Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
www.elsevier.com/locate/IJPRT

Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen

properties and limestone aggregates mixture compactibility
Raul Pereira a, Ana Almeida-Costa a,c,⇑, Cátia Duarte b, Agostinho Benta a,c
a
Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, University Campus of Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
b
Galp Energia, SGPS, S.A., Rua Tomás Fonseca – Torre C, 1600-209 Lisboa, Portugal
c
RISCO – Aveiro Research Centre of Risks and Sustainability in Construction – University of Aveiro, University Campus of Santiago,
3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

Received 9 March 2017; received in revised form 6 September 2017; accepted 10 October 2017

Abstract

Asphalt industries consume large amounts of fuels and emit pollutant gases into the atmosphere. Warm mix asphalt is the most rec-
ognized way to minimize these negative impacts, which have given rise to numerous issues related to their performance and the materials
used. In this study, the basic and rheological properties of three different bituminous binders, modified with two different chemical addi-
tives, were evaluated, determining their behaviour and susceptibility to modification. The results showed that, although chemical addi-
tives do not affect the binder by reducing its viscosity, they act on the mixture, allowing to improve its compactability and, consequently,
reduce the required production and compaction temperatures.
Ó 2017 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords: Warm mix asphalt; Bitumen; Chemical additives; Behaviour; Additive-binder interaction; Road pavements

1. Introduction nologies. According to the EAPA [3], there are several

Over the last few years asphalt industry has been look-
ing for new strategies to improve energy performance,
reducing costs, but simultaneously guaranteeing the quality
of bituminous mixtures [1]. Bituminous mixtures produced
at lower temperatures, designated as warm mix asphalt are
one of the strategies most explored and evaluated for a
long time; according to Kristjansdottir [2] these technolo-
gies emerged, led by Professor Ladis Csanyi of the Univer-
sity of Iowa, in 1956, who developed a bituminous mixture
introducing foam, taking the first step on foaming tech-
⇑ Corresponding author at: Civil Engineering Department, University of
Aveiro, University Campus of Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Fax:
+351 234370094.
E-mail address: ritacosta@ua.pt (A. Almeida-Costa).
Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Society of Pavement
Engineering.
techniques and products that reduce production and com-
paction temperatures, ensuring the full coating of the
aggregates, and thus the workability and compactability
of the bituminous mixture. The most common division sep-
arates the warm technologies into chemical additives,
organic additives and foaming techniques. Organic addi-
tives are usually waxes and fatty amides such as SasobitÒ,
Asphaltan B and Licomont Bs 100. These products, at tem-
peratures above bitumen’s melting point, are able to reduce
its viscosity. Chemical additives are often emulsifiers and
surfactants, such as CecabaseÒ, RedisetÒ and Evotherm.
These products are designed to improve the coating of
aggregates, acting to reduce the internal friction between
the aggregate and binder [4]. Finally, the foaming tech-
niques can be separated into injection foaming nozzles
and minerals, both following the same base line: the intro-
duction of small amounts of water into the hot bitumen

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
1996-6814/Ó 2017 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
2 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
that causes the expansion of the bitumen and the formation
of a large quantity of foam, reducing the bitumen viscosity
to achieve proper coating of the aggregates [5].
Among these numerous types of technologies and prod-
ucts able to reduce the production and compaction temper-
atures of bituminous mixtures, the chemical additives have
been showing to be most economic and simple to use.
González-León et al. [6] performed a study about two
fundamental issues that have huge importance, their
impact in environment and their effect on workability of
mixture; through a chromatographic analysis it was possi-
ble to verify a decrease in volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions with the reduction in manufacturing tem-
perature; regarding the workability evaluation, a gyratory
compactor was used and the results showed that chemical
additive allows to decrease the compaction temperature
by 40 °C and improve the compactability of mixture, even
with substantial quantities of reclaimed asphalt pavement
(RAP). Also Several authors, such as Morea et al. [7],
Pérez-Martı́nez et al. [8] and Adbulla et al. [9], have been
proving that the performance of bituminous mixtures mod-
ified with chemical additives is similar or, in some parame-
ters, superior to the conventional one. The first authors,
Morea et al. [7], verified that the incorporation of chemical
additives improve the elastic response of bitumens, a fact
observed through a frequency sweep test at low frequen-
cies. Additionally, these additives allowed to reduce the
accumulated strain in the end of creep test compared to
unmodified bitumen. Pérez-Martı́nez et al. [8] found that
chemical additives, if applied through wet process provide
better results, producing mixtures at lower temperatures
but ensuring comparable or even superior mechanical
behaviour to conventional mixtures, as also Adbulla
et al. [9] proved. These authors through rheological tests
showed that bitumens modified with chemical additives
presented a decrease in G*/sin(d) values that suggest an
improvement of fatigue resistance at medium temperatures.
Moreover, these modified bitumens exhibited higher values
of surface free energy which could mean better adhesion
between the mixture components and, consequently, higher
resistance to water action.
The present research about additive–binder interaction
was aimed at searching for the effects of chemical additives
on the rheological properties of bitumen, evaluating the
compatibility between different additives and binders. Since
the literature, namely Oliveira et al. [10], indicates that
these additives do not change the bitumen properties,
including its viscosity, in fact they seem to act at micro-
scopic interface between aggregates and bitumen, reducing
friction between these, this study aims to demonstrate that
the performance of binders in the bituminous mixtures will
not be affected, but that the bitumen–aggregate interaction
will be improved. For this purpose, a hard bitumen, con-
ventional bitumen and crumb rubber modified bitumen
were characterized before and after the application of addi-
tives. In the second phase of the study, one of the chemical
additives studied was selected to be tested on the mixture,
Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
proving the capability of this product to reduce the produc-
tion and compaction temperatures of bituminous mixtures.
2. Materials and methods
Next subchapters show the materials selected for this
study and the methodology that was used.
2.1. Materials
Bitumens, additives and mineral aggregates will be
described in the next subchapters.
2.1.1. Bitumens
For this study three different types of asphalt binder
were selected: a hard bitumen with a penetration of 10/20
0.1 mm; a conventional bitumen with a penetration grade
of 35/50 and crumb rubber modified bitumen, produced
with conventional bitumen of penetration grade 35/50.
The selection of such different bitumens aimed to verify
the action field of the warm additives evaluated. These
bitumens were evaluated in order to understand their beha-
viour and susceptibility to modification. To simplify the
analysis of results, the bitumens were designated as
B10/20, B35/50 and CRMB35/50, respectively. Their refer-
ence values are shown in Table 1.
2.1.2. Additives
The additives CecabaseÒ and RedisetÒ, both chemical,
were used. According to their producers these additives
are surfactant products that act at the microscopic inter-
face between the aggregates and bitumen, reducing the
internal frictional forces and ensuring the workability and
compactability of the bituminous mixture produced and
compacted at lower temperatures [3]. Fig. 1 shows the
aspect of both additives.
CecabaseÒ (Fig. 1a) is a surface active agent that can be
directly applied into the hot binder. Its standard dosage is
between 0.2 and 0.5% based on binder weight. This agent,
according to its producer, can lower the manufacturing
temperatures by approximately 50 °C [11]. This additive
is a liquid with a density of about 8.30 lbs/gal and a flash
point of 199 °C. According to González-León and Luca
[12] this additive helps to avoid a strong adhesion between
and aggregates, acting as a lubricant during the mixing,
laying and compacting processes. As indicated above, the
literature indicates that chemical additives do not affect
the properties of bitumen; Silva et al. [13] evaluated the
performance of CecabaseÒ and SasobitÒ, verifying that
there are no affinity problems with aggregates and only
SasobitÒ effects the viscosity of bitumen. Regarding the
performance of warm mixtures with this additive, Goh
et al. [14] performed a study using different additive con-
tents and several tests, such as dynamic modulus, tensile
strength, fatigue, flow and rutting. The results showed that
the addition of CecabaseÒ slowed the ageing of mixture,
causing the increase in rutting depth, but the remaining
 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 3

