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International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
www.elsevier.com/locate/IJPRT

Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen


properties and limestone aggregates mixture compactibility
Raul Pereira a, Ana Almeida-Costa a,c,⇑, Cátia Duarte b, Agostinho Benta a,c
a
Civil Engineering Department, University of Aveiro, University Campus of Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
b
Galp Energia, SGPS, S.A., Rua Tomás Fonseca – Torre C, 1600-209 Lisboa, Portugal
c
RISCO – Aveiro Research Centre of Risks and Sustainability in Construction – University of Aveiro, University Campus of Santiago,
3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

Received 9 March 2017; received in revised form 6 September 2017; accepted 10 October 2017

Abstract

Asphalt industries consume large amounts of fuels and emit pollutant gases into the atmosphere. Warm mix asphalt is the most rec-
ognized way to minimize these negative impacts, which have given rise to numerous issues related to their performance and the materials
used. In this study, the basic and rheological properties of three different bituminous binders, modified with two different chemical addi-
tives, were evaluated, determining their behaviour and susceptibility to modification. The results showed that, although chemical addi-
tives do not affect the binder by reducing its viscosity, they act on the mixture, allowing to improve its compactability and, consequently,
reduce the required production and compaction temperatures.
Ó 2017 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords: Warm mix asphalt; Bitumen; Chemical additives; Behaviour; Additive-binder interaction; Road pavements

1. Introduction nologies. According to the EAPA [3], there are several


techniques and products that reduce production and com-
Over the last few years asphalt industry has been look- paction temperatures, ensuring the full coating of the
ing for new strategies to improve energy performance, aggregates, and thus the workability and compactability
reducing costs, but simultaneously guaranteeing the quality of the bituminous mixture. The most common division sep-
of bituminous mixtures [1]. Bituminous mixtures produced arates the warm technologies into chemical additives,
at lower temperatures, designated as warm mix asphalt are organic additives and foaming techniques. Organic addi-
one of the strategies most explored and evaluated for a tives are usually waxes and fatty amides such as SasobitÒ,
long time; according to Kristjansdottir [2] these technolo- Asphaltan B and Licomont Bs 100. These products, at tem-
gies emerged, led by Professor Ladis Csanyi of the Univer- peratures above bitumen’s melting point, are able to reduce
sity of Iowa, in 1956, who developed a bituminous mixture its viscosity. Chemical additives are often emulsifiers and
introducing foam, taking the first step on foaming tech- surfactants, such as CecabaseÒ, RedisetÒ and Evotherm.
These products are designed to improve the coating of
⇑ Corresponding author at: Civil Engineering Department, University of aggregates, acting to reduce the internal friction between
Aveiro, University Campus of Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Fax: the aggregate and binder [4]. Finally, the foaming tech-
+351 234370094. niques can be separated into injection foaming nozzles
E-mail address: ritacosta@ua.pt (A. Almeida-Costa). and minerals, both following the same base line: the intro-
Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Society of Pavement duction of small amounts of water into the hot bitumen
Engineering.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
1996-6814/Ó 2017 Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
2 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

