Lesson 1

Common problem in community, family and friends

Community
 Drug addiction
 Poverty
 Adolescent pregnancy
 Child abuse and neglect
 Pollution
 Lack of funding for schools and services
 Health disparities

Family
 Parenting disagreements
 Poor communication
 Rebellious teenagers
 Boundary issues
 Financial difficulties
Friends
 Manipulation
 Bullying
 Mistrust
 Jealous
 Inconsistency

1. Why is it important to choose a relevant, significant, and interesting research topic?

The selection of the research topic is one of the most important consideration of every
research. A research topic forms the basis for all the efforts a researcher puts in the
research. For some people it is easy to choose a research topic as they find some idea in
their surrounding or through brainstorming. Choose a topic that seems interesting to you
 this is very obvious. If you do not have any interest in a topic you will not be able to do it

in the best possible manner.

2. How does background/preliminary research helps in defining a research topic?

Conducting preliminary research involves choosing a topic that is interesting. Finding
enough background information on the topic is vital in developing a research question.
This allows the researcher to focus on the specific information they want. A preliminary
research topic may be promoted to established research if the details are confirmed after
the follow-up research is conducted.
3. What is your understanding of refining the research question?
A good research question is essential to guide your research paper. It pinpoints exactly
what you want to find out and gives your work a clear focus and purpose.
All research questions should be:

 Focused on a single problem or issue

 Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
 Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
 Specific enough to answer thoroughly
 Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper.
 Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

The effects of social media addiction to SHS students

Checking and scrolling through social media has become an increasingly popular activity over
the last decade. Although the majority of peoples’ use of social media is non-problematic, there
is a small percentage of users that become addicted to social networking sites and engage in
excessive or compulsive use. In fact, psychologists estimate that as many as 5 to 10% of
Americans meet the criteria for social media addiction
The use of social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Tinder has
become the cornerstone of modern communication and connection as it allows users to create a
sense of belonging and redefine their way of being. Despite the many positive benefits and
impacts of these sites, the recent Cambridge Analytical scandal has reignited discussions about
the place of social media and social networking sites in our lives.
 From a mental health perspective, concerns have been raised about the negative impact of
excessive use of social networking sites on the health and wellbeing of users, especially that of
young people, who are enthusiastic users of this technology. Back in 2011, Dr. Daria Kuss and
I were the first academics to systematically review the scientific literature on excessive social
media use. Although there were few studies at the time, we did find that for a small minority of
individuals there was a significant detrimental effect on many aspects of their life, including their
real life relationships and academic achievement among those still in education. We argued that
such signs are indicative of addiction.

Over the past five years there has been a proliferation of studies assessing how excessive
social media use can impact negatively on health. In a recent paper Dr. Kuss and I again
reviewed the latest research on the topic and showed that social media use for a minority of
individuals is associated with a number of psychological problems,
including anxiety, depression, loneliness, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and
addiction. Because social media is most frequently accessed via smartphones, their usage is
intimately intertwined and their mobile nature contributes to excessive checking habits, which
often derives from what is commonly labelled as the ‘fear of missing out’ (FOMO).

The good news is that very few people are genuinely addicted to social media. However,
many people’s social media use is habitual and it can start to spill over into other areas of their
lives and be problematic and dangerous, such as checking social media while driving. Other
behaviors may be annoying rather than dangerous, but may be indicative of problematic social
media use, such as checking social media while eating out with friends or constantly checking
your smartphone while watching a movie at the cinema. Others may snub social contact with
their loved ones or friends and prefer to check out social media on their smartphone instead (so-
called ‘phubbing’).

If you want to check whether you may be at risk of developing an addiction to social media, ask
yourselves these six simple questions:

Do you spend a lot of time thinking about social media or planning to use social media?
Do you feel urges to use social media more and more?
Do you use social media to forget about personal problems?
Do you often try to reduce your use of social media without success?
Do you become restless or troubled if you are unable to use social media?
Do you use social media so much that it has had a negative impact on your job or studies?

If the answer to all six of these questions is “yes,” then you may have or be developing an
addiction to using social media. We say “may” because the only way this can be confirmed is
through a diagnosis from a clinical psychologist or a psychiatrist.

If you answered “yes” to a few of these questions, it is more likely that you are a habitual
social media user and that what you should do is engage in ‘digital detox’ strategies that simply
allow you to reduce the amount of time spent on social media. This can include simple steps,
such as turning off sound notifications and only allowing yourself to check your smartphone
every 30 minutes or once an hour. Other simple steps include having periods in the day where
there is self-imposed non-screen time (such as during meal times) and leaving your smartphone
in a separate room from where you sleep (just so you don’t get the urge to check social media
before bedtime, during the night, and when you wake up).