Table 1
Reference properties of bitumens.
Properties Bitumens
B10/20 B35/50 CRMB35/50
Penetration at 25 °C – EN 1426 (1/10 mm) 10–20 35–50 35–50
Softening point – EN 1427 (°C) 63–76 50–58 >65
Elastic recovery at 25 °C – EN 13398 (mm) – – >150
Resistance of hardening under the influence of D Mass (%) 0.5 0.5 0.8
heat and air (RTFOT method)– EN 12607-1 Retained penetration (%) 60.0 53.0 70.0
Increase in softening point (°C) 8.0 8.0 8.0
Storage stability – EN 13399 D Penetration (1/10 mm) – – 0.8
D Softening point (°C) – – 5.0

were evaluated, for coarse aggregates shape indexes, frag-

mentation resistance and adhesiveness were made too. All
these tests were performed in accordance with the current
standards.

2.2. Methodology

Characterization of bitumens and mixtures will be

described in the following subchapters in order to better
understand the procedures that were considered.

Fig. 1. Additives evaluated in this study – a) CecabaseÒ and b) RedisetÒ.
parameters were similar to those of the conventional mix-
ture. Also Hajj and Cortez [15] assessed the behaviour of
a warm bituminous mixture with CecabaseÒ against a con-
ventional one. Tests of rutting resistance, fatigue life and
moisture sensitivity were conducted, showing an equivalent
performance between warm bituminous mixture and hot
bituminous mixtures, sometimes even superior, namely
fatigue resistance. Additionally, the warm mixture emits
far less pollutant gases. RedisetÒ (Fig. 1b) is a surfactant
agent that includes active adhesion-promoting properties,
an anti-oxidant effect and the ability to reduce the manu-
facturing and compaction temperatures. It can be used in
a wide range of applications, including polymer and crumb
rubber modified bitumens [16]. This additive is presented in
a solid form, it has a melting point of about 80 and 95 °C, a
flash point of 253 °C. Jones et al. [17] and Patel et al. [18] in
their studies about performance of RedisetÒ achieved a
reduction of 35 and 40 °C of production and compaction
temperatures, respectively. Regarding the first study the
results showed similar compactions and comparable
mechanical performance, namely shear, fatigue and rutting
were equivalent, just water sensitivity presented worse
behaviour.
2.1.3. Mineral aggregates
In this study limestone aggregates were used, with three
different granulometric fraction (10/20, 4/10 and 0/6). The
fine fraction of the mixture was a limestone recovery filler.
For all aggregates, bulk density and grain size distribution
2.2.1. Characterization of binders
The characteristics of binders with different additives
were assessed through the following tests: needle penetra-
tion at 25 °C, according to EN 1246; softening point (ring
and ball method), in accordance with EN 1427; resistance
to hardening under the influence of heat and air (RTFOT
– Rolling Thin Film Oven Tester), according to EN
12607-1; dynamic viscosity, in accordance with EN
13302; storage stability according to EN 13399; and elastic
recovery of modified bitumen in accordance with EN
13398. All these tests were conducted in accordance with
the aforementioned European Standards without changes
to the established procedures.
Dynamic viscosity allows to determine the mixing and
compaction temperatures using the Equiviscous method
in which, according to AASHTO T 312, the mixing and
compaction temperatures correspond to the range 170 ±
20 cSt and 180 ± 30 cSt, respectively [19]. A rotational vis-
cometer (DVII-Pro Brookfield) was used and the results
were converted into kinematic viscosity values. A density
of 1.03 kg/m3 and 1.04 kg/m3 was set for conventional
bitumen and modified bitumen, respectively.
The test samples were prepared in accordance with EN
12594. The following procedure was made: heating of the
samples at 150 °C for the B35/50 and at 175 °C for the
B10/20 and BBM35/50; after the melting process was com-
pleted, within 4 h maximum, the homogenizing procedure
was performed using a glass rod by manually stirring for
2 or 3 min; lastly, the samples, in homogeneous liquid
form, were transferred to the test sample containers.
To evaluate whether the introduction of additives affects
the properties of the studied binders, the following