that causes the expansion of the bitumen and the formation proving the capability of this product to reduce the produc-
of a large quantity of foam, reducing the bitumen viscosity tion and compaction temperatures of bituminous mixtures.
to achieve proper coating of the aggregates [5].
Among these numerous types of technologies and prod- 2. Materials and methods
ucts able to reduce the production and compaction temper-
atures of bituminous mixtures, the chemical additives have Next subchapters show the materials selected for this
been showing to be most economic and simple to use. study and the methodology that was used.
González-León et al. [6] performed a study about two
fundamental issues that have huge importance, their 2.1. Materials
impact in environment and their effect on workability of
mixture; through a chromatographic analysis it was possi- Bitumens, additives and mineral aggregates will be
ble to verify a decrease in volatile organic compound described in the next subchapters.
(VOC) emissions with the reduction in manufacturing tem-
perature; regarding the workability evaluation, a gyratory 2.1.1. Bitumens
compactor was used and the results showed that chemical For this study three different types of asphalt binder
additive allows to decrease the compaction temperature were selected: a hard bitumen with a penetration of 10/20
by 40 °C and improve the compactability of mixture, even 0.1 mm; a conventional bitumen with a penetration grade
with substantial quantities of reclaimed asphalt pavement of 35/50 and crumb rubber modified bitumen, produced
(RAP). Also Several authors, such as Morea et al. [7], with conventional bitumen of penetration grade 35/50.
Pérez-Martı́nez et al. [8] and Adbulla et al. [9], have been The selection of such different bitumens aimed to verify
proving that the performance of bituminous mixtures mod- the action field of the warm additives evaluated. These
ified with chemical additives is similar or, in some parame- bitumens were evaluated in order to understand their beha-
ters, superior to the conventional one. The first authors, viour and susceptibility to modification. To simplify the
Morea et al. [7], verified that the incorporation of chemical analysis of results, the bitumens were designated as
additives improve the elastic response of bitumens, a fact B10/20, B35/50 and CRMB35/50, respectively. Their refer-
observed through a frequency sweep test at low frequen- ence values are shown in Table 1.
cies. Additionally, these additives allowed to reduce the
accumulated strain in the end of creep test compared to 2.1.2. Additives
unmodified bitumen. Pérez-Martı́nez et al. [8] found that The additives CecabaseÒ and RedisetÒ, both chemical,
chemical additives, if applied through wet process provide were used. According to their producers these additives
better results, producing mixtures at lower temperatures are surfactant products that act at the microscopic inter-
but ensuring comparable or even superior mechanical face between the aggregates and bitumen, reducing the
behaviour to conventional mixtures, as also Adbulla internal frictional forces and ensuring the workability and
et al. [9] proved. These authors through rheological tests compactability of the bituminous mixture produced and
showed that bitumens modified with chemical additives compacted at lower temperatures [3]. Fig. 1 shows the
presented a decrease in G*/sin(d) values that suggest an aspect of both additives.
improvement of fatigue resistance at medium temperatures. CecabaseÒ (Fig. 1a) is a surface active agent that can be
Moreover, these modified bitumens exhibited higher values directly applied into the hot binder. Its standard dosage is
of surface free energy which could mean better adhesion between 0.2 and 0.5% based on binder weight. This agent,
between the mixture components and, consequently, higher according to its producer, can lower the manufacturing
resistance to water action. temperatures by approximately 50 °C [11]. This additive
The present research about additive–binder interaction is a liquid with a density of about 8.30 lbs/gal and a flash
was aimed at searching for the effects of chemical additives point of 199 °C. According to González-León and Luca
on the rheological properties of bitumen, evaluating the [12] this additive helps to avoid a strong adhesion between
compatibility between different additives and binders. Since and aggregates, acting as a lubricant during the mixing,
the literature, namely Oliveira et al. [10], indicates that laying and compacting processes. As indicated above, the
these additives do not change the bitumen properties, literature indicates that chemical additives do not affect
including its viscosity, in fact they seem to act at micro- the properties of bitumen; Silva et al. [13] evaluated the
scopic interface between aggregates and bitumen, reducing performance of CecabaseÒ and SasobitÒ, verifying that
friction between these, this study aims to demonstrate that there are no affinity problems with aggregates and only
the performance of binders in the bituminous mixtures will SasobitÒ effects the viscosity of bitumen. Regarding the
not be affected, but that the bitumen–aggregate interaction performance of warm mixtures with this additive, Goh
will be improved. For this purpose, a hard bitumen, con- et al. [14] performed a study using different additive con-
ventional bitumen and crumb rubber modified bitumen tents and several tests, such as dynamic modulus, tensile
were characterized before and after the application of addi- strength, fatigue, flow and rutting. The results showed that
tives. In the second phase of the study, one of the chemical the addition of CecabaseÒ slowed the ageing of mixture,
additives studied was selected to be tested on the mixture, causing the increase in rutting depth, but the remaining

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 3

Table 1
Reference properties of bitumens.
Properties Bitumens
B10/20 B35/50 CRMB35/50
Penetration at 25 °C – EN 1426 (1/10 mm) 10–20 35–50 35–50
Softening point – EN 1427 (°C) 63–76 50–58 >65
Elastic recovery at 25 °C – EN 13398 (mm) – – >150
Resistance of hardening under the influence of D Mass (%) 0.5 0.5 0.8
heat and air (RTFOT method)– EN 12607-1 Retained penetration (%) 60.0 53.0 70.0
Increase in softening point (°C) 8.0 8.0 8.0
Storage stability – EN 13399 D Penetration (1/10 mm) – – 0.8
D Softening point (°C) – – 5.0

were evaluated, for coarse aggregates shape indexes, frag-


mentation resistance and adhesiveness were made too. All
these tests were performed in accordance with the current
standards.

2.2. Methodology

Characterization of bitumens and mixtures will be


described in the following subchapters in order to better
understand the procedures that were considered.

Fig. 1. Additives evaluated in this study – a) CecabaseÒ and b) RedisetÒ. 2.2.1. Characterization of binders
The characteristics of binders with different additives
were assessed through the following tests: needle penetra-
parameters were similar to those of the conventional mix- tion at 25 °C, according to EN 1246; softening point (ring
ture. Also Hajj and Cortez [15] assessed the behaviour of and ball method), in accordance with EN 1427; resistance
a warm bituminous mixture with CecabaseÒ against a con- to hardening under the influence of heat and air (RTFOT
ventional one. Tests of rutting resistance, fatigue life and – Rolling Thin Film Oven Tester), according to EN
moisture sensitivity were conducted, showing an equivalent 12607-1; dynamic viscosity, in accordance with EN
performance between warm bituminous mixture and hot 13302; storage stability according to EN 13399; and elastic
bituminous mixtures, sometimes even superior, namely recovery of modified bitumen in accordance with EN
fatigue resistance. Additionally, the warm mixture emits 13398. All these tests were conducted in accordance with
far less pollutant gases. RedisetÒ (Fig. 1b) is a surfactant the aforementioned European Standards without changes
agent that includes active adhesion-promoting properties, to the established procedures.
an anti-oxidant effect and the ability to reduce the manu- Dynamic viscosity allows to determine the mixing and
facturing and compaction temperatures. It can be used in compaction temperatures using the Equiviscous method
a wide range of applications, including polymer and crumb in which, according to AASHTO T 312, the mixing and
rubber modified bitumens [16]. This additive is presented in compaction temperatures correspond to the range 170 ±
a solid form, it has a melting point of about 80 and 95 °C, a 20 cSt and 180 ± 30 cSt, respectively [19]. A rotational vis-
flash point of 253 °C. Jones et al. [17] and Patel et al. [18] in cometer (DVII-Pro Brookfield) was used and the results
their studies about performance of RedisetÒ achieved a were converted into kinematic viscosity values. A density
reduction of 35 and 40 °C of production and compaction of 1.03 kg/m3 and 1.04 kg/m3 was set for conventional
temperatures, respectively. Regarding the first study the bitumen and modified bitumen, respectively.
results showed similar compactions and comparable The test samples were prepared in accordance with EN
mechanical performance, namely shear, fatigue and rutting 12594. The following procedure was made: heating of the
were equivalent, just water sensitivity presented worse samples at 150 °C for the B35/50 and at 175 °C for the
behaviour. B10/20 and BBM35/50; after the melting process was com-
pleted, within 4 h maximum, the homogenizing procedure
2.1.3. Mineral aggregates was performed using a glass rod by manually stirring for
In this study limestone aggregates were used, with three 2 or 3 min; lastly, the samples, in homogeneous liquid
different granulometric fraction (10/20, 4/10 and 0/6). The form, were transferred to the test sample containers.
fine fraction of the mixture was a limestone recovery filler. To evaluate whether the introduction of additives affects
For all aggregates, bulk density and grain size distribution the properties of the studied binders, the following

