Introduction to Wastewater Treatment

shihab@iittp.ac.in

1 1
 Wastewater generation In India
• Wastewater generation in major cities - 38354 MLD
• Our municipal wastewater treatment capacity- 11786 (CPCB, 2009)
• more than 75% water bodies have contaminated due to discharge of untreated or
partially treated sewage into water bodies (CPHEEO, 2012)

Water Wastewater
availability Generation

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 Reduce
solids

Reduce
toxic Objectives Reduce
substanc of WWT BOD
es

Reduce
pathogen
s

• To meet regulatory limits that are protective of public health and the environment
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 Types of WW

• Domestic or municipal WW: WW from residence, institutions, hospitals

and commercial facilities such as shopping mall, restaurants, etc.

• Industrial WW: WW discharged from industrial processes

• Storm water: rainfall runoff and snow melt

• Infiltration and inflow: water that eventually enters the sewer foundation
drains, leaking pipes, groundwater infiltration, etc.

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Source of images: Google images
 Municipal wastewater composition
Municipal WW

Biodegradable organic matter

Proteins Lipids Inert materials;

10% EDSs;
Carbohydrates nutrients;
suspended
25 to 50% solids
40 to 60%

Pathogenic
organisms
 Typical contaminants in wastewater and their
Environmental impacts
• Suspended solids - sludge deposit, scum layer formation
• Biodegradable organics – dissolved oxygen depletion, anaerobic conditions,
affects aquatic life
• Pathogens- Transmission of diseases
• Nutrients – Eutrophication and impairment of water quality
• Refractory organics – may be toxic or carcinogenic
• Heavy metals – toxic to aquatic life
• Endocrine disrupting substance – Feminization of fish, and other possible impacts
Source of images: Google
images

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 Endocrine disrupting compounds

Dioxin

PCBs

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Source of images: Google images
 Typical parameters involved in Sewage Analysis (
Adapted from Metcalf and Eddy, 2003

• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) – 100- 360 mg/L

• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)– 250 – 1000 mg/L
• Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)- 20-85 mg/L
• Total phosphorous – 5 – 15 mg/L
• Oil and grease – 50 -120 mg/L
• Total solids (TS) – 400 – 1200 mg/L
• Total dissolved solids (TDS) – 250 -850 mg/L
• Total suspended solids (TSD) – 110 – 400 mg/L
• Volatile suspended solids (VSS) – 90 – 320 mg/L
• Fixed suspended solids ( FSS) – 20 – 80 mg/L
• Settleable solids – 5- 20 ml/L
• Total coliform – 106 – 1010 no./100 ml
• Fecal coliform – 103 – 108 no./100
1 ml 8
 Classification of Solids
TEST
Total Solids (TS)
Total Volatile Solids (TVS)
Total Fixed Solids (TFS)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS)
Fixed Suspended Solids (FSS)
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
( TS-TSS)
Total Volatile Dissolved Solids (TVDS)
Fixed Dissolved Solids (FDS)
DESCRIPTION
Residue remaining at 103 to 105 0C
Solids that are volatilized at 500 0C
Residue left after igniting at 500 0C
Portion of TS retained on filter paper with pore size
1.5 micrometers
Solids Volatilized when TSS is ignited at
500 0 C
Residue remaining after TSS is ignited at
500 C
These are typically colloidal solids ranging
from 0.001 to 1 micrometers
Solids Volatized when TDS is ignited at
500.C
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Residue after TDS is ignited at 500 C
 Wastewater treatment methods
• Physical treatment – removal by physical forces- e.g.
sedimentation, screening, filtration, etc.
• Chemical treatment- – Involve addition of chemicals to achieve
conversion or destruction of contaminants through chemical
reactions – e.g. coagulation and flocculation, disinfection
• Biological treatment – conversion or destruction of contaminants
with the help of microorganism- e.g. trickling filter, activated
sludge process