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
4 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

experimental protocol was set: pre-heating of bitumen at
150 °C; placing the melting pan with the bitumen sample
into a heating mantle to keep it liquid; the additive was
blended with the bitumen at 175 °C; stirring at constant
temperature for a defined period of time (15, 30, 60, 120
or 150 min); carrying out the tests rapidly to avoid cycles
of heating–cooling and ageing of the resulting bitumen; in
order to avoid the ageing of bitumen, the samples were kept
in the oven for 120 min maximum, at 100 °C above the
melting point of the bitumen, without exceeding 200 °C.
2.2.2. Characterization of mixture
In order to verify the real effect of additives, the additive
RedisetÒ was selected to produce a bituminous mixture at
lower temperatures. Three percentage of additive and three
production and compaction temperatures were defined. To
study this additive a high modulus asphalt concrete was
produced, this type of mixture appeared in France in
1980, being used in base and intermediate course of road
pavements. These mixtures are produced with high content
of hard bitumen which results in high rutting resistance and
great workability, fatigue resistance and water sensitivity
[20]. Since it is manufactured at high temperatures, it is
an excellent study subject. To produce this bituminous
mixture a limestone aggregates were used and a hard bitu-
men 10/20@0.1 mm was selected.
3. Results and discussion
This section presents, firstly, the results of the character-
ization of the unmodified bitumens which were to be used
as reference values, and then, the results of the characteri-
zation of bitumens modified with different percentages of
CecabaseÒ and RedisetÒ.
3.1. Standard bitumens
The characterization of unmodified bitumens (Table 2)
was done with the purpose of attesting the quality of the
studied standard bitumens.
The vast majority of values are within the limits (Table 2)
established for each test, which are requirements for the
bitumen certification. In the course of the elastic recovery
test, the specimen of B10/20 broke before reaching 100
mm of extension, but this result does not mean inadequate
quality of the bitumen.
3.2. Analysis of additive CecabaseÒ
For the analysis of the interaction between the standard
bitumens and the CecabaseÒ, four percentages of this addi-
tive (0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.30%) were tested. The selection
of additive percentages was made based on producer
recommendation.
3.2.1. Interaction with B35/50
To evaluate this interaction, bitumen samples with dif-
ferent stirring times were studied. For the additive percent-
ages of 0.10 and 0.15%, bitumen samples with 15, 30, 60,
120 and 150 min of stirring were taken, whereas for 0.20
and 0.30% of additive, only the samples with stirring times
of 15, 30 and 60 min were used. Different stirring times
between the samples occurred because after the first two
percentages of additive being evaluated it became clear that
after 60 min of stirring the difference is insignificant; thus,
for the remaining percentages just 15, 30 and 60 min of stir-
ring was performed. The full analysis for 0.10 and 0.15% of
additive was carried out for the samples with 150 min of
stirring, whereas for 0.20 and 0.30% of additive analysis
was performed only for the samples with 60 min of stirring.
After 15 min of stirring, only differences of viscosity were
observed.
During the test, it was verified that there were no signif-
icant differences between the samples harvested at 60 min
and 150 min (as can be seen in the Fig. 2). So, the differ-
ences in the stirring time in the last sample harvested,
between the small and highest percentage, produced an
improvement of the procedure.
To observe the homogenization of the additive, samples
modified with 0.10% of CecabaseÒ were used, with 45, 60
and 150 min of stirring. This observation was performed
according to EN 13632. The photos captured by an optical
microscope show a good and homogeneous dispersion of
the additive (Fig. 3).
Table 3 presents all data on the needle penetration and
softening point for all studied percentages of this additive.

Table 2
Values obtained for bitumens studied.
Properties Bitumens
B10/20 B35/50 CRMB35/50
Penetration at 25 °C – EN 1426 (1/10 mm) 17.53 49.87 38.20
Softening point – EN 1427 (°C) 65.20 48.30 88.00
Elastic recovery at 25 °C – EN 13398 (mm) Bka 29.00 185.50
Resistance of hardening under the influence of D Mass (%) 0.21 0.16 0.18
heat and air (RTFOT method – EN 12607–1) Penetration obtained (1/10 mm) 12.02 28.80 26.90
Retained penetration (%) 68.63 56.61 70.42
Temperature obtained (°C) 71.10 60.20 92.00
Increase in softening point (°C) 5.90 11.90 4.00
a
Bk – The bitumen specimen broke before reaching 100 mm.

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 5

Fig. 2. Effect of stirring time on penetration and softening point of B35/50 with CecabaseÒ.

Fig. 3. Microscope photos of the samples, with a magnification of 10x. a) 150 min stirring time b) 60 min stirring time c) 45 min stirring time.

Table 3
Results of bitumen B35/50 with CecabaseÒ (stirring time: 60 min).
Properties B35/50 B35/50 of CecabaseÒ
0.10% D (%) 0.15% D (%) 0.20% D (%) 0.30% D (%)
Pen. (1/10 mm) 49.9 41.2 18 38.3 24 39.7 22 39.7 22
R&B (°C) 48.3 52.1 8 54.5 14 55.9 16 53.4 11
El. Rec. (mm) 29.0 29.5 2 30.5 5 30.0 3 30.0 3
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.16 0.04 – 0.13 – 0.07 – 0.17 –
Pen. (1/10 mm) 28.8 27.5 5 24.1 16 24.5 15 23.7 18
R&B (°C) 60.2 58.5 3 61.4 2 61.9 3 61.0 1

In general, the penetration of the samples slightly
decreased with increase in the percentage of additive, and
conversely, the softening point slightly increased with
increase in the percentage of additive. By analysing the
results, it becomes clear that the additive did not promote
significant changes in the bitumen characteristics, in order
to decrease their viscosity, quite the contrary tends to
increase slightly the viscosity.
For samples tested after 150 min of stirring, it was
observed that the higher the percentage of additive, the
higher the bitumen hardening, while the penetration fell
between 18 and 24% and the softening point rose between
8 and 14% compared to the reference bitumen, respectively
for the samples with 0.10% and 0.15% of additive. Roughly
the same happened in the samples with 0.20 and 0.30% of
additive. It was also noted that the additive causes the