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
4 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

experimental protocol was set: pre-heating of bitumen at test, the specimen of B10/20 broke before reaching 100
150 °C; placing the melting pan with the bitumen sample mm of extension, but this result does not mean inadequate
into a heating mantle to keep it liquid; the additive was quality of the bitumen.
blended with the bitumen at 175 °C; stirring at constant
temperature for a defined period of time (15, 30, 60, 120 3.2. Analysis of additive CecabaseÒ
or 150 min); carrying out the tests rapidly to avoid cycles
of heating–cooling and ageing of the resulting bitumen; in For the analysis of the interaction between the standard
order to avoid the ageing of bitumen, the samples were kept bitumens and the CecabaseÒ, four percentages of this addi-
in the oven for 120 min maximum, at 100 °C above the tive (0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.30%) were tested. The selection
melting point of the bitumen, without exceeding 200 °C. of additive percentages was made based on producer
recommendation.
2.2.2. Characterization of mixture
In order to verify the real effect of additives, the additive 3.2.1. Interaction with B35/50
RedisetÒ was selected to produce a bituminous mixture at To evaluate this interaction, bitumen samples with dif-
lower temperatures. Three percentage of additive and three ferent stirring times were studied. For the additive percent-
production and compaction temperatures were defined. To ages of 0.10 and 0.15%, bitumen samples with 15, 30, 60,
study this additive a high modulus asphalt concrete was 120 and 150 min of stirring were taken, whereas for 0.20
produced, this type of mixture appeared in France in and 0.30% of additive, only the samples with stirring times
1980, being used in base and intermediate course of road of 15, 30 and 60 min were used. Different stirring times
pavements. These mixtures are produced with high content between the samples occurred because after the first two
of hard bitumen which results in high rutting resistance and percentages of additive being evaluated it became clear that
great workability, fatigue resistance and water sensitivity after 60 min of stirring the difference is insignificant; thus,
[20]. Since it is manufactured at high temperatures, it is for the remaining percentages just 15, 30 and 60 min of stir-
an excellent study subject. To produce this bituminous ring was performed. The full analysis for 0.10 and 0.15% of
mixture a limestone aggregates were used and a hard bitu- additive was carried out for the samples with 150 min of
men 10/20@0.1 mm was selected. stirring, whereas for 0.20 and 0.30% of additive analysis
was performed only for the samples with 60 min of stirring.
3. Results and discussion After 15 min of stirring, only differences of viscosity were
observed.
This section presents, firstly, the results of the character- During the test, it was verified that there were no signif-
ization of the unmodified bitumens which were to be used icant differences between the samples harvested at 60 min
as reference values, and then, the results of the characteri- and 150 min (as can be seen in the Fig. 2). So, the differ-
zation of bitumens modified with different percentages of ences in the stirring time in the last sample harvested,
CecabaseÒ and RedisetÒ. between the small and highest percentage, produced an
improvement of the procedure.
3.1. Standard bitumens To observe the homogenization of the additive, samples
modified with 0.10% of CecabaseÒ were used, with 45, 60
The characterization of unmodified bitumens (Table 2) and 150 min of stirring. This observation was performed
was done with the purpose of attesting the quality of the according to EN 13632. The photos captured by an optical
studied standard bitumens. microscope show a good and homogeneous dispersion of
The vast majority of values are within the limits (Table 2) the additive (Fig. 3).
established for each test, which are requirements for the Table 3 presents all data on the needle penetration and
bitumen certification. In the course of the elastic recovery softening point for all studied percentages of this additive.