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 Levels of wastewater treatment
• Preliminary treatment: Involves the physical removal of substances like rags,
plastic bags, sand particles, etc. – e.g. Screen, grit chamber, floatation unit
• Primary treatment: involves the physical removal of a portion of the SS from WW,
typically by sedimentation – e.g. primary clarifiers – Primary treatment often
includes preliminary as well as primary operations.
• Enhanced primary treatment: this involves addition of chemicals (coagulants) to
obtain additional solid removal in primary clarifiers.
• Conventional secondary treatment: this involves biological treatment for
degradation of organic matter – e.g. activated sludge process
• Secondary treatment with nutrients: secondary treatment with nutrient removal
(N, P)
• Tertiary treatment: this involves treatment process used after secondary
treatment- e.g. granular filtration media, chlorination
• Advanced treatment: Special treatment process used for toxic compounds that
warrant additional removal, or for potential water reuse application – e.g.
activated carbon adsorption for removal of VOC, ion exchange for removal of
specific ions
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 Biosolids removal
• The term bio-solids refers to treated sludge
• The sludge generated from primary and secondary clarifiers has a
significant amount of organic matter and requires treatment before
disposal
• The cost of the treatment is typically 40-50% of the WW treatment
• Objectives of sludge treatment : 1. to reduce the organic content; 2.
to reduce pathogens; 3. to reduce the liquid fraction – First two
objectives are achieved through digestion (aerobic, anaerobic),
composting, pasteurization, etc. – Third objective can be achieved
by gravity thickening , centrifugation, etc.

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 Typical process flow diagram of STP
or -Balancing
Grit tank
By-pass
Raw water
Screens Grit PST
Balancing
Chamber tank

Screenings
Land/Stream
Disposal

Advanced Tertiary Biological

treatment Treatment Disinfection SST process

Recycle bio-solids
Drinking/other reuse Methane gas

bio-solids
Waste
Return flow
Solids for Centrifuge Sludge from
Sludge Thickener thickener
Land Disposal digester
Effluent

Land Sludge Drying beds

Disposal
 Classroom Exercise

• Draw a flow diagram for a process to treat a municipal WW that

has a high concentration of SS, organic matter and pathogens.
Also, show the sludge treatment options in the diagram
• Modify the above diagram if WW contains high concentration
of ammonia-nitrogen in addition to other pollutants mentioned
above.
• Draw a flow diagram for a process to treat a municipal WW that
has a high concentration of SS, organic matter and herbicides.
• What modification you would suggest for the diagram if the
effluent discharge limit for SS solid is very low

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Onsite Vs centralised

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 Section of Appropriate Sewage Treatment Technology
– important criteria
• No dilution of high strength wastewater with clean water
• The technology must consistently meet the treated sewage
standards as required
• The power requirement should be minimum
• Technologies selected should be cost-effective (in construction,
operation, and maintenance) and environmentally sound
• Should have long life-time and are simple in operation and
maintenance.
• Should able to withstand organic and hydraulic load
fluctuations.
• Technology adopted should be acceptable for local population
• Land requirement should be minimum
• Maximum of recovery and re-use of treated water and by-
products obtained from the pollution substances. (i.e. irrigation,
fertilization)
• Should be self sufficient in all respect
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 Decision Matrix
Decision Matrix for Secondary Treatment Processes

Ease of

nEase of
Coliform

Nitrificat
Process

Electrica

Capacity
Operatio
Denitrifi
Phospho

Reliabili

Demand
Mainten

Recover
Effluent

removal

removal

Process

Typical
Quality

Energy

Record
Capital

Range,
cation

Track

MLD
Land

Cost
ance
rous
ion-

Use
ty

y
s

l
Activated Sludge Good Good Poor Poor Very Good Good Good Very Avg Avg Very All flows
Process Good Good Good

Aerated Lagoon Good Good Poor Poor Avg Poor Avg Avg Poor Poor Good Poor Smaller

Extended Aeration Very Good Poor Poor Very Avg Very Very Poor Poor Good Good Smaller
Good Good Good Good

Membrane Bio Very Very Good Poor Poor Good Very Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor Smaller
Reactor Good Good

Moving Bed Bio Very Very Good Poor Poor Good Very Poor Avg Poor Avg Good Poor Smaller
Reactor Good Good

Sequencing Batch Very Very Good Very Very Good Good Very Good Good Poor Avg Avg Good All Flows
Reactor Good Good Good

Poor Poor Poor Very Very Very

UASB + FPU Avg Avg Avg Avg Good Poor All Flows
Good Good Good

Waste Stabilization Poor Poor Poor Very Very

Avg Poor Poor Avg Poor Good Avg All Flows
Pond Good Good
Poor Poor Poor Very
Wetlands Poor Poor Poor Avg Poor Poor Good Poor All Flows
Good
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 Biological treatment: An over view

• Why biological treatment?