At a societal level, steps need to be taken by governments or organizations to help minimize and
(in some cases) prohibit the use of mobile devices. Some such steps are in place in many
countries, such as the banning of smartphone use while driving. Given the loss of productivity in
both the workplace and educational settings, employers, schools, and colleges need policies in
place to ensure that individuals are focused on what they should be doing. Many schools ban the
use of smartphones in the classroom. Prohibition in other contexts such as workplace settings
may also be justified if it is practical to do so. Some restaurants are now providing discounts on
food bills if customers refrain from using their smartphones during their meal. These positive
reinforcement strategies may well be the way forward in trying to decrease time spent on
smartphones checking social media.

Digital literacy and awareness of the effects of excessive social media use need to be embedded
with work and educational settings. More controversially, social media operators (such as
Facebook) could start using their behavioral data to identify excessive users and provide
strategies to limit time spent on their products. This is already being used in the online gambling
industry and could easily be applied by social networking sites.

For the small number of individuals that are genuinely addicted to social media use, treatment is
warranted. However, the goal of treatment for this type of addiction (unlike many other
addictions) should be controlled use rather than total abstinence, as it is not feasible to stop
someone from using devices that have Internet access (i.e., their smartphone). The most
successful type of treatment for online addictions appears to be cognitive behavioral
therapy (which is a talk therapy designed to help people change the way they think and behave),
although there are relatively few published studies examining its efficacy in relation to internet
addictions. Other more specific ways of how to treat individuals with excessive and addictive
Internet use, including social media use, have also been outlined elsewhere.

When it comes to solving the problem of reducing individuals’ use of social media there is no
magic bullet. While individuals are ultimately responsible for their own social media use,
policymakers, social media operators, employers, and educational establishments all need to play
their part in reducing excessive social media us

College Students 'Addicted' to Social Media, Study Finds

By Rick Nauert 
April 23, 2010
https://www.livescience.com/9888-college-students-addicted-social-media-study-finds.html
American college students are "addicted" to the instant connections and information afforded by
social media, a new study suggests.

According to researchers, students describe their feelings when they have to abstain from using
media in literally the same terms associated with drug and alcohol addictions: in withdrawal,
frantically craving, very anxious, extremely antsy, miserable, jittery, and crazy.
In the study, University of Maryland researchers conclude that most college students are not just
unwilling, but functionally unable to be without their media links to the world. However, the
study was based upon self-report by students engaging in a set of unnatural and largely
unrealistic behaviors.

Using Many Social Media Platforms Linked With Depression, Anxiety Risk

By Zagorski, N.

2017, January 17

https://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.pn.2017.1b16

While time spent on social media is considered a risk factor for mental health problems, the more
important factors may be related to which platforms are used and the user’s online experiences.

Research has suggested a link between spending extended time on social media and experiencing
negative mental health outcomes. New evidence suggests that whether it’s distracted attention
from using multiple social media outlets or the emotional consequences of a negative online
experience, it’s the quality—not so much the quantity—of social media engagement that may
affect mood and well-being.

The role of existential therapy in the prevention of social media-driven anxiety.

By Tarsha, A. A. 
2016
https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+role+of+existential+therapy+in+the+prevention+of+s
ocial...-a0468631671
A nomenclature has been built around the dysphoria induced by social media. The newly
introduced jargon (e.g. disconnect anxiety; nomophobia; fear of missing out (FoMO); Facebook
depression) is the byproduct of a growing initiative within the field of child and adolescent
health to take the potentially detrimental effects of social media more seriously. Critics of this
initiative claim that this is an overreaction--an out of proportion backlash driven by neo-
Luddism.

Studies by pediatricians and mental health professionals, however, have brought forth
compelling evidence that social media is not completely harmless, particularly for the adolescent
and college-age demographics. Cheever et al. (2014) demonstrated that students separated from
their mobile devices experienced distinct symptoms of disconnection anxiety. King et al. (2014)
went on to give this specific anxiety a name: nomophobia. Przybylski et al. (2013), in a
pioneering study on the fear of missing out (FoMO), showed that students with high levels of
FoMO were associated with use of social media during lecture time and distracted driving.
FoMO, as defined by Przybylski, is 'the fears, worries, and anxieties people may have in relation
to being in (or out of) touch with the events, experiences, and conversations happening across
their extended social circles'.
Excessive Social Media Use Comparable to Drug Addiction

By Sherri Gordon 

July 17, 2019

https://www.verywellmind.com/excessive-social-media-use-4690882

Social media originated as a way for people to connect with family and friends, even if they were
thousa

nds of miles apart. But over the years, it has transformed. Now, social media is used in a variety
of different ways and a lot more frequently. For instance, businesses, non-profit organizations,
and even politicians use it as a way to reach a much targeted market.