Table 2
Values obtained for bitumens studied.
Properties Bitumens
B10/20 B35/50 CRMB35/50
Penetration at 25 °C – EN 1426 (1/10 mm) 17.53 49.87 38.20
Softening point – EN 1427 (°C) 65.20 48.30 88.00
Elastic recovery at 25 °C – EN 13398 (mm) Bka 29.00 185.50
Resistance of hardening under the influence of D Mass (%) 0.21 0.16 0.18
heat and air (RTFOT method – EN 12607–1) Penetration obtained (1/10 mm) 12.02 28.80 26.90
Retained penetration (%) 68.63 56.61 70.42
Temperature obtained (°C) 71.10 60.20 92.00
Increase in softening point (°C) 5.90 11.90 4.00
a
Bk – The bitumen specimen broke before reaching 100 mm.

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 5

Fig. 2. Effect of stirring time on penetration and softening point of B35/50 with CecabaseÒ.

Fig. 3. Microscope photos of the samples, with a magnification of 10x. a) 150 min stirring time b) 60 min stirring time c) 45 min stirring time.

Table 3
Results of bitumen B35/50 with CecabaseÒ (stirring time: 60 min).
Properties B35/50 B35/50 of CecabaseÒ
0.10% D (%) 0.15% D (%) 0.20% D (%) 0.30% D (%)
Pen. (1/10 mm) 49.9 41.2 18 38.3 24 39.7 22 39.7 22
R&B (°C) 48.3 52.1 8 54.5 14 55.9 16 53.4 11
El. Rec. (mm) 29.0 29.5 2 30.5 5 30.0 3 30.0 3
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.16 0.04 – 0.13 – 0.07 – 0.17 –
Pen. (1/10 mm) 28.8 27.5 5 24.1 16 24.5 15 23.7 18
R&B (°C) 60.2 58.5 3 61.4 2 61.9 3 61.0 1

In general, the penetration of the samples slightly For samples tested after 150 min of stirring, it was
decreased with increase in the percentage of additive, and observed that the higher the percentage of additive, the
conversely, the softening point slightly increased with higher the bitumen hardening, while the penetration fell
increase in the percentage of additive. By analysing the between 18 and 24% and the softening point rose between
results, it becomes clear that the additive did not promote 8 and 14% compared to the reference bitumen, respectively
significant changes in the bitumen characteristics, in order for the samples with 0.10% and 0.15% of additive. Roughly
to decrease their viscosity, quite the contrary tends to the same happened in the samples with 0.20 and 0.30% of
increase slightly the viscosity. additive. It was also noted that the additive causes the

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
6 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Table 4
Results for storage stability of bitumen B35/50 with CecabaseÒ.
% of CecabaseÒ Storage stability
Top part Bottom part
Pen. (1/10 mm) R&B (°C) Pen. (1/10 mm) R&B (°C)
0.10 41.0 53.7 40.1 53.7
0.15 37.9 53.4 37.5 54.4
0.20 40.7 55.1 41.0 56.3
0.30 37.0 53.4 36.2 53.4

Fig. 6. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimen B35/50 with 0.20% of


Fig. 4. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimen B35/50 with 0.10% of CecabaseÒ.
CecabaseÒ.

Fig. 7. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimen B35/50 with 0.30% of


CecabaseÒ.
Fig. 5. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimen B35/50 with 0.15% of
CecabaseÒ.
Regarding viscosity, at 100 °C, the samples with 0.10%
increase in the elastic recovery, and both samples showed of additive (Fig. 4), taken with 15 and 30 min of stirring,
such an increase. After the accelerated ageing test, the pen- showed a decrease in viscosity; however, for higher temper-
etration decreased and the softening point slightly atures their trendlines approached the trendline of the stan-
increased. dard bitumen. The trendline of the sample with 60 min of
Table 4 presents the results for storage stability. This stirring overlapped with the trendline of the standard bitu-
test is very important to predict the behaviour of bitumen men, and the samples with 90, 120 and 150 min of stirring
after modification during storage and transport. showed an increase in viscosity throughout their trendlines.
The results demonstrated that the additive remained For samples with 0.15% of additive (Fig. 5), at 100 °C, a
homogeneous. The variations of needle penetration and decrease was verified of nearly 900 cSt against the viscosity
softening point between the upper part and lower part of of the reference bitumen. At 120 °C the trendlines were
all the specimens were very small. overlapped, but at 165 °C the situation was reversed, with

Please cite this article in press as: R. Pereira et al., Warm mix asphalt: Chemical additives’ effects on bitumen properties and limestone aggregates mixture
compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 7

Table 5
Results of bitumen CRMB35/50 with CecabaseÒ.
Time under agitation – 60 min CRMB35/50 CRMB35/50 with CecabaseÒ
Properties 0.10% D (%) 0.15% D (%) 0.20% D (%) 0.30% D (%)
Pen. (1/10 mm) 38.2 32.6 15 31.0 19 34.8 9 35.1 8
R&B (°C) 88.0 93.1 6 92.8 6 89.9 2 88.4 0
El. Rec. (mm) 185.5 184.0 1 182.5 2 182.5 2 181.5 2
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.18 0.13 – 0.17 – 0.23 – 0.23 –
Pen. (1/10 mm) 26.9 22.5 16 23.0 14 23.3 13 27.9 4
R&B (°C) 92.0 92.5 1 90.9 1 89.5 3 83.4 9