– Remove dissolved and colloidal organic substances
– Remove nutrients
– Remove specific trace organic compounds
– Transform toxic inorganic substance less toxic substance
• Classification of biological treatment?
– Based on metabolic function
• Aerobic
• Anaerobic
• Anoxic
• Facultative
• combined
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 Biological treatment: An over view

• Classification of biological treatment?

– Based on the state of organism
• Attached growth
• Suspended growth
• Combination of above two
• Lagoon
– Based on the treatment function
• Biological nutrient removal
• CBOD removal
• Nitrification
• Denitrification
• Stabilization
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Introduction and principle of secondary
treatment- ASP

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Microbial metabolism

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 Growth kinetics

• Logarithmic growth phase

dX
 X    1
dt

X- is the concentration of biomass, mg/L

μ = is the growth rate constant, 1/time

 max S
  Monods Model
Ks  S
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 Enzyme reaction
ES
 ES 
( I ) n 
 EP 
 E  P......(1)
E  S 
k2
ES 
k3
E  P......( 2)
dp dS
  k3 [ ES ]
dt dt
Eo  [ E ]  [ ES ] Mass conservation principle
d ( ES )
 k1[ E ][ S ]  k 2 [ ES ]  k3 [ ES ]
dt
0  k1[ E ][ S ]  k 2 [ ES ]  k3 [ ES ] Assume steady state condition
ES ( k 2  k3 )  k1[ E ][ S ]
( k 2  k3 ) [ E ][ S ]

k1 ES
[ E ][ S ] [ Eo ]  [ ES ]  [ S ]
km  
ES ES

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(k 2  k3 ) [ E ][ S ]
 Enzymes are saturated with substarte
k1 ES d[S ]
  k[ E ] Zero order
[ E ][ S ] [ Eo ]  [ ES ][ S ]
dt

km  
ES ES
E – constant ( eq-2)
[ Eo ]  [ ES ][ S ]

-d[s]/dt
km  
d[S ]
dt
 k[ E ][ S ]
ES
k m [ ES ][ S ]  [ ES ]  [ E0 ][ S ] First order
[ E0 ][ S ] S, mg/L
ES 
km  [ S ] km Michaelis constant
d[S ]
  k3 [ ES ]
dt
d[S ] [ E0 ][ S ]
  k3
dt km  [ S ]
d[S ] rmax [ S ]
  k3
km  [ S ]
When all enzymes are saturated
dt with substrate (E
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 Monod model
 max S
 

μmax
Ks  S
S  K s S  Ks

μ, 1/t

μmax/2
dX
dt
  max S / Ks    max / 2
S  K s
dX KS S, mg/L
  max X
dt
S - is the concentration of limiting food, mg/L
Ks= half saturation constant, mg/L- concentration of limiting food
when    max / 2

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 Biomass growth and substrate utilization

dX  max S
 X
dt Ks  S
Y = yield of biomass – fraction of food mass
converted to biomass

dX
Y  dt dS  max S
dS  X
dt Y (K s  S )
dt

dX  max S Considering the death of

 X  kd X biomass ( endogenous
dt (K s  S ) decay)

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 Endogenous metabolism

dX
 K d X
dt
rnet  rg  rd
 dX   max S
   X  kd X
 dt  net (K s  S )

 dX 
 
 dt  net
Ynet 
 dS 
 
 dt 

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 Activated sludge process (ASP)

• ASP is a suspended growth aerobic process used to treat

effluent from PST. It comprised of an aeration tank and a
secondary clarifier.
• Detention period in aeration tank is typically maintained
between 4-8 hours. After aeration tank, the mixed liquor is
sent to secondary clarification where sludge and liquid are
separated. A major portion of the sludge is re-circulated and
excess sludge is sent to a digester.
• The excess sludge from secondary clarifier are not matured,
digestion of such sludge is essential before disposal. In
anaerobic sludge digestion, such sludge produces biogas
which can be used for power generation by gas engines.
Generated power can be used for operation of plant.
• Approx. 8 m3 of air is used for every m3 of wastewater
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 Activated sludge process contd.
• Merits
• Good process flexibility
• Reliable operation
• Proven track record in all plant sizes
• Less land requirements
• Low odor emission
• Ability to withstand nominal changes in water characteristics

• Demerits
• High energy consumption
• Skilled operators needed
• Uninterrupted power supply is required
• Requires elaborate sludge digestion, drying and disposal arrangement
• No energy production
• No nutrient removal

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 Design and operational parameters