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
6 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Table 4
Results for storage stability of bitumen B35/50 with CecabaseÒ.
% of CecabaseÒ Storage stability
Top part Bottom part
Pen. (1/10 mm) R&B (°C) Pen. (1/10 mm) R&B (°C)
0.10 41.0 53.7 40.1 53.7
0.15 37.9 53.4 37.5 54.4
0.20 40.7 55.1 41.0 56.3
0.30 37.0 53.4 36.2 53.4

Fig. 6. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimen B35/50 with 0.20% of

Fig. 4. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimen B35/50 with 0.10% of CecabaseÒ.
CecabaseÒ.

Fig. 7. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimen B35/50 with 0.30% of

Fig. 5. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimen B35/50 with 0.15% of
CecabaseÒ.
increase in the elastic recovery, and both samples showed
such an increase. After the accelerated ageing test, the pen-
etration decreased and the softening point slightly
increased.
Table 4 presents the results for storage stability. This
test is very important to predict the behaviour of bitumen
after modification during storage and transport.
The results demonstrated that the additive remained
homogeneous. The variations of needle penetration and
softening point between the upper part and lower part of
all the specimens were very small.
CecabaseÒ.
Regarding viscosity, at 100 °C, the samples with 0.10%
of additive (Fig. 4), taken with 15 and 30 min of stirring,
showed a decrease in viscosity; however, for higher temper-
atures their trendlines approached the trendline of the stan-
dard bitumen. The trendline of the sample with 60 min of
stirring overlapped with the trendline of the standard bitu-
men, and the samples with 90, 120 and 150 min of stirring
showed an increase in viscosity throughout their trendlines.
For samples with 0.15% of additive (Fig. 5), at 100 °C, a
decrease was verified of nearly 900 cSt against the viscosity
of the reference bitumen. At 120 °C the trendlines were
overlapped, but at 165 °C the situation was reversed, with

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 7

Table 5
Results of bitumen CRMB35/50 with CecabaseÒ.
Time under agitation – 60 min CRMB35/50 CRMB35/50 with CecabaseÒ
Properties 0.10% D (%) 0.15% D (%) 0.20% D (%) 0.30% D (%)
Pen. (1/10 mm) 38.2 32.6 15 31.0 19 34.8 9 35.1 8
R&B (°C) 88.0 93.1 6 92.8 6 89.9 2 88.4 0
El. Rec. (mm) 185.5 184.0 1 182.5 2 182.5 2 181.5 2
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.18 0.13 – 0.17 – 0.23 – 0.23 –
Pen. (1/10 mm) 26.9 22.5 16 23.0 14 23.3 13 27.9 4
R&B (°C) 92.0 92.5 1 90.9 1 89.5 3 83.4 9

Table 6
Results of bitumen B10/20 with CecabaseÒ.
Time under agitation – 30 min B10/20 B10/20 with CecabaseÒ
0.10% D 0.15% D 0.20% D 0.30% D
Pen (1/10 mm) 17.5 18.6 6% 18.9 8% 18.2 4% 16.8 4%
R&B (°C) 65.2 65.1 0% 64.9 1% 65.4 0% 65.1 0%
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.2 0.27 – 0.19 – 0.30 – 0.27 –
Pen (1/10 mm) 12.0 12.2 1% 11.9 1% 13.2 10% 13.5 13%
R&B (°C) 71.1 71.9 1% 72.1 1% 72.6 2% 73.0 3%

Fig. 8. Results of penetration and softening point for bitumens with CecabaseÒ.

an increase of approximately 32 cSt compared to the refer-
ence bitumen.
For the samples with 0.20% of additive (Fig. 6), at
100 °C, an increase was verified of nearly 900 cSt, whereas
at 165 °C the increase was only about 30 cSt.
Finally, for all samples with 0.30% of additive (Fig. 7),
at 100 °C, a decrease in viscosity was observed of approx-
imately 900 cSt compared to the reference bitumen and,
once again, it was noted that the longer the stirring time,
the greater the decrease in viscosity. At 130 °C the trendli-
nes were overlapped and, at 165 °C, the contrary to the
aforementioned was noted, i.e., the longer the stirring time,
the greater the increase in viscosity.
As can be seen in the previous graphs, the introduction
of this additive did not cause significant changes of viscos-
ity compared to the reference bitumen. Since the mixture

