the waste product cement

kiln dust each year contributing to respiratory and pollution health risk.

Cement Board is a building material typically used as siding or trim. This material

was designed to provide a product that is durable and able to withstand climate

extremes.

Amara, et al. (2003) stated that eggshell waste can be used in soil-cement bricks

with excellent technical properties in the range up to 30 wt%, as a partial replacement

for Portland cement.

According to Karthick et al. (2014) the inclusion of eggshell as filter into concrete

has also improve the flexural behavior of concrete up to 22.9% compared to the control

concrete. The addition of eggshell powder as filler in concrete improves the resistance

of failure in bending.

This research is based on the previous study that came up with the study of an

eggshell a replacement to sand in making bricks that aims to help people reduce

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
eggshell waste to improve the strength of cement board and produce good cementation

materials.

The researchers decided to improve the study by adding something that could

enrich the appearance of the cement board and also to help lessen the problem in solid

waste management.

Plastic wastes is one of the major cause of flood in the community. It is also bad

for plants, animals, humans and to the environment when it is burned because it

increases the amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) in the atmosphere. According to some

research, Plastic wastes decay after 30,000 years approximately. Thus, the researchers

decided to use plastic wastes material for the enrichment of appearance of the cement

board to make it more useful and to contribute for the goodness of society and

environment. The application in civil engineering could be one of the best management

practices for eggshell and plastic waste as a low-cost alternative material.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the characteristics and the physical properties of

cement with eggshell as replacement for sand. Specifically, it aims to answer the

following questions:

1. What are the physical properties of cement with eggshell as replacement of

sand in terms of:

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
a. Dimensional Tolerance

b. Level of Durability

c. Appearance

2. Is there a significant difference between the level of durability of?

a. 50%cement and 50% sand,

b. 50% cement, 30% eggshell and 20% ground plastic waste

3. Is there a significant difference between the appearance of?

a. 50%cement and 50% sand, and

b. 50% cement, 30% eggshell and 20% ground plastic waste

Null Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference between the level of durability of:

a. 50%cement and 50% sand, and

b. 50% cement, 30% eggshell and 20% ground plastic waste

2. There is no significant difference between the appearance of:

a. 50%cement and 50% sand, and

b. 50% cement, 30% eggshell and 20% ground plastic waste

Alternative Hypotheses

1. There is a significant difference between the level of durability of:

a. 50% cement and 50% sand,

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
b. 50% cement, 30% eggshell, and 20% ground plastic waste,

2. There is a significant difference between the appearance of:

a. 50%cement and 50% sand,

b. 50% cement, 30% eggshell, and 20% ground plastic wastes,

Objectives

1. To provide a better construction material that can be used by people

efficiently.

2. To help lessen the problem in solid waste management

3. To help the community to lessen their eggshell waste and make use of

eggshell as a low-cost and alternative material for cement board.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to help the following:

Students. This study helps them to research and venture same study in

involving eggshell as an alternative for other construction materials.

Engineers. This study will help Engineers in generating concepts on how to

make concretes, bricks and other construction materials stronger, more durable and

better than the other construction materials that are made of wood and cement.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Community. This study will help the community to lessen their eggshell waste

and make use of eggshell as a low-cost and alternative material for cement board.

Manufacturer. This study will help manufacturers of construction

materials to innovate their products into and improved one, more organic, and eco-

friendly because it will lessen the waste of eggshell.

Scope and Delimitations

This study entitled “Characterization of the Physical Properties of Cement Board

with eggshell and Ground Plastic wastes as replacement for Sand” was conducted in

University of Saint Anthony, Iriga City. The researchers focused only on the Dimensional

Tolerance, Level of Durability, Moisture Content, and Water Absorption of the Cement

Board with Eggshell and Ground Plastic wastes as replacement for sand. Furthermore,

this focused on the different mix ratios of cement, eggshell, ground plastics and sand

for the span of 1 month from the 2nd half of September to 1st half of October 2019.

Definition of Terms

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). a compound found in nature as calcite and arganite

and plant in ashes, bones, and shells. It is used especially in making lime and Portland

cement and as a gastric antacid.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Egregious. Very bad and easily noticed.