• MLSS – mixed liquor suspended solids

• MLVSS- mixed liquor volatile suspended solids
• SRT – solids retention time or sludge age or mean cell residence
time
mass  of  solids  in  reactor
c 
mass  of  solids  waster  per  day
VX
c 
Q w X  Qe X e

• F/M ratio
BOD  removed  in  the  reactor
F/M 
biomass  in  the  reactor
F QS o  S 

M VX 1 30
• Volumetric loading rate ((kg/m3-d)

Significant in design of secondary treatment unit

OLR = total organic matter ( BOD or COD or TOC)
(kg/day)/ Unit volume a( m3)
= BOD ( mg/L) x Q (m3/d)]/ [ volume (m3)]

Calculate the VLR for the given data

5 day BOD = 250 mg/L

Q = 10 MLD
Diameter of the tank = 23 m
Liquid depth
• Volumetric loading rate ((kg/m3-d)

Significant in design of secondary treatment unit

OLR = total organic matter ( BOD or COD or TOC)
(kg/day)/ Unit volume a( m3)
= BOD ( mg/L) x Q (m3/d)]/ [ volume (m3)]

Calculate the VLR for the given data

5 day BOD = 250 mg/L

Q = 10 MLD
Diameter of the tank = 23 m
Liquid depth
• Hydraulic loading rate (HLR) [ m3/m2d]
= flow rate/ surface area

Calculate the HLR for the given data

5 day BOD = 250 mg/L

Q = 10 MLD
Diameter of the tank = 23 m
Liquid depth
 Modeling Suspended Growth System
Primary
Effluent
Q-Qw, Xe, Se

Q, Xo, So Aeration Tank

Secondary Effluent
Clarifier
V, X, S

Q, Xo, So Qw, Xw
Q, X, S
Waste sludge

Schematic of ASP without

V, X, S recycle
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 Modeling Suspended Growth System- no
recycle
• Mass balance for biomass around the system

• Rate of accumulation = Rate of inflow – Rate

of outflow + Rate of growth

dX / dt V  QX o  QX  V dX / dt net

Assumption
1. Reactor is in steady state condition, accumulation = 0.0
2. Complete mixing is achieved
3. Concentration of biomass in the influent and effluent is negligible
0  QX o  QX  V dX / dt net
 max S  dX   max S
Q /V   kd  net  X  kd X
(K s  S )  dt  (K s  S )
1  max S
  kd V/Q = HRT (θ)
 (K s  S )
1  max S VX/Q X= SRT (θc)
  kd
c (K s  S ) ASP with no recycle
SRT= HRT
1  max S Or
 kd   (1)
 (K s  S ) θ = θc

1 36
Mass balance for substarte around the system,

dS / dt V  QS o  QS  V dS / dt 
V   max S 
0  Q( S o  S )   X 
Y  (K s  S ) 
  max S  Y
   ( S o  S )          (2)
 ( K s  S )  X
Equating eqn. 1 and 2
1 Y
 kd  (S o  S )
 X
Y (S o  S )
X 
1  k d
1 37
• Expression for substrate S

  max S  Y

 (K  S ) 
  X ( S o  S )
 s 
  max S  Y (S o  S ) 1

 (K  S ) 
  Y (S  S )    k d
 s   o

1  k d
  max S  1

 (K  S )      kd
 s 
1 
 max S    k d ( K s  S )
 
K S 1  k d  
S 
 (  max  k d )  1 1 38
 ASP (CSTR with recycle)

Primary
(Q+Qr), X, S Secondary
Effluent Effluent
Q, Xo, So
Aeration Tank
Secondary (Q-Qw), Xe, S
Clarifier
V, X, S

QR, Xu
Qu , X u

Qw, Xu, S

Waste sludge
Schematic of ASP with recycle
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• Mass balance for biomass around the system,

• Rate of accumulation = Rate of inflow – Rate of

outflow + Rate of growth

dX / dt V  QX o  (Qe X e  Qw X u )  V dX / dt net

Assumptions
1. Reactor is in steady state condition , accumulation = 0.0
2. Complete mixing is achieved
3. Concentration of biomass in the effluent is negligible
4. All reactions occur in the aeration tank
0  0  (0  Qw X u )  V dX / dt net
V dX / dt net  Qw X u )
  max S 
V X  k d X   Qw X u
 Ks  S 
  max S  Qw X u 1
  kd   
 Ks  S  VX C
  max S  1
   k d      (3)
 K s  S  C