Meanwhile, teens and young adults use social media as a virtual scrapbook to document every
detail of their life as they are living it. There are even "influencers" with large social media
followings that use their following as a way to promote a product, service, or group through
social media and gain support for it. Social media is even a valuable resource for and a means of
connecting isolated populations with other parts of the world.

In many ways, social media has enriched our lives by connecting and inspiring people. But there
is a dark side as well. Aside from all the negative posts on social media, the cyberbullying, and
the FOMO (fear of missing out) that exists, recent studies indicate that excessive social media
use not only leads to poor decision-making, but people who use social media incessantly often
have attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors that mimic those of a drug addict.

How to Know If You Have an Internet Addiction and What to Do About It

By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc. MSc., MA, PhD 

September 17, 2020

https://www.verywellmind.com/internet-addiction-4157289

Internet addiction is a behavioral addiction in which a person becomes dependent on use of the
Internet, or other online devices, as a maladaptive way of coping with life's stresses. Internet
addiction is becoming widely recognized and acknowledged, particularly in countries where it is
affecting large numbers of people, such as South Korea, where it has been declared a national
health problem. Much of the current research on the subject of Internet addiction has been
carried out in Asia. It is also a growing concern in developed nations in North America and
Europe.
Questions

1. Does he/she feel urges to use social media more and more?

2. Does he/she use social media so much that it has had a negative impact on his
studies?

3. Does he/she use social media to forget about personal problems?

Lesson 2
True or false
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. T
9. F
10. F

Evaluate the ff. erroneous research title and justify what makes it wrong.
1. Using some words that lengthen the title and not capitalized.
2. Missing subject, last word is not capitalized
3. Adding date on it.
4. Putting chemical formulas and not all capitalize
5. Not capitalize and not well constructed.
Answer briefly what is asked
1. A researcher is discouraged from putting too many words in the research title. Why?
- Because putting too much word will just make your research title complicated. Shortening
the title doesn’t make it less interesting just put the important key words that make people
understand it easily.
2. A bad title discredits a good research. Why?
Yes, to have many people acknowledge your research, you must have a catching title to attract
more viewers. Because the content is still unknown, it must be striking to persuade or convince
people to read your passage.
3. What are the components of a good research?
o Well-constructed
o . fulfills the objective of increasing readers' knowledge of a given subject
o unbiased information on that subject:
o Specific
o Attainable

1. Does he/she feel urges to use social media more and more?

Title 1 Reasons for Social Media Addiction

Title 2 Dis Advantage of Social Media Addiction to Grade 11 learners

Title 3 Effect of Bad Comments in Social Media to the Mental Health of Aparri School of Arts
and Trades learners

2. Does he/she use social media so much that it has had a negative impact on his studies?

Title 1 the Relation among Social Media Addiction, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in SHS
learners

Title 2 Impact of Facebook Addiction on Self-esteem among Grade 12 learners

Title 3 Effectiveness of Social Media to Grade 12 learners and its Relationship to their Academic
Performance

3. Does he/she use social media to forget about personal problems?

Title 1 Social Media Addiction and the Negative Outcomes

Title 2 Effects of Social Media Addiction to Human Behavior
Title 3 Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents

Lesson 3
1. uncharted-unexplored
2. motivation-
3. background-
4. Extensive-
5. Communication-
6. Conceive-
7. Remarkable- noteworthy
8. Inclusive-
9. Understanding-
10. valid-justify
Author/year topic sample Data Major recommendation
 collection findings
method

1. What is the relevance of the background of the study in your research paper?
The background of the study is basically a brief overview of the material that is being
researched by including current information as well as previous information, along with a little
history of the topic. The main reason that background study is written is to provide a link
between the topic and the thesis questions that are written in it.

This particular area is important for the dissertation because it provides the reader with an insight
on the topic. The information used is already researched by previous researchers while some new
information is added to show that the student is carrying out his own research as well. It will not
be wrong to say that this particular area sets the initial foundation for the entire dissertation,
which makes it the important part of the paper.