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
8 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
and compaction temperatures are determinate according to
the Equiviscous method, which defines the limits of kine-
matic viscosity, the temperatures remain equal.
3.2.2. Interaction with CRMB35/50
For this bitumen the same procedure was used and sam-
ples were harvested with 15, 30 and 60 min of stirring. The
results of CRMB35/50 with CecabaseÒ compared to the
reference bitumen are shown in Table 5. Regarding pene-
tration, it was observed, in general, that the higher the per-
centage of additive, the lower the decrease in penetration.
The softening point did not show a defined behaviour. It
was observed that the elastic recovery decreased due to
the increase in the percentage of additive, and, generally,
after the accelerated ageing test, for all percentages of addi-
tive the bitumen hardens.
During the dynamic viscosity test, the probability of
sedimentation of the rubber is quite high, therefore the reg-
ular time of stabilization after the activation of the spindle
(about 15 and 30 min) was changed to 5 min and for the
next 3 min the values of viscosity, shear stress and shear
rate were recorded.
As for the bitumen B35/50, the introduction of this
additive in the bitumen CRMB35/50 did not cause sub-
stantial changes of viscosity.
3.2.3. Interaction with B10/20
As part of this study, an analysis was also made between
one hard bitumen (B10/20) and the CecabaseÒ. The results
are shown in Table 6. According to these, the penetration
presented an increase with all the percentages of additive,
except for 0.30%. There were no significant changes in
the softening point, and only the sample with 0.15% of
additive showed a decrease of 1% compared to the refer-
ence bitumen.
Regarding the RTFOT test, the penetration and soften-
ing point increased in all the percentages of additive, except
for 0.15%. The elastic recovery test did not show valid val-
ues because the specimens broke before reaching 100 mm
of extension, like the original bitumen.
All the percentages of CecabaseÒ studied do not signif-
icantly affect the viscosity of reference bitumen.
3.2.4. Discussion of results
During the introduction procedure of the additive, it
was verified that the additive dissolved very fast in hot bitu-
men. However, during this process, vapours with an
intense odour were released. The main results of this anal-
ysis are summarized in Fig. 8.
This additive blended with B35/50 caused a slight hard-
ening of the bitumen. This modification caused the increase
in the viscosity and, consequently, the increase in the mix-
ing and compaction temperatures, instead of the desired
reduction. These results could be influenced by the han-
dling at high temperatures and by the constant exposure
to air, allowing the oxidation and/or volatilization of the
lighter components of the bitumen.
Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
Especially the samples of the CRMB35/50 modified with
1.00 and 1.50% of CecabaseÒ showed substantial differ-
ences in penetration. It was expected that these samples
would manifest higher viscosity because they were exposed
to a longer period of stirring, but this did not happen. The
results of B10/20 showed that this binder is not very sus-
ceptible to modification by the studied additive. Even the
trendlines of the viscosity analysis remained practically
overlapped.
The application of additives to the binder ensuring the
preservation of the binder properties for a longer time con-
tributes to an increase in the pavement’s service life. Mainly
for the B35/50, this property was evident because the refer-
ence bitumen showed a difference in penetration, which was
much higher than the modified bitumen.
Generally, in the viscosity tests the samples modified
with CecabaseÒ showed values slightly higher than the
respective samples of the reference bitumen. This difference
was more evident in B35/50, but none of them was very sig-
nificant. These results confirm the study of González-Leon
and Luca [21], which indicates that properties of bitumen
remains practically unchanged, namely viscosity and com-
plex shear modulus (G*) and phase angle (d).
The graph (Fig. 9) shows that, in fact, the additive
CecabaseÒ did not change significantly the viscosity of
any bitumen and demonstrates the position of trend lines
of each type of bitumen according their hardness.
3.3. Analysis of additive RedisetÒ
For the analysis of the RedisetÒ interaction with the
standard bitumens, four percentages of the additive (1.00,
1.50, 2.00 and 3.00%) were used. The selection of additive
percentages was made based on producer recommendation.
3.3.1. Interaction with B35/50
In this part of the study, the samples with 1.00% of
RedisetÒ were tested at the full 15, 30, 60, 120 and 150
min of stirring, to assess whether the properties change
with longer stirring times. For the remaining percentages,
Fig. 9. Results of viscosity for bitumens with CecabaseÒ.
 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 9

Table 7
Results of bitumen B35/50 with RedisetÒ.
Properties B35/50 150 min 60 min
1.00% D (%) 1.50% D (%) 2.00% D (%) 3.00% D (%)
Pen. (1/10 mm) 50.9 44.1 13 43.0 15 32.0 37 39.7 22
R&B (°C) 48.3 56.5 17 56.6 17 54.4 13 53.4 11
El. Rec. (mm) 29.0 28.5 2 25.0 14 26.0 10 30.0 3
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.16 0.06 – 0.12 – 0.17 – 0.17 –
Pen. (1/10 mm) 28.8 27.3 5 20.8 28 25.8 10 23.6 18
R&B (°C) 60.2 58.7 2 60.3 0 58.6 3 61.0 1

Table 8
Results of storage stability of bitumen B35/50 with RedisetÒ.
% RedisetÒ Storage stability
Top part Bottom part
Pen (1/10 mm) R&B (°C) Pen (1/10 mm) R&B (°C)
1.00 38.2 54.4 35.9 54.3
1.50 39.3 53.2 37.1 54.1
2.00 45.1 52.7 41.9 53.5
3.00 48.0 54.5 46.0 54.6

Fig. 12. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimens of B35/50 with 2.0%
Fig. 10. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimens of B35/50 with 1.0% of RedisetÒ.
of RedisetÒ.

Fig. 11. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimens of B35/50 with 1.5% Fig. 13. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimens of B35/50 with 3.0%
of RedisetÒ. of RedisetÒ.

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
10 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Table 9
Results of bitumen CRMB35/50 with RedisetÒ.
Properties CRMB35/50 60 min
1.00% D (%) 1.50% D (%) 2.00% D (%) 3.00% D (%)
Pen. (1/10 mm) 38.2 31.2 18 32.4 15 33.9 11 36.2 5
R&B (°C) 88.0 94.3 7 94.5 7 92.6 5 98.2 12
El. Rec7. (mm) 185.5 183.0 1 185.0 0 184.0 1 183.5 1
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.18 0.17 – 0.21 – 0.20 – 0.17 –
Pen. (1/10 mm) 26.9 26.5 1 26.2 2 25.4 6 24.8 8
R&B (°C) 92.0 92.4 0 92.9 1 91.9 0 88.4 4