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• Mass balance for substrate S
dS / dt V  QS o  (Qe S  Qw S )  V dS / dt su
0  QS o  S (Qe  Qw )  V dS / dt su

QS o  S (Q )  V
dX / dt 
.....................................Y  
dX / dt 
Y ds / dt 
X
QS o  S (Q )  V
Y
  max S 
Q( S0  S )  V  X
Y ( K s  S ) 
Y (S0  S ) Q   max S 
 
X V  ( K s  S ) 
Y (S0  S )   max S 
        ( 4)
X  (K s  S ) 
Y (S0  S )  1 
  kd 
X 
 C 
Equating eq. 3 and 4
Y ( S 0  S ) C
X 
(1  k d C ) 1
• Expression for S

Y (S 0  S )  1 
  kd 
X  C 
Y (S 0  S )  1 
  kd 
 Y ( S 0  S ) C   C 
 
 (1  k d  C ) 
K S 1  k d  C 
S 
 C (  max  k d )  1
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 Useful relationships
V X VX
HRT ..or..     ( A) MCRT ..or.. C    ( B )
Qo X / t Qw X u

1 Y (S o  S ) 1
  k d      (C )..or.. 
( C ) ( ) X ( C )

Y ( S 0  S ) C
X     ( D )
(1  k d  C )
HRT = hydraulic retention time
( C )QY ( S o  S ) MCRT = mean-cell-residence time
V     (E)
X 1  k d ( C )  X= mixed-liquor suspended solids
(MLSS) or simply biomass conc.
K S 1  k d  C 
S      (F )
 C (  max  k d )  1
1
 Very important
V X VX
HRT  MCRT  
Qo X / t Qw X u

1 Y
 (S o  S )  k d      6
( MCRT ) ( HRT ) X

( MCRT )Y ( S o  S )  m (S o  S )
X   7
( HRT )1  k d ( MCRT )  1  k d ( MCRT ) 

HRT = hydraulic retention time

( MCRT )QY ( S o  S )
V     8 MCRT = mean-cell-residence time
X 1  k d ( MCRT ) 
X= mixed-liquor suspended solids
(MLSS) or simply biomass conc.
K 1  k d ( MCRT ) 
S   9
MCRT Y max  k d   1
1
 ds
(So  S ) (So  S )
U  dt Q 
X VX X
  max S  1
   k 
 s
K  S 
d
C
dX
dt  k  1 ....................[ dX  X ]
X
d
C dt
dS
1
Y dt  k d 
X C
1
YU  k d  X VX 1
C . C   
X / t Qw X u 

U – specific substrate utilization rate

46
 ASP – Empirical Design Parameters
• Volumetric loading rate or BOD loading rate, VL = QSo/V ( 0.4 -0.6 kg of
BOD5/ m3. d).

• Food-to-mass ratio or sludge loading rate (SLR) or specific substrate

utilization rate, F/M = Q(So-S)/VX = (So-S)/(HRT)X
( 0.2 -0.5 kg of BOD5/MLVSS)
( HRT ) X 1
• Mean- cell-residence times, = MCRT  
Y (So  S ) kd
• MLSS concentration (1500- 3000 mg/L)
• F/M (0.2 -0.4)

 Note: Typical value of parameters for the conventional ASP are given in
parenthesis
1 47
• Why these parameters are important?
MCRT - effect efficiency of treatment, satiability of the
sludge, oxygen requirement, quantity of waste activated
sludge.

• VLR or BOD LR or OLR - process efficiency, sludge

production, oxygen requirement, and solids-liquid separation.

The fundamental design constraints of activated sludge process

are
• Maximum microbial growth rate – prefer to maintain in
declining growth phase to improve the settleability
• Maximum oxygen transfer rate,
• Minimum hydraulic retention time,
• Mixed liquor suspended solids settleability.
1 48
Figure 1. 2SRT as a function of aeration basin temperature
for 90 –195% BOD removal 49
Figure 2. Relationship between SRT (θc) and specific substrate utilization rate (U) for
Y = 0.5 and k = 0.06 d-1

50
 ASP – Oxygen requirements

• Oxidation of organic matter and synthesis of new cells

• COHNS + O2 new cells+ CO2+ Other end products

• Oxygen requirement in the process – endogenous respiration

C5H7NO2 + 5O2 5CO2 + 2H2O + NH3+ energy

The ultimate BOD for one mole of cell requires 1.42 moles of oxygen

Mass of O2/d = total mass of BODu used – 1.42 x mass of organism wasted
Q( So  S )
kgO2 / day   1.42( Px)
1000 g / kg
Px = mass of the microorganism wasted