2. Compare and contrast background study and literature review.

Literature Review is a critical assessment of existing works relevant to a research topic. It helps
to acknowledge scholars in the discipline area and also to identify existing gaps to justify the
need for the present study. It also helps in the establishment a theoretical or conceptual
framework for the conduct of a study. The background of the study is a general presentation on
the topic, its genesis, its significance, its objectives and general orientation.
3. What important components should be included in the background of the study?
As part of background in your study, you need to give a general concept of the issue then
narrowed it to the specific by indicating the need to focus on the specific issue. Clear a ground
by identifying where you need to aim and why. These could be achieved only by providing
supports from other scholars and if possibly, theory you underpin the study.
Alisha Jane N. Payas HUMMS-6 HOPE October 19, 2020

Social Media Addiction

The Effects of Social Media Addiction to SHS Learners

Background of the Study

Checking and scrolling through social media has become an increasingly popular activity

over the last decade. Although the majority of peoples’ use of social media is non-problematic,

there is a small percentage of users that become addicted to social networking sites and engage in

excessive or compulsive use.

The use of social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Tinder has

become the cornerstone of modern communication and connection as it allows users to create a

sense of belonging and redefine their way of being. Despite the many positive benefits and

impacts of these sites, the recent Cambridge Analytical scandal has reignited discussions about

the place of social media and social networking sites in our lives.

From a mental health perspective, concerns have been raised about the negative impact of

excessive use of social networking sites on the health and wellbeing of users, especially that of

young people, who are enthusiastic users of this technology. Back in 2011, Dr. Daria Kuss and

I were the first academics to systematically review the scientific literature on excessive social

media use. Although there were few studies at the time, we did find that for a small minority of
individuals there was a significant detrimental effect on many aspects of their life, including their

real life relationships and academic achievement among those still in education. We argued that

such signs are indicative of addiction.

Over the past five years there has been a proliferation of studies assessing how excessive

social media use can impact negatively on health. In a recent paper Dr. Kuss and I again

reviewed the latest research on the topic and showed that social media use for a minority of

individuals is associated with a number of psychological problems,

including anxiety, depression, loneliness, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and

addiction. Because social media is most frequently accessed via smartphones, their usage is

intimately intertwined and their mobile nature contributes to excessive checking habits, which

often derives from what is commonly labelled as the ‘fear of missing out’ (FOMO).

The good news is that very few people are genuinely addicted to social media. However,

many people’s social media use is habitual and it can start to spill over into other areas of their

lives and be problematic and dangerous, such as checking social media while driving. Other

behaviors may be annoying rather than dangerous, but may be indicative of problematic social

media use, such as checking social media while eating out with friends or constantly checking

your smartphone while watching a movie at the cinema. Others may snub social contact with

their loved ones or friends and prefer to check out social media on their smartphone instead (so-

called ‘phubbing’).

At a societal level, steps need to be taken by governments or organizations to help

minimize and (in some cases) prohibit the use of mobile devices. Some such steps are in place in

many countries, such as the banning of smartphone use while driving. Given the loss

of productivity in both the workplace and educational settings, employers, schools, and colleges
need policies in place to ensure that individuals are focused on what they should be doing. Many

schools ban the use of smartphones in the classroom. Prohibition in other contexts such as

workplace settings may also be justified if it is practical to do so.

Lesson 4

Activity 1

Quantitative research Your rating explanation

question
1. How many grade 7 8 answerable

students are enrolled in

blended learning School

year?
2. Is modular learning or 8
online learning more effective

in language or science

subject?
3. Is there a significant 8 There is the dependent and

relationship the number of the independent variable

households and COVID-19

confirmed cases in a

barangay?

Activity 2

Quantitative feasible clear significant ethical Revised

research questions

questions
1. How many

grade 7

students are

enrolled in

blended

learning

School year?
2. Is modular

learning or

online

learning more

effective in

language or

science

subject?
3. Is there a

significant

relationship

the number

of the

households

and COVID-

19 confirmed
 cases in a

barangay?

Activity 2

Research problems General question Specific questions

The relationship Does media trigger your mental Does he/she use social media to
forget about personal problems?
between media health?
Does seeing social media
exposure and health
information makes your feeling
anxiety
confused?
Organization’s

leadershippractices Would you recommend the Do you look forward to coming to

organization as a good place to work each morning?
and employee’s job work for your friends and
acquaintances?
Do you feel recognized for your
satisfaction hard work and successes at work?

Effects of parenting How parents does affects your Does your parents pressure you

style and children studies? with your studies?

study habits Does your parents motivates you

when you’re studying?