however, samples only with 15, 30 and 60 min of stirring

were tested. The full analysis was made always in the last
sample harvested.
With 1.00% of additive, the penetration decreased 10–
16% and the softening point increased 12–17% compared
to the reference bitumen. The variation of the stirring time
proved not to significantly affect the results; therefore, it
was decided to reduce the sampling for 15, 30 and 60
min. Once again, after 15 min, only the viscosity test was
carried out.
According to Table 7, the increase in additive caused a
decrease in the penetration and this behaviour reached a
peak for 2.00% of RedisetÒ. This result may be related to
an execution error during the test, or most likely the expo-
sure of the bitumen to air caused it to harden. The modified Fig. 14. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimen B10/20 with RedisetÒ.
samples showed higher softening point values than the ref-
erence bitumen and it was verified that the higher the per-
centage of additive, the lower the softening point variation. For the remaining samples, modified with 1.50, 2.00 and
The elastic recovery declined for almost all percentages 3.00% of additive (Figs. 11–13, , respectively), in general,
of additive, except for 3.0%. After the accelerated ageing this additive did not change substantially their viscosities.
test no significant differences were revealed in the mass
variation and softening point, but the penetration 3.3.2. Interaction with CRMB35/50
decreased considerably. Once again, for the CRMB35/50 evaluation, the samples
Regarding the storage stability test (Table 8), there were were harvested at 15, 30 and 60 min of stirring. The sample
some small differences between the top and bottom parts of with 15 min was used only for the dynamic viscosity test,
specimens. while the full analysis was performed with the sample that
The top part showed lower hardness than the bottom was stirred for 60 min.
part, and the softening point only showed differences in Table 9 summarizes the results of the full analysis. This
the two intermediate parts; however, the differences allow additive, in general, led to the hardening of the bitumen,
us to confirm the homogeneity after storage. i.e., the penetration decreased and the softening point
Regarding the viscosity analysis (Fig. 10), all samples, at increased. The values obtained for 30 and 60 min of stirring
100 °C showed lower viscosity than the reference samples; were analogous. It should be noted that neither the basic
however, at 165 °C, their viscosity exceeded the viscosity properties after accelerated ageing nor the elastic recovery
of the reference bitumen. showed significant variations in the presence of the addi-

Table 10
Results of bitumen B10/20 with RedisetÒ.
Time under agitation – 30 min B10/20 B10/20 with RedisetÒ
1.00% D (%) 1.50% D (%) 2.00% D (%) 3.00% D (%)
Pen. (1/10 mm) 17.5 16.0 9 15.7 10 18.1 3 18.5 6
R&B (°C) 65.2 64.8 1 64.6 1 65.9 1 66.3 2
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.2 0.29 – 0.40 – 0.40 – 0.36 –
Pen. (1/10 mm) 12.0 11.7 2 13.2 10 13.8 15 12.8 7
R&B (°C) 71.1 72.2 2 74.4 5 74.3 5 73.4 3

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 11

tive. No significant differences in the rheological behaviour
emerged from the application of RedisetÒ.
3.3.3. Interaction with B10/20
As in the study with the other additive, an analysis was
made between a hard bitumen (B10/20) and the RedisetÒ.
The results of the full analysis are shown in Table 10.
Strangely enough, the samples with 1.00% and 1.50% of
additive hardened, whereas the samples with 2.00% and
3.00% of additive softened. The softening point did not
change. After the RTFOT test, all the samples, except the
one with 1.00% of additive, showed higher penetration
and softening point values. The results of elastic recovery
are not shown because all specimens broke before reaching
100 mm of extension.
Regarding the viscosity (Fig. 14), at 100 °C, a decrease
in viscosity was verified for all the modified samples, except
the sample with 2.00%, which showed a value quite close to
that of the reference bitumen. At 165 °C all the modified
samples showed lower viscosity than the reference sample.
The difference in the first three was about 20 cSt, whereas
for the sample with 3.0% it was approximately 50 cSt.
Despite these slight differences, the temperatures of pro-
duction and compaction obtained according to the viscosi-
ties are very similar.
hoped that the sample with 1.00% of additive would show
higher hardening than the others, because this was exposed
to a longer stirring time, but in fact it was the sample with
2.00% of additive that showed the highest hardening.
This result was reflected in the viscosity. The modified
samples of the CRMB35/50 showed significant differences
in penetration compared to the reference bitumen, except
for the last evaluated percentage of additive. In the remain-
ing tests, the additive did not provoke significant changes.
Regarding the modified samples of the B10/20, their pene-
tration and softening point results were quite similar to the
reference bitumen values; whereas their viscosity was
lower, especially for 3.00% of additive.
The bitumens modified with RedisetÒ showed identical
results to the bitumens modified with CecabaseÒ. The
B35/50 was the binder that demonstrated the greatest dif-

3.3.4. Discussion of results

The main results of the evaluation of the RedisetÒ addi-
tive are shown in Fig. 15.
This additive blended with B35/50 caused the hardening
of bitumen, due to the prolonged exposure to high temper-
atures, which may cause oxidation and volatilization of the
lighter components of the bitumen. Once again, it was Fig. 16. Results of viscosity for bitumens with RedisetÒ.

Fig. 15. Results of penetration and softening point for bitumens with RedisetÒ.

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
12 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Fig. 17. Variation of characteristics with additive content and mixture and compaction temperatures.

ferences in its properties. In the samples of the reference bitumen. Among the three evaluated bitumens,
CRMB35/50, the increase in penetration with the increase the B10/20 exhibited lower susceptibility to modification
in additive becomes clear, getting close to the value of the by this additive. But, on the other hand, according to

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 13

Fig. 18. Determination of maximum temperature reduction.

Fig. 16, the samples of B35/50 with 2.00% and 3.00% of
additive and the samples of BBM35/50 with 1.00% and
1.50% additive demonstrated lower susceptibility to ageing,
exhibiting lower differences in penetration than the refer-
ence bitumen.
The graph of Fig. 16 demonstrates that the additive
RedisetÒ did not affect substantially the viscosity of any
bitumen and also proves the position of trend lines of each
type of bitumen according to their hardness.
3.4. Evaluation of warm bituminous mixture with RedisetÒ
Since the results of the above analysis showed that addi-
tives did not significantly affect the properties of binder,
their effect was evaluated in the mixture. Particularly the
additive RedisetÒ did not produce any effect on bitumen
B10/20, thus a mixture with these two components was
produced at lower temperatures. This hard bitumen is used
to produce a type of mixture designed as high modulus