1 51
  C s ,T , H  C L  T  20
AORT  SORT 
C s , 20


  F 
 
AOTR – actual oxygen transfer rate under filed condition, kgO2/h or
kgO2/kWh
SORT – standard oxygen transfer rate in clean water at 20 degree
Celsius and zero DO
β= salinity- surface tension correction factor (0.95-0.98)
Cs,T,H=oxygen transfer concentration in clean water at WW temperature
T, and diffuser dept H ( mg/L)
CL= DO conc. in wastewater (mg/L)
Cs,20=DO saturation conc. in clean water at 20 degree Celsius and 1
atm presuure ( 9.17 mg/L)
ϴ = temperature correction factor ( 1.024)
T = WW temp.
F = Fouling factor = 0.65 – 1
Α = oxygen transfer correction factor = 0.3 to 0.4

1 52
Diffused aeration system

1 53
1 54
 ASP - Modifications

• ASP with plug-flow

• Tapered aeration
• Step-feed aeration
• Complete mix extended aeration
• High rate aeration
• Contact stabilization
• Kraus process
• Sequencing batch reactor
• High purity oxygen
• Oxidation ditch

Refer Table 8-15: Description of activated sludge process for BOD removal ( Metcalf
and Eddy, 4 th edition)
1 55
 CNV

HR-ASP EAS
Aerobic digestion

EAS – extended aeration; HR-ASP – high rate ASP;

CNV – conventional ASP
1 56
 • Conventional ASP( Complete mix process)

Aeration
Q Tank Second effluent
Primary ary
Clarifier clarifier
Q-Qw

QR
Oxygen utilization rate

Qw
Supply
Demand

inlet outlet

Advantage: Protect against hydraulic and organic shock load; toxicity materials are
diluted below their threshold conc. ; suitable for general application 57
 Design Criteria

Conventional ASP (CM)

SRT or MCRT, days 5-15

F/M (kg BOD5/kg MLSS) 0.2 - 0.4

VLR (kg BOD5/m3.d) 0.4 – 2.0

HRT, hours 4-8

MLSS, mg/L 1500 - 3000

Air supplied (m3/kg BOD5) 45 - 90

BOD removal efficiency, % 85 – 95

R 0.25 – 0.50
Dry solids, % 1

58
 ASP (Plug flow reactor)

Primary
Effluent Secondary
Q, Xo, So S, X
Effluent
Aeration Tank (Q+Qr), X, Se
Qe, Xe, Se
Secondary
Clarifier

QR, Xu, Se
Qu, Xu, Se

Qw, Xu, Se

Schematic of ASP with recycle Waste sludge

1 59
 • Conventional ASP ( Plug-flow) Air supply

Second effluent
Primary Q ary
Aeration Tank
Clarifier clarifier
Q-Qw
Width = 6-10 m; length = 30 -100 m

QR

Oxygen utilization rate

Qw
Supply

Demand

inlet
outlet
Drawback: high oxygen demand at the head of the tank; more susceptible upset for shock load
and toxic material; used for low strength wastewaters.

60
• The concentration of microorganism in the influent to the aeration
tank is approx. the same as that in the effluent from the aeration
tank. This holds true when SRT/HRT >=5 . The avg. concentration
of biomass is Xavg
• The rate of soluble substrate utilization as the wastewater passes
through the reactor is:

ds  max SX avg
.rsu  
dt Y ( K s  S )
1  max S o  S 
  kd
c S 
So  S   K (1  R ) ln i 
S
S o  RS e
S i
1 R

Si = influent BOD after dilution with recycle

1 flow 61
 Design Criteria

Conventional ASP (PF)

SRT or MCRT, days 5-15

F/M (kg BOD5/kg MLSS) 0.2 - 0.4

VLR (kg BOD5/m3) 0.3 - 0.6

HRT, hours 4-8

MLSS, mg/L 1500 - 3000

Air supplied (m3/kg BOD5) 45 - 90

BOD removal efficiency, % 85 – 95

R 0.25 – 0.50
BOD loading rate

62
• Tapered Aeration ( Plug flow)
45% - first third
30% - next third
25% - last third
Second effluent
Primary Q ary
Aeration Tank
Clarifier clarifier
Q-Qw