1. What I know about research questions?

A research question is 'a question that a research project sets out to answer'. Choosing a
research question is an essential element of both quantitative and qualitative research.
Investigation will require data collection and analysis, and the methodology for this will vary
widely. Good research questions seek to improve knowledge on an important topic, and are
usually narrow and specific.[
2. I have learned that good questions are
A good research question is essential to guide your research paper, project or thesis. It pinpoints
exactly what you want to find out and gives your work a clear focus and purpose. All research
questions should be:

 Focused on a single problem or issue

 Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
 Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
 Specific enough to answer thoroughly
 Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
 Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

3. This time, I have learned that when stating quantitative research questions

 Do some preliminary reading to find out about topical debates and issues

 Narrow down a specific niche that you want to focus on
 Identify a practical or theoretical research problem that you will address

Research questions and consider the design of your quantitative research.

1. How often do you use social media in a day?

2. What social media app do you use for browsing?
3. How social media affects your studies?
4. How many hours you consume when you use social media?
5. What are the effects of social media addiction to SHS learners?

Lesson 5
Activity 1
Synonyms Formed meaning
Scope 1. extent The extent of the area or
2. range subject matter that something
3. limit deals with or to which it is
 4. span relevant.
5. area
Delimitation 1. circumscribe The action of fixing the
2. bound boundary or limits of

3. define something.
4. limit
5. demark

Activity 2
Components of the scope and delimitation

Topic of the study Students’ knowledge and perception of

genetically modified foods and their family
health practices.
Objective of the study will be conducted The main objective of this study is to provide
information about students’ knowledge and
perception of genetically modified foods and
their family health practices.
Time frame in which the study will be School year 2019-2020
conducted
The locale or area where the study will be Gusa Regional Science high school
conducted
Characteristic of the participants of the study 120 grade 12 male and female students
enrolled in first semester
Other parameter The students selected came from different
sections to prevent subjective perceptions.

Activity 3
Revised version
The current focuses on the relationship between socio-demographic background of the family
and their health practices. Only 60 grade 11 students were considered in this students as
respondents. The research last for two months.
This study will involve the 60 grade 11 students considered as a respondents to study the
relationship between socio-demographic background of the family and their health practices
 that will last in two months.

1. What I know about scope and delimitation of the study?

Scope and delimitations are two elements of a research paper or thesis. The scope of a
study explains the extent to which the research area will be explored in the work and specifies
the parameters within which the study will be operating.
2. I have learned that when indicating the scope and delimitation of the study
That you need to state Facts and theories about the subject and parameters (sample size,
time, and geographic area).

1. What are the variables to be included and excluded?

Include the independent variable which is the profile of the students
2. Why are you doing this study?
To know the effects of social media addiction in general
3. When are you going to conduct this study?
October-December 2020
4. Where are you going to gather your data?
Aparri School of Arts and Trades
5. Who will be your respondents?
Selected SHS learners

LESSON 6
Activity 1
Rate your own paper…
5- Very good, 4 –good, 3-fair, 2- poor, 1- need improvement
Indicator Self-rating
1. title formulation
2. background of the study
3. statement of the problem
4. scope and delimitation
5. significant of the study
Total rating

1. What is your highest rating? What are yor reasons for giving yourself such rating?
2. Overall, do you think you are ready for presentation of your research paper? Explain your answers.

What I have learned

1. What the new learnings you have gained from this module in terms of skills, content, and attitude
in identifying and stating the research problem?

2. How will you improve your research writing skills in quantitative research?

Lesson 1
answer statements
 s
C Directly related to a specific study.
yes Overall view of the research study
T Considered as the blueprint of the research
T General frame of reference used in conducting the research
Researcher’s idea of how the study will be explored
T Anchor in a particular theory existing already in the field
YES Generalize in scope
YES Guide in choosing an appropriate methodology
C Can be presented using both visual and narrative form
Enable the readers to obtain a general understanding of the research study
T Considers the relevant theory underpinning the knowledge base of the phenomenon
C it may synthesize one more theory
YES Can monitor possible threats to the validity of the study
Independent
It is more focused and narrower in scope
C
C Develop only during the planning stage of the study
-Profile

-Effects Conceptual framework

The report, called Digital in 2017, showed that Filipinos spent an average of 4 hours and 17

minutes per day on social media sites such as Facebook, Snapchat and Twitter. The data were

based on active monthly user data from social media companies as recent as Jan. 2017.