Table 6
Results of bitumen B10/20 with CecabaseÒ.
Time under agitation – 30 min B10/20 B10/20 with CecabaseÒ
0.10% D 0.15% D 0.20% D 0.30% D
Pen (1/10 mm) 17.5 18.6 6% 18.9 8% 18.2 4% 16.8 4%
R&B (°C) 65.2 65.1 0% 64.9 1% 65.4 0% 65.1 0%
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.2 0.27 – 0.19 – 0.30 – 0.27 –
Pen (1/10 mm) 12.0 12.2 1% 11.9 1% 13.2 10% 13.5 13%
R&B (°C) 71.1 71.9 1% 72.1 1% 72.6 2% 73.0 3%

Fig. 8. Results of penetration and softening point for bitumens with CecabaseÒ.

an increase of approximately 32 cSt compared to the refer- once again, it was noted that the longer the stirring time,
ence bitumen. the greater the decrease in viscosity. At 130 °C the trendli-
For the samples with 0.20% of additive (Fig. 6), at nes were overlapped and, at 165 °C, the contrary to the
100 °C, an increase was verified of nearly 900 cSt, whereas aforementioned was noted, i.e., the longer the stirring time,
at 165 °C the increase was only about 30 cSt. the greater the increase in viscosity.
Finally, for all samples with 0.30% of additive (Fig. 7), As can be seen in the previous graphs, the introduction
at 100 °C, a decrease in viscosity was observed of approx- of this additive did not cause significant changes of viscos-
imately 900 cSt compared to the reference bitumen and, ity compared to the reference bitumen. Since the mixture

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8 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

and compaction temperatures are determinate according to Especially the samples of the CRMB35/50 modified with
the Equiviscous method, which defines the limits of kine- 1.00 and 1.50% of CecabaseÒ showed substantial differ-
matic viscosity, the temperatures remain equal. ences in penetration. It was expected that these samples
would manifest higher viscosity because they were exposed
3.2.2. Interaction with CRMB35/50 to a longer period of stirring, but this did not happen. The
For this bitumen the same procedure was used and sam- results of B10/20 showed that this binder is not very sus-
ples were harvested with 15, 30 and 60 min of stirring. The ceptible to modification by the studied additive. Even the
results of CRMB35/50 with CecabaseÒ compared to the trendlines of the viscosity analysis remained practically
reference bitumen are shown in Table 5. Regarding pene- overlapped.
tration, it was observed, in general, that the higher the per- The application of additives to the binder ensuring the
centage of additive, the lower the decrease in penetration. preservation of the binder properties for a longer time con-
The softening point did not show a defined behaviour. It tributes to an increase in the pavement’s service life. Mainly
was observed that the elastic recovery decreased due to for the B35/50, this property was evident because the refer-
the increase in the percentage of additive, and, generally, ence bitumen showed a difference in penetration, which was
after the accelerated ageing test, for all percentages of addi- much higher than the modified bitumen.
tive the bitumen hardens. Generally, in the viscosity tests the samples modified
During the dynamic viscosity test, the probability of with CecabaseÒ showed values slightly higher than the
sedimentation of the rubber is quite high, therefore the reg- respective samples of the reference bitumen. This difference
ular time of stabilization after the activation of the spindle was more evident in B35/50, but none of them was very sig-
(about 15 and 30 min) was changed to 5 min and for the nificant. These results confirm the study of González-Leon
next 3 min the values of viscosity, shear stress and shear and Luca [21], which indicates that properties of bitumen
rate were recorded. remains practically unchanged, namely viscosity and com-
As for the bitumen B35/50, the introduction of this plex shear modulus (G*) and phase angle (d).
additive in the bitumen CRMB35/50 did not cause sub- The graph (Fig. 9) shows that, in fact, the additive
stantial changes of viscosity. CecabaseÒ did not change significantly the viscosity of
any bitumen and demonstrates the position of trend lines
3.2.3. Interaction with B10/20 of each type of bitumen according their hardness.
As part of this study, an analysis was also made between
one hard bitumen (B10/20) and the CecabaseÒ. The results 3.3. Analysis of additive RedisetÒ
are shown in Table 6. According to these, the penetration
presented an increase with all the percentages of additive, For the analysis of the RedisetÒ interaction with the
except for 0.30%. There were no significant changes in standard bitumens, four percentages of the additive (1.00,
the softening point, and only the sample with 0.15% of 1.50, 2.00 and 3.00%) were used. The selection of additive
additive showed a decrease of 1% compared to the refer- percentages was made based on producer recommendation.
ence bitumen.
Regarding the RTFOT test, the penetration and soften- 3.3.1. Interaction with B35/50
ing point increased in all the percentages of additive, except In this part of the study, the samples with 1.00% of
for 0.15%. The elastic recovery test did not show valid val- RedisetÒ were tested at the full 15, 30, 60, 120 and 150
ues because the specimens broke before reaching 100 mm min of stirring, to assess whether the properties change
of extension, like the original bitumen. with longer stirring times. For the remaining percentages,
All the percentages of CecabaseÒ studied do not signif-
icantly affect the viscosity of reference bitumen.