QR

Qw
Oxygen rate

Advantages : less blower capacity; less operational cost; better operational

control 1
 Design Criteria
ASP with tapered aeration(PF)
SRT or MCRT, days 5-15

F/M (kg BOD5/kg MLSS) 0.2 - 0.4

VLR (kg BOD5/m3) 0.3 - 0.6

HRT, hours 4-8

MLSS, mg/L 1500 - 3000

Air supplied (m3/kg BOD5) 45 - 90

BOD removal efficiency, % 85 – 95

R 0.25 – 0.50

64
 • Extended aeration

Aeration
Primary Q Second effluent
Tank
Clarifier ary
clarifier
( optional) Q-Qw

QR

Qw

Oxygen utilization rate

It is completely mixed ASP with long HRT (>18 h)
Supply
Useful for small plants (3800 m3/d); useful when
nitrification is required; effective over wide flow Demand
variations and organic loadings without upset.

inlet outlet

65
Oxidation ditch – first extended aeration system

Oxidation ditch
Sludge pump A B
Mixed liquid
feed

SST
Returned Depth 1- 3.5 m
Sludge

66
 Design Criteria

ASP with extended aeration (CM)

SRT or MCRT, days 20 - 30

F/M (kg BOD5/kg MLSS) 0.03 - 0.15

VLR or OLR (kg BOD5/m3.d) 0.16 - 0.4

HRT, hours 18 - 24

MLSS, mg/L 3000 - 6000

Air supplied (m3/kg BOD5) 90 - 125

BOD removal efficiency, % 80 – 95%

R 0.75 – 1.5

67
 Contact stabilization process

MLSS = 1000 – 3000 mg/L

Primary effluent
Contact Tank (HRT – Secondary
Clarifier clarifier
(30 -60 min)
(optional)
Air
Sludge
stabilization tank
(HRT – 2-6 h)
Excess
MLSS = 4000 – 10000 mg/L sludge

Compared to conventional activated sludge process, oxygen requirement are lower but
waste sludge quantities are higher

Suitable for industrial waste with colloidal/suspended biodegradable waste

68
 Design Criteria

ASP with extended aeration (CM)

SRT or MCRT, days 4 - 15

F/M (kg BOD5/kg MLSS) 0.2 - 0.6

VLR (kg BOD5/m3.d) 1.0 – 1.2

HRT, hours 2-6

MLSS, mg/L 4000 - 10000

Air supplied (m3/kg BOD5) 45 - 90

BOD removal efficiency, % 75 – 90

R 0.25 – 1.0

69
• Step-Feed Aeration ( Alternate configuration)

Primary Q
Aeration Tank
Clarifier

effluent
Second
ary
clarifier
Q-Qw

recirculation QR

Qw

1 71
 • High rate ASP (CM)

Aeration
Q Tank Second effluent
Primary ary
Clarifier clarifier
Q-Qw

QR
Oxygen utilization rate

Qw
Supply
Demand

inlet outlet

Partial treatment for medium to strong waste – widely used in food and dairy industry 72
 Design Criteria
High rate ASP

SRT or MCRT, days 4 - 15

F/M (kg BOD5/kg MLSS) 0.4 – 1.5

VLR (kg BOD5/m3.d) 1.6 – 16

HRT, hours 0.5 - 2

MLSS, mg/L 4000 - 10000

Air supplied (m3/kg BOD5) 45 - 90

BOD removal efficiency, % 75 – 90

R 1.0 – 5.0

73
 • Pure oxygen ASP (CM)
Pure Oxygen ASP
SRT or MCRT, days
F/M (kg BOD5/kg MLSS)
VLR (kg BOD5/m3.d)
HRT, hours
MLSS, mg/L
Air supplied (m3/kg BOD5)
BOD removal efficiency, %
R 0.25 – 0.5
 Aeration basins are covered to avoid
escape of oxygen
8 - 20  Supplement mixing is done to keep
the MLSS in suspension
0.2 – 1.0  Some provision should be done for
the escape of CO2
1.6 – 4  Buffering may be required with
alkaline agents
1-3
6000 - 8000
-
85 – 95
1 74
Kraus process
Primary Secondary effluent
Aeration tank
Clarifier clarifier
(optional)

aeration
tank

supernatant
Anaerobic
digester

Settling characteristic of the sludge is superior to conventional ASP; more oxygen

requirement; suitable for high strength nitrogen deficient wastewater

1 75