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
14 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
Table 11
Summary of temperatures.
Percentage of RedisetÒ Binder temperature (°C) Aggregates temperature (°C)
0.00% 171 160
1.00% 171 124
1.50% 171 128
2.00% 171 139
asphalt concrete, resulting in high rutting resistance and
great workability, fatigue resistance and water sensitivity
[20]. Since they are manufactured at high temperatures,
they are an excellent study subject. Limestone aggregates
were used in the formulation; with 23% of crushed stone
10/20, 19% of crushed stone 4/10, 56% of stone powder
and 2% of filler allowed a granulometric curve for this mix-
ture. The formulation of mixture was made by Marshall
Method and the optimum bitumen content was determi-
nate by an expedite method, the equation of Duriez. The
optimum content was established in 5.2% of bitumen. To
determine the percentage of additive that promotes better
results three different values were evaluated (1.00%,
1.50% and 2.00%) and three different manufacturing and
compaction temperatures (140 °C/130 °C, 120 °C/110 °C
and 100 °C/90 °C).
These mixture temperatures were only applied to the
aggregates; the bitumen was heated at the temperature
obtained by the viscosity test, at 171 °C. With several vari-
ables nine series of specimens were produced. The graph
(Fig. 17) shows the effect of different percentages of addi-
tives and temperatures on the compaction of specimens.
It is notorious that 1.00% of RedisetÒ allowed to reduce
significantly the thickness of specimens at less 30 °C.
Regarding the bulk density and in accordance with results
above mentioned, the mixture with 1.00% of RedisetÒ com-
pacted at 110 °C is enough to obtain very close densities to
the mixture without additive. The specimens with 1.00% of
additive compacted at 130 °C suffered an increase in den-
sity, the improvement of compactability being obvious.
With concerning to the stability results, the results indicate
that just the mixtures with 1.00% and 1.50% of additive
compacted at 130 °C of additive exceeded the flow limits.
However, only the mixtures compacted at 130 °C met the
stability limit, with a resistance higher than 16 kN. The
specimens compacted at 110 °C were close to the limit. It
is clear that the specimens of mixture with 1.00% of addi-
tive compacted at 130 °C showed lower thickness com-
pared with the other percentage of additive, being
notorious that 1.00% of RedisetÒ is enough to obtain a
good compaction with a reduction of 30 °C of production
and compaction temperatures. To obtain further reduc-
tions in temperature it is necessary to use a higher percent-
age of additive, which simultaneously causes reduction in
thickness and increase in densities, however it is by no
means certain of an increase in stability.
As expected, the porosity of specimens increased with
decrease in production and compaction temperatures.
Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
Mixture temperature (°C) Compaction temperature (°C)
171 161
124 114
128 118
139 129
The hard bitumen B10/20 presents lower workability, how-
ever with RedisetÒ it was possible to obtain specimens with
comparable thickness against the specimens without addi-
tive produced and compacted at higher temperatures. It
should be noted that the specimens with 1.00% and
1.50% of additive produced and compacted at less 30 °C
present porosity below the lower limit of porosity for this
type of mixture (2–4%).
From the next graphs (Fig. 18) it is possible to under-
stand how each different percentage of additive affected
the mixture and to determine the maximum reduction of
temperature.
For the mixture produced with 2.00% of RedisetÒ, 129 °
C was the unique compaction temperature that complies
with all the specification for this type of mixture, namely
the minimum of stability, 16 kN. Regarding the mixture
produced with 1.50% of this additive, the minimum com-
paction temperature that fulfilled all the specification was
118 °C, conditioned by the stability, as can be seen in
Fig. 18. For the mixture produced with 1.00% of this addi-
tive, which was the mixture with best performance, the
minimum compaction temperature was 114 °C, less 50 °C
compared with mixture without additive. The results indi-
cated that an excessive quantity of additive may act as a
lubricant, facilitating the aggregate movement, which prej-
udices the porosity and stability of the mixture. Table 11
compiles all the temperatures determinate.
4. Conclusions
Based on the additive study performed, it was possible
to verify that both chemical additives studied do not affect
bitumen viscosity. The chemical additive CecabaseÒ, in
general, caused the hardening of bitumens. This tendency
was more evident for the B35/50. As expected, this product
demonstrated that it does not affect bitumen viscosity; in
fact, its ability to reduce the mixing and compaction tem-
peratures is to act at the microscopic interface, reducing
the frictional forces between aggregates and bitumen [21].
Previous studies showed that this additive does not affect
significantly the properties of bitumen. A study of Ceca-
baseÒ RT Léon et al. [22] was presented in 2009 in the
Journals of ASEFMA (Asociación Española de Fabrican-
tes de Mezclas Asfálticas). During this research, the evalu-
ated percentages of additive were 0.30 and 0.50% and, in
both cases, the trendline of viscosity was overlapped with
the trendline of the reference bitumen. Also Oliveira and
Silva [23] performed a study about surfactant additives’
 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
performance through simple binder tests and a com-
pactability test using an impact compactor verifying that
these products barely modify the properties of bitumens.
Dwight Walker described RedisetÒ as an additive that only
works as a surfactant agent, without changing the basic
properties of the bitumen, such as penetration [24]. In fact,
during the present study, this did not happen. Only the
B10/20 resisted to the additive modification. Also, this
additive showed that it had little or no effect on bitumen