3.2.4. Discussion of results


During the introduction procedure of the additive, it
was verified that the additive dissolved very fast in hot bitu-
men. However, during this process, vapours with an
intense odour were released. The main results of this anal-
ysis are summarized in Fig. 8.
This additive blended with B35/50 caused a slight hard-
ening of the bitumen. This modification caused the increase
in the viscosity and, consequently, the increase in the mix-
ing and compaction temperatures, instead of the desired
reduction. These results could be influenced by the han-
dling at high temperatures and by the constant exposure
to air, allowing the oxidation and/or volatilization of the
lighter components of the bitumen. Fig. 9. Results of viscosity for bitumens with CecabaseÒ.

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R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 9

Table 7
Results of bitumen B35/50 with RedisetÒ.
Properties B35/50 150 min 60 min
1.00% D (%) 1.50% D (%) 2.00% D (%) 3.00% D (%)
Pen. (1/10 mm) 50.9 44.1 13 43.0 15 32.0 37 39.7 22
R&B (°C) 48.3 56.5 17 56.6 17 54.4 13 53.4 11
El. Rec. (mm) 29.0 28.5 2 25.0 14 26.0 10 30.0 3
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.16 0.06 – 0.12 – 0.17 – 0.17 –
Pen. (1/10 mm) 28.8 27.3 5 20.8 28 25.8 10 23.6 18
R&B (°C) 60.2 58.7 2 60.3 0 58.6 3 61.0 1

Table 8
Results of storage stability of bitumen B35/50 with RedisetÒ.
% RedisetÒ Storage stability
Top part Bottom part
Pen (1/10 mm) R&B (°C) Pen (1/10 mm) R&B (°C)
1.00 38.2 54.4 35.9 54.3
1.50 39.3 53.2 37.1 54.1
2.00 45.1 52.7 41.9 53.5
3.00 48.0 54.5 46.0 54.6

Fig. 12. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimens of B35/50 with 2.0%
Fig. 10. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimens of B35/50 with 1.0% of RedisetÒ.
of RedisetÒ.

Fig. 11. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimens of B35/50 with 1.5% Fig. 13. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimens of B35/50 with 3.0%
of RedisetÒ. of RedisetÒ.

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10 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Table 9
Results of bitumen CRMB35/50 with RedisetÒ.
Properties CRMB35/50 60 min
1.00% D (%) 1.50% D (%) 2.00% D (%) 3.00% D (%)
Pen. (1/10 mm) 38.2 31.2 18 32.4 15 33.9 11 36.2 5
R&B (°C) 88.0 94.3 7 94.5 7 92.6 5 98.2 12
El. Rec7. (mm) 185.5 183.0 1 185.0 0 184.0 1 183.5 1
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.18 0.17 – 0.21 – 0.20 – 0.17 –
Pen. (1/10 mm) 26.9 26.5 1 26.2 2 25.4 6 24.8 8
R&B (°C) 92.0 92.4 0 92.9 1 91.9 0 88.4 4

however, samples only with 15, 30 and 60 min of stirring


were tested. The full analysis was made always in the last
sample harvested.
With 1.00% of additive, the penetration decreased 10–
16% and the softening point increased 12–17% compared
to the reference bitumen. The variation of the stirring time
proved not to significantly affect the results; therefore, it
was decided to reduce the sampling for 15, 30 and 60
min. Once again, after 15 min, only the viscosity test was
carried out.
According to Table 7, the increase in additive caused a
decrease in the penetration and this behaviour reached a
peak for 2.00% of RedisetÒ. This result may be related to
an execution error during the test, or most likely the expo-
sure of the bitumen to air caused it to harden. The modified Fig. 14. Viscosity analysis of the bitumen specimen B10/20 with RedisetÒ.
samples showed higher softening point values than the ref-
erence bitumen and it was verified that the higher the per-
centage of additive, the lower the softening point variation. For the remaining samples, modified with 1.50, 2.00 and
The elastic recovery declined for almost all percentages 3.00% of additive (Figs. 11–13, , respectively), in general,
of additive, except for 3.0%. After the accelerated ageing this additive did not change substantially their viscosities.
test no significant differences were revealed in the mass
variation and softening point, but the penetration 3.3.2. Interaction with CRMB35/50
decreased considerably. Once again, for the CRMB35/50 evaluation, the samples
Regarding the storage stability test (Table 8), there were were harvested at 15, 30 and 60 min of stirring. The sample
some small differences between the top and bottom parts of with 15 min was used only for the dynamic viscosity test,
specimens. while the full analysis was performed with the sample that
The top part showed lower hardness than the bottom was stirred for 60 min.
part, and the softening point only showed differences in Table 9 summarizes the results of the full analysis. This
the two intermediate parts; however, the differences allow additive, in general, led to the hardening of the bitumen,
us to confirm the homogeneity after storage. i.e., the penetration decreased and the softening point
Regarding the viscosity analysis (Fig. 10), all samples, at increased. The values obtained for 30 and 60 min of stirring
100 °C showed lower viscosity than the reference samples; were analogous. It should be noted that neither the basic
however, at 165 °C, their viscosity exceeded the viscosity properties after accelerated ageing nor the elastic recovery
of the reference bitumen. showed significant variations in the presence of the addi-