Mining. The process or business of digging in mines to obtain materials, metals, jewels

and etc.

Cement. can be defined as a finely ground, non-metallic, inorganic powder, and when

mixed with water forms a paste that sets and hardens.

Sand. is used mainly to make cement for construction projects.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ). a gas that is produced when people and animals breathe out

or when certain fuels are burned and that is used by plants for energy.

Anthropogenic. resulting from the influence of human beings on nature.

Cement Board. a building material typically used as siding or trim.

Plastic wastes. is one of the major cause of flood in the community. It is also bad for

plants, animals, humans and to the environment when it is burned because it increases

the amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Review of Related Literature

This part reviews the related literature and studies relevant to the present

studies which were taken from published and unpublished materials. These related

literature and studies has given the researchers valuable information on the present

value information on the present study.

On Related Literature

Eggshell waste according to S.A Raji, A. T. Samuel (2015) falls within the

category of food waste, which is material from the preparation of foods and drinks, if

subjected to adequate scrutiny, and they could can be suitable alternative material for

construction. Sustainable construction have become an interest in the engineering

community and several standards have been developed to assess the environment

impact of new construction projects Researchers have shown that it is possible to use

recycle materials to replace some of the traditional mixture components in concrete

products and produce more sustainable building materials.

Vicky Viray Mendoza (2018) stated that, Beaches around the world are

disappearing. Riverbanks are getting wider and deeper, as large sections of riverbanks

collapse. Most people would not know about this because sand mining invisible problem

until it’s too late. Although much of the mining industry is legal, sand mining has

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
become so lucrative that illegal activities are widespread and brazen. Numerous reports

carry news of murders and crimes carried out by “sand mafias” during the course of

illegal sand mining crackdowns around the world. At the root lies the law of supply and

demand. The supply of sand is finite and in some places diminishing, while the demand

for sand is ever increasing, and thus the price of sand consequently increases, making

illegal sand mining even more alluring. This is the reason behind rampant illegal sand

mining.

The Water Absorption of bricks is due to the presence of voids in the bricks. If

the brick has more voids it will absorb more water and reduces the load carrying

capacity. Hence, the bricks are tested to determine their water absorption capacity

before using them in construction work.

R. Walker et.al (2016), stated that moisture within walls can have a serious

detrimental impact on buildings and undermine their long-term durability and integrity.

At higher moisture content there is divergence whereby at the same dowel moisture

content, the laboratory brick and mortar show higher moisture contents than those

achieved in the RH environments.

On Related Studies

Mohamad HazmiBin Marinamarican(2015) this study describes investigation into

use of poultry waste in concrete development by incorporating with eggshell powder.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Different eggshell powder concrete brick was developed by replacing 5-20% of eggshell

powder for cement in order to determine the optimum percentage and observe the

strength of concrete brick to produce good cementation material for eggshell powder.

The results indicated that eggshell powder can be successfully being practice as partial

replacement of cement in concrete brick production. The data collected show the cover

strength development and durability properties.

R. Nithiya, et al. (2016) explained that the majority of the people prefer bricks

for the construction purpose which emits nearly about 1 to CO2.

Yeong Yu Tan Shu IngDoh Sie Choo Chin (2018) discussed that the eggshell

powder of various amounts, namely 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume, was added

as a replacement for ordinary Portaland cement. The results showed that water-cured

eggshell concrete greatly improved the compressive and flexural strength of concrete,

by up to 51.8%, respectively.

According to Karthick, et al. (2014) the inclusion of eggshell as a filler into

concrete has also improve the flexural behavior of concrete up tp 22.9% compared to

the control concrete. The addition of eggshell powder as a filler in concrete improves

the resistance of failure in bending.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Conceptual Framework

This study utilized the Independent and Dependent Variable Model plus the

Extraneous variables encountered during the experimentation. Figure 1 shows the

Conceptual Paradigm.

Independent Variable. The independent variables are the different mix ratios

of the eggshell.