The Philippines is followed by Brazil (3 hours and 43 minutes) and Argentina (3 hours and 32

minutes). The millennial generation is more engaging that can lead to addiction.

In this study, there is a must to study the Effect of Social Media Addiction to SHS

Learners.

Dependent

-Result of social
media addiction
Figure 1. Conceptual model showing the relationship between the dependent and
independent variable of the study.

Lesson 2
Activity 2
Define 5 key word
1. Social Media - the main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the
internet) regarded collectively.
2. Effect- a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.
3. Addiction- a strong inclination to do, use, or indulge in something repeatedly.
4. SHS- secondary school that attends in the two highest grade before college.
5. Mental health- includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
B.
1. Social Media- this refers to where learners get addicted to use.
2. Effects- refers to the outcome of a learner who is addicted to use social media.
3. Addiction- refers to the exposure of a learner in using too much social media.
4. SHS- this are the learners of is selected as the respondents of the study.
5. Mental health- triggers when expose to social media.
order Defined terms
9 Response rate
 1 Accuracy
2 Control group
6 Precision
3 Data
4 Hypothesis
8 Reliability
7 Random sampling
5 Parameter
10 Synchronic reliability

Definition of terms answers

Mean. The average score within a
distribution.
Mean= The center score in a distribution.
mode. The most frequent score in a
distribution.
RANGE. The difference between the highest
and lowest score in distribution.
ANOVA. A method of statistical analysis
used to determine of two or more groups on a
variable.
Mean. The average score within a
distribution.
Mean. The center score in a distribution.
Mode. The most frequent score in a
distribution.
Range. The difference between the
highest and lowest score in a distribution.
Anova. A method of statistical analysis
use to determine differences among the means
of two or more groups on a variable.

Definition of terms
Addiction. Refers to the exposure of a learner in using too much social media.
Effects. Refers to the outcome of a learner who is addicted to use social media.
.Facebook. Where learner been addicted into this days.
Mental health. Triggers when expose to social media.
SHS. This are the learners of is selected as the respondents of the study.
Social Media. This refers to where learners get addicted to use.
Technology. Application where students use to brows social media.
Lesson 3
Activity 1
Alternative hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis is a position that states something is happening, a new theory
is preferred instead of an old one (null hypothesis). It is usually consistent with the research
hypothesis because it is constructed from literature review, previous studies.
Complex hypothesis-
A prediction of the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dep
endent variables.
Concise
Giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words; brief but comprehensive
Directional hypothesis
 A statement of the specific nature (direction) of the relationship between two or more variables.
Empirical hypothesis
Empirical Hypothesis Working hypothesis is that one which is applied to a field. During the
formulation it is an assumption only but when it is pat to a test become an empirical or
working hypothesis.
Falsifiable
Capable of being tested by experiment or observation.
Hypothesis
a supposition that appears to explain a group of phenomena and is advanced as a base for further 
investigation.
Non-directional hypothesis
A statement that a relationship exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (
direction) of the relationship.
Null hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any
observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
Testable
Able to be tested or tried.
Lesson 4
Activity 1
Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the
producers of the work (peers). It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a
profession within the relevant field.
General Reference Law and Legal Definition A court can order or refer a case to a master or
referee for information or decision. When the court refers a case to a referee to decide all issues
of fact and law it is a general reference. Reference can be with or without the consent of all the
parties.
 In-text citation is a reference made within the body of text of an academic essay. The in-
text citation alerts the reader to a source that has informed your own writing. The exact format of
an in-text citation will depend on the style you need to use, for example, APA.
Periodicals a magazine or newspaper published at regular intervals.
Body of knowledge is the complete set of concepts, terms and activities that make up a
professional domain, as defined by the relevant learned society or professional association. It is a
type of knowledge representation by any knowledge organization. Several definitions of BOK
have been developed, for example:
Search engines a computer program that searches documents, especially on the World Wide
Web, for a specified word or words and provides a list of documents in which they are found.
Reference management software aids students, research-oriented professionals, and anyone
else sourcing others’ material with citing accurately and efficiently. These tools can be for one-
time use, where users submit information and receive a full citation, or can act as a secure source
repository for long-term projects.
Main body as distinct from other material such as notes, appendices, and illustrations. Noun. .
The greater number or part from a given group or collection Majority.

Government documents are information resources produced by local, state, and federal

governments. They can include the texts of laws, regulations, statistics, scientific and technical
information, maps, and detailed analyses of exceptionally wide and sophisticated topics ranging
from agriculture to zoology.