Table 10
Results of bitumen B10/20 with RedisetÒ.
Time under agitation – 30 min B10/20 B10/20 with RedisetÒ
1.00% D (%) 1.50% D (%) 2.00% D (%) 3.00% D (%)
Pen. (1/10 mm) 17.5 16.0 9 15.7 10 18.1 3 18.5 6
R&B (°C) 65.2 64.8 1 64.6 1 65.9 1 66.3 2
RTFOT D Mass (%) 0.2 0.29 – 0.40 – 0.40 – 0.36 –
Pen. (1/10 mm) 12.0 11.7 2 13.2 10 13.8 15 12.8 7
R&B (°C) 71.1 72.2 2 74.4 5 74.3 5 73.4 3

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R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 11

tive. No significant differences in the rheological behaviour hoped that the sample with 1.00% of additive would show
emerged from the application of RedisetÒ. higher hardening than the others, because this was exposed
to a longer stirring time, but in fact it was the sample with
3.3.3. Interaction with B10/20 2.00% of additive that showed the highest hardening.
As in the study with the other additive, an analysis was This result was reflected in the viscosity. The modified
made between a hard bitumen (B10/20) and the RedisetÒ. samples of the CRMB35/50 showed significant differences
The results of the full analysis are shown in Table 10. in penetration compared to the reference bitumen, except
Strangely enough, the samples with 1.00% and 1.50% of for the last evaluated percentage of additive. In the remain-
additive hardened, whereas the samples with 2.00% and ing tests, the additive did not provoke significant changes.
3.00% of additive softened. The softening point did not Regarding the modified samples of the B10/20, their pene-
change. After the RTFOT test, all the samples, except the tration and softening point results were quite similar to the
one with 1.00% of additive, showed higher penetration reference bitumen values; whereas their viscosity was
and softening point values. The results of elastic recovery lower, especially for 3.00% of additive.
are not shown because all specimens broke before reaching The bitumens modified with RedisetÒ showed identical
100 mm of extension. results to the bitumens modified with CecabaseÒ. The
Regarding the viscosity (Fig. 14), at 100 °C, a decrease B35/50 was the binder that demonstrated the greatest dif-
in viscosity was verified for all the modified samples, except
the sample with 2.00%, which showed a value quite close to
that of the reference bitumen. At 165 °C all the modified
samples showed lower viscosity than the reference sample.
The difference in the first three was about 20 cSt, whereas
for the sample with 3.0% it was approximately 50 cSt.
Despite these slight differences, the temperatures of pro-
duction and compaction obtained according to the viscosi-
ties are very similar.

3.3.4. Discussion of results


The main results of the evaluation of the RedisetÒ addi-
tive are shown in Fig. 15.
This additive blended with B35/50 caused the hardening
of bitumen, due to the prolonged exposure to high temper-
atures, which may cause oxidation and volatilization of the
lighter components of the bitumen. Once again, it was Fig. 16. Results of viscosity for bitumens with RedisetÒ.

Fig. 15. Results of penetration and softening point for bitumens with RedisetÒ.

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12 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Fig. 17. Variation of characteristics with additive content and mixture and compaction temperatures.

ferences in its properties. In the samples of the reference bitumen. Among the three evaluated bitumens,
CRMB35/50, the increase in penetration with the increase the B10/20 exhibited lower susceptibility to modification
in additive becomes clear, getting close to the value of the by this additive. But, on the other hand, according to

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R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 13

Fig. 18. Determination of maximum temperature reduction.

Fig. 16, the samples of B35/50 with 2.00% and 3.00% of 3.4. Evaluation of warm bituminous mixture with RedisetÒ
additive and the samples of BBM35/50 with 1.00% and
1.50% additive demonstrated lower susceptibility to ageing, Since the results of the above analysis showed that addi-
exhibiting lower differences in penetration than the refer- tives did not significantly affect the properties of binder,
ence bitumen. their effect was evaluated in the mixture. Particularly the
The graph of Fig. 16 demonstrates that the additive additive RedisetÒ did not produce any effect on bitumen
RedisetÒ did not affect substantially the viscosity of any B10/20, thus a mixture with these two components was
bitumen and also proves the position of trend lines of each produced at lower temperatures. This hard bitumen is used
type of bitumen according to their hardness. to produce a type of mixture designed as high modulus

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14 R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

Table 11
Summary of temperatures.
Percentage of RedisetÒ Binder temperature (°C) Aggregates temperature (°C) Mixture temperature (°C) Compaction temperature (°C)
0.00% 171 160 171 161
1.00% 171 124 124 114
1.50% 171 128 128 118
2.00% 171 139 139 129