viscosity. Throughout this study it was verified that
RedisetÒ does not alter bitumen’s characteristics for any
of the three types of bitumens studied. Another study by
the same authors about its application on bituminous mix-
tures showed that 1.00% of RedisetÒ reduced the mixing
and compaction temperature to approximately 50 °C,
proving its capability to lower the manufacturing and com-
paction temperatures [25]. Regarding this part of research,
the introduction of chemical additives into the bitumen
does not reduce the theoretical temperature of production
and compaction by reducing the bitumen viscosity. To
understand better the application of these additives, it is
necessary to advance the study to asphalt mixtures.
In order to understand how the chemical additives really
act, RedisetÒ was selected to be analysed. A high modulus
asphalt concrete was produced, investigating the most
appropriate and beneficial percentage to introduce with
the maximum reduction of production and compaction
temperatures, ensuring at the same time the required qual-
ity characteristics. The results indicated that excessive
quantity of additive may act as a lubricant, facilitating
the aggregates’ movement, and suggests that there is an
optimum additive content depending on the desired tem-
perature for the WMA compaction, or, in a more practical
way, a more accurate compaction temperature for each
percentage of additive, in a particular type of WMA.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge ProbiGalp and
the NIDIN laboratory (recognized as centre of research,
development and innovation of bituminous binders) that
provide resources and support allowing this research.
References
[1] K. Sharp, S. Patrick, A. Thananjeyan, C. Simpson, Field validation
of warm mix asphalt pavements, Austroads, 2012 (Report No. AP-
T214-12).
[2] O. Kristjansdottir, Warm Mix Asphalt for Cold Weather Paving
(Master’s thesis), University of Washington, Washington, 2006.
[3] EAPA, The Use of Warm Mix Asphalt – EAPA Position Paper,
European Asphalt Pavement Association, 2010.
[4] Z. Arega, A. Bhasin, Binder rheology and performance in warm mix
asphalt, Center of Transportation Research, 2012 (Report No.
FHWA/TX-12/0-6591-2).
[5] O.R. Larsen, O. Moen, C. Robertus, B.G. Koenders, Warm foam
asphalt production at lower operating temperatures as an environ-
Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
15
mental friendly alternative to HMA, in: 3rd Eurasphalt & Eurobi-
tume Congress, Vienna, Austria, 2004.
[6] J. González-León, F. Achard, O. Falletti, Evaluation methods of
chemical additives used in warm and recycled asphalts mixtures, in: 6th
Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Prague, Czech Republic, 2016.
[7] F. Morea, R. Marcozzi, G. Castaño, Rheological properties of
asphalt binders with chemical tensoactive additives used in Warm
Mix Asphalts (WMAs), Constr. Build. Mater. 29 (2012) 135–142.
[8] M. Pérez-Martı́nez, F. Moreno-Navarro, J. Martı́n-Marı́n, C. Rı́os-
Losada, M.C. Rubio-Gámez, Analysis of cleaner technologies based
on waxes and surfactant additives in road construction, J. Clean.
Prod. 65 (2014) 374–379.
[9] M.E. Adbullah, K.A. Zamhari, M.R. Hainin, E.A. Oluwasola, N.I.
Md Yusoff, N.A. Hassan, High temperature characteristics of warm
mix asphalt mixtures with nanoclay and chemical warm mix asphalt
modified binders, J. Clean. Prod. 122 (2016) 326–334.
[10] J.R.M. Oliveira, H.M.R.D. Silva, L.P.F. Abreu, S.R.M. Fernandes,
Use of a warm mix asphalt additive to reduce the production
temperatures and to improve the performance of asphalt rubber
mixtures, J. Clean. Prod. 41 (2013) 15–22.
[11] J. Tsai, J. Lai, Evaluating constructability and properties of warm
mix asphalt, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010 (Report No.
FHWA-GA-10-0904).
[12] J. González-León, V. Luca, Warm Mix Asphalts With Cecabase RT
Additive: Properties and Advantages, Centre de Recherche Rhône-
Alpes ARKEM, 2009.
[13] H. Silva, J. Oliveira, E. Peralta, Evaluation of rheological behaviour
of warm mix asphalt (WMA) modified binders, in: Loizos, Scarpas,
Al-Qadi (Eds.), Advanced Testing and Characterization of Bitumi-
nous Materials, Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2009, pp. 661–673.
[14] S.W. Goh, M.R.M. Hasan, Z. You, Performances Evaluation of
CecabaseÒ RT in Warm Mix Asphalt Technology, Procedia Soc.
Behav. Sci. 96 (2013) 2782–2790.
[15] E.Y. Hajj, E.M. Cortez, Evaluation of the CecabaseTM RT Warm-Mix
Additive, University of Nevada, 2011 (Final Report).
[16] A. Almeida, S. Logaraj, Surface-Active Bitumen Additive for Warm
Mix Asphalt with Adhesion Promoting Properties, Akzo Nobel, 2010.
[17] D. Jones, B.W. Tsai, J. Signore, Warm mix asphalt study: Laboratory
Test Results for Akzonobel RedisetTM WMX, University of Cali-
fornia, Pavement Research Center, 2010 (Report No. UCPRC-CR-
2010-01).
[18] D.K. Patel, C.B. Mishra, A.A. Amin, Experimental Investigation of
Warm Mix Using Rediset as additive with PMB40 in Mix Design, Int.
J. Current Eng. Tech. 3 (4) (2014) 1460–1464.
[19] NCHRP, Mixing and compaction temperatures of binders in hot-mix
asphalt, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Trans-
portation Research Board, 2010 (Report No. 648).
[20] D. Sybilski, W. Dankowski, M. Krajewski, High modulus asphalt
concrete with limestone aggregate, Int. J. Pav. Res. Tech. 3 (2010) 96–
101.
[21] O. González, M.E. Muñoz, A. Santamarı́a, M. Garcı́a-Morales,
Rheology and stability of bitumen/EVA blends, Eur. Polym. J. 40
(2004) 2365–2372.
[22] J. Léon, L. Grampré, G. Barreto, Mezclas asfálticas templadas con
aditivos quı́micos, in: IV National Journal – ASEFMA, Madrid,
Spain, 2009.
[23] J. Oliveira, H. Silva, Study on the Use of a WMA Surface Agent
Additive on Recycled and Asphalt Rubber Mixtures, in: 16th World
Meeting – International Road Federation, Lisbon, Portugal, 2010.
[24] D. Walker, Emerging warm mix asphalt technologies, Asphalt
Institute 24 (2009) 23–27.
[25] A. Benta, C. Duarte, A. Almeida-Costa, T. Cordeiro, R. Pereira,
Design and performance of a warm high-modulus asphalt concrete, J.
Clean. Prod. 95 (2015) 55–65.