Dependent Variable. The dependent variable in this study are the Physical

properties of cement board with eggshell.

Extraneous Variable. The extraneous variables that might affect the main

variables in this study are the Weather Condition, temperature and molding processes.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Mix ratios of the eggshell and
sand

EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE
Weather conditions,
temperature and molding
processes

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Physical Properties of cement
board with eggshell

Figure No. 1

Conceptual Paradigm

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This study utilized Experimental Method of investigation in which the

researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measure any

change in other variables. Furthermore, this study had independent and

dependent variables, wherein the mix ratio of the mixture from 50%-50%

cement and sand, and 50%, 30%, 20% cement, eggshell, and plastic waste,

served as the independent variables, and the Physical Properties that were

characterized by the researchers was the dependent variables. The Researchers

made used of Completely Randomized Design, a design that is commonly used in

laboratory and green house experiment because experimental units usually have,

more or less, similar properties, and the environmental conditions in which

experiments are being carried out can be made as uniform as possible. In our

study this design was used wherein there is a treatment replicated twice. The

following treatments were used in the study, treatment 0 (T 0) which 50%-50%

cement and sand mix ratio, and Treatment 1 (T 1) with 50%, 30%, 20% cement,

eggshell and ground plastic waste.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Research Procedure

The following steps were utilized by the researchers in conducting the

experimentation method.
Phase 1 Phase 2
Phase 3
Collection and Crushing eggshell by
preparation of using mortar and Construction of bricks
materials pestle. Filtering the with eggshell, plastics,
sand and eggshell by sand and cement
using strainer

Phase 4
Test for the level of Test for the
Characterization and
durability of the compressive strength
testing of physical
cement board with of the cement board
properties of bricks
eggshell and plastics with eggshell and
with eggshell and
plastic wastes
plastic wastes

Phase 5

Analysis of the tested

bricks with eggshell

Figure 1. Flowchart of the Study

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Collection of Materials

The materials needed on the study were collected at san Agustin, Iriga City on

September 29, 2019. Eggshells were gathered, dried and the crushed. Sand and

cement were also collected at the same place.

Formulation of Different Mix Ratios

The researchers determined the different mix ratios and the ratios were 50%-

50% cement and sand (Treatment 0) mixture, 50%, 30%, 20% cement, eggshells and

ground plastic waste (Treatment 1) mixture.

Mixing and Molding of the Cement Board with Eggshell

The researchers mixed each treatment in a molding material, all materials were

meticulously mixed, first was the Treatment 0 with cement and sand, two replicates and

then Treatment 1 with cement, eggshells and ground plastic waste, also replicated

twice.

Characterization and Testing of the Cement Board with Eggshell

The researchers characterized the physical properties of the cement board which

were specified as the dimensional tolerance, density, and flexural strength. The

characterized physical properties of the cement board with eggshells were level of

durability, dimensional tolerance and appearance.

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Dimensional Tolerance

On the Dimensional Tolerance Test, the researchers simply measured the width,

weight, length and the thickness of the different treatments from the 2 replicates of

treatment 0 and 1.

Statistical Tool

Mean. This formula will be utilized to get the mean in each treatment.

The formula is:

∑x
X= n

Kruskal-Wallis Test. This this non parametric test is used to determine the

significant difference between the different treatments.

Where:

H= Kruskal Wallis Test

n= the number of observation

12= constant

3= constant

Chapter 3

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 UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
(Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)
City of Iriga
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

This chapter mainly focuses on the presentation of the data which were taken from the

data gathered. Results were tallied, tabulated, computed and statistically analyze and to

come up with the logical conclusions and recommendations.

Dimensional Tolerance

The Dimensional Tolerance of the treatment was measured in terms of width,

length and thickness. The table No.1 shows the Dimensional Tolerance of the different

treatments of the cement board with Eggshell and Plastic Waste as Replacement for

Sand.

Table No.1

Dimensional Tolerance of the Different Treatment of Cement Board with Eggshell and

Plastic Waste as Replacement for Sand

Treatment Replicate Length Width Thickness Weight

(cm) (cm) (cm) (g)

Treatment
0
1

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