asphalt concrete, resulting in high rutting resistance and The hard bitumen B10/20 presents lower workability, how-
great workability, fatigue resistance and water sensitivity ever with RedisetÒ it was possible to obtain specimens with
[20]. Since they are manufactured at high temperatures, comparable thickness against the specimens without addi-
they are an excellent study subject. Limestone aggregates tive produced and compacted at higher temperatures. It
were used in the formulation; with 23% of crushed stone should be noted that the specimens with 1.00% and
10/20, 19% of crushed stone 4/10, 56% of stone powder 1.50% of additive produced and compacted at less 30 °C
and 2% of filler allowed a granulometric curve for this mix- present porosity below the lower limit of porosity for this
ture. The formulation of mixture was made by Marshall type of mixture (2–4%).
Method and the optimum bitumen content was determi- From the next graphs (Fig. 18) it is possible to under-
nate by an expedite method, the equation of Duriez. The stand how each different percentage of additive affected
optimum content was established in 5.2% of bitumen. To the mixture and to determine the maximum reduction of
determine the percentage of additive that promotes better temperature.
results three different values were evaluated (1.00%, For the mixture produced with 2.00% of RedisetÒ, 129 °
1.50% and 2.00%) and three different manufacturing and C was the unique compaction temperature that complies
compaction temperatures (140 °C/130 °C, 120 °C/110 °C with all the specification for this type of mixture, namely
and 100 °C/90 °C). the minimum of stability, 16 kN. Regarding the mixture
These mixture temperatures were only applied to the produced with 1.50% of this additive, the minimum com-
aggregates; the bitumen was heated at the temperature paction temperature that fulfilled all the specification was
obtained by the viscosity test, at 171 °C. With several vari- 118 °C, conditioned by the stability, as can be seen in
ables nine series of specimens were produced. The graph Fig. 18. For the mixture produced with 1.00% of this addi-
(Fig. 17) shows the effect of different percentages of addi- tive, which was the mixture with best performance, the
tives and temperatures on the compaction of specimens. minimum compaction temperature was 114 °C, less 50 °C
It is notorious that 1.00% of RedisetÒ allowed to reduce compared with mixture without additive. The results indi-
significantly the thickness of specimens at less 30 °C. cated that an excessive quantity of additive may act as a
Regarding the bulk density and in accordance with results lubricant, facilitating the aggregate movement, which prej-
above mentioned, the mixture with 1.00% of RedisetÒ com- udices the porosity and stability of the mixture. Table 11
pacted at 110 °C is enough to obtain very close densities to compiles all the temperatures determinate.
the mixture without additive. The specimens with 1.00% of
additive compacted at 130 °C suffered an increase in den- 4. Conclusions
sity, the improvement of compactability being obvious.
With concerning to the stability results, the results indicate Based on the additive study performed, it was possible
that just the mixtures with 1.00% and 1.50% of additive to verify that both chemical additives studied do not affect
compacted at 130 °C of additive exceeded the flow limits. bitumen viscosity. The chemical additive CecabaseÒ, in
However, only the mixtures compacted at 130 °C met the general, caused the hardening of bitumens. This tendency
stability limit, with a resistance higher than 16 kN. The was more evident for the B35/50. As expected, this product
specimens compacted at 110 °C were close to the limit. It demonstrated that it does not affect bitumen viscosity; in
is clear that the specimens of mixture with 1.00% of addi- fact, its ability to reduce the mixing and compaction tem-
tive compacted at 130 °C showed lower thickness com- peratures is to act at the microscopic interface, reducing
pared with the other percentage of additive, being the frictional forces between aggregates and bitumen [21].
notorious that 1.00% of RedisetÒ is enough to obtain a Previous studies showed that this additive does not affect
good compaction with a reduction of 30 °C of production significantly the properties of bitumen. A study of Ceca-
and compaction temperatures. To obtain further reduc- baseÒ RT Léon et al. [22] was presented in 2009 in the
tions in temperature it is necessary to use a higher percent- Journals of ASEFMA (Asociación Española de Fabrican-
age of additive, which simultaneously causes reduction in tes de Mezclas Asfálticas). During this research, the evalu-
thickness and increase in densities, however it is by no ated percentages of additive were 0.30 and 0.50% and, in
means certain of an increase in stability. both cases, the trendline of viscosity was overlapped with
As expected, the porosity of specimens increased with the trendline of the reference bitumen. Also Oliveira and
decrease in production and compaction temperatures. Silva [23] performed a study about surfactant additives’

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compactibility, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.10.005
R. Pereira et al. / International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 15

performance through simple binder tests and a com- mental friendly alternative to HMA, in: 3rd Eurasphalt & Eurobi-
pactability test using an impact compactor verifying that tume Congress, Vienna, Austria, 2004.
[6] J. González-León, F. Achard, O. Falletti, Evaluation methods of
these products barely modify the properties of bitumens. chemical additives used in warm and recycled asphalts mixtures, in: 6th
Dwight Walker described RedisetÒ as an additive that only Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Prague, Czech Republic, 2016.
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the introduction of chemical additives into the bitumen mix asphalt, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010 (Report No.
does not reduce the theoretical temperature of production FHWA-GA-10-0904).
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[13] H. Silva, J. Oliveira, E. Peralta, Evaluation of rheological behaviour
In order to understand how the chemical additives really of warm mix asphalt (WMA) modified binders, in: Loizos, Scarpas,
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ity characteristics. The results indicated that excessive Additive, University of Nevada, 2011 (Final Report).
quantity of additive may act as a lubricant, facilitating [16] A. Almeida, S. Logaraj, Surface-Active Bitumen Additive for Warm
the aggregates’ movement, and suggests that there is an Mix Asphalt with Adhesion Promoting Properties, Akzo Nobel, 2010.
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Test Results for Akzonobel RedisetTM WMX, University of Cali-
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way, a more accurate compaction temperature for each 2010-01).
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[19] NCHRP, Mixing and compaction temperatures of binders in hot-mix
asphalt, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Trans-
The authors would like to acknowledge ProbiGalp and portation Research Board, 2010 (Report No. 648).
the NIDIN laboratory (recognized as centre of research, [20] D. Sybilski, W. Dankowski, M. Krajewski, High modulus asphalt
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