SENIOR PROJECT DESIGN-1

(SEE-620)
“Investigation of groundwater quality of Chak 80,
81, 82 by determining WQI and conducting geo
spatial analysis using GIS”

Submitted to
Dr. Haroon Rashid
Submitted by
Mahum Rizwan (2017-ag-7871)
Mehreen Fatima (2017-ag-7870)
Ifrah Tahir (2017-ag-7868)
B.Sc. Environmental Engineering

Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
University of Agriculture Faisalabad

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Contents

1. Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------3
2. Problem statement-------------------------------------------------------3
3. Water parameters --------------------------------------------------------3
3.1.Procedures ----------------------------------------------------3
4. Site survey ----------------------------------------------------------------4
4.1. Location --------------------------------------------------4
4.2.Total Area-----------------------------------------------4
4.3.Sample sources available --------------------------- 5
4.4.Contamination sources -----------------------------7
5. Water Quality Index Procedure-----------------------------------------8
5.1.Steps in water quality model ----------------------------------8
5.2.How to calculate Vi? ----------------------------------------9
5.3.How to calculate Wi?--------------------------------------9
5.4.WQI scale -----------------------------------------------10
6. GIS Procedure------------------------------------------------------------10
6.1.IDW interpolation usage---------------------------------------11
6.2.Software usage ---------------------------------------------- 12
6.3.Example maps----------------------------------------------16
7. Health Risk Assessment-----------------------------------------------16
7.1. Introduction-------------------------------------------------------16
7.2. HRA Appraisal -----------------------------------------------17
8. Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------17

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1. Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the drinking water quality of few villages in the vicinity of
Painsera, Punjab, Pakistan. The villages that previously selected and visited was 81 JB Pindori, the
research area must be expanded for further research work.
The analysis will be carried out after knowing the extent of pollution in the ground water. This can be
done by quantifying the selected water quality parameters by using various procedures and techniques
and then water quality will be judged based on water quality index and for better visualization
hydrological maps will also be made by using IDW interpolation technology of Geological
information system through QGIS.
2. Problem statement
“The water quality at chak 81 JB has been declining since the past few years, the present study was
designed to determine the potential causes of the decline by using progressive techniques, to quantify
the various water parameters and to develop the water contour maps of the bounded area by using WQI
and GIS respectively”
3. Water quality parameters
Water used for drinking purposes must have all the parameters in the allowable limits. The parameters
that we have added in our research work are as follows:
• pH
• Total solids
• Dissolved Oxygen
• Total Hardness of water
• Total Coliform Bacteria
• Biological Oxygen Demand
3.1. Procedures
For the determination of pH the digital pH meter will be used
For total solid ( TSS,TDS,TVS) dried oven method will be used
For Dissolved oxygen, DO meter will be used
For Total hardness of water, Titration method will be used and through the value of Ca ion the
concentration of Mg ion can be find out by using appropriate mathematical model.

For Total Coliform Bacteria, “Most probable number” procedure will be carried out
For the Biological oxygen demand, appropriate dilution procedure will be carried out

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4.0. Site Survey 4.1. Area and Location of Site
As the main purpose of this study is to determine the quality of drinking water of few villages so we
took samples from Chak 80 JB Nankana Sar, Chak 81 JB Pindori, Chak 82 JB Jagatpur Faislabad.
Total area is 5416.50 acres (21.920 km2). Its spatial location is 31.3463994, 72.8112406.

Figure 1: Map of villages

4.2. Study area
The area of chak 80JBto 82 JB of Faisalabad city shown in Fig. was selected for this study with the
criteria that underground sewerage pipes, fertilizer use and solid waste dumping through that area, is
expected to be the main source of contamination.

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4.3. Sample Sources for Investigation
Our target was to find three type of sample sources i.e., Tube well, hand pumps and water motors to get
the sample at three different depths. It is to determine the quality of water at different depth from 50m
to 150 m approximately.
Following table contain coordinates of 31 hand pumps, 5 tube well and motors (Coordinates still to be
taken).

Hand Pumps Coordinates Plus Codes(Locality)

1 31.326333,72.838517 8RGQ+GC Chak81 JB

Pindori

2 31.325783,72.846308 8RGW+8G Chak81 JB

Pindori

3 31.329267,72.841803 8RHR+PP Chak81 JB Pindori

4 31.3255440,72.839099 8RGQ+5J Chak81 JB Pindori

5 31.326589,72.833514 8RGM+JC Chak81 JB Pindori

6 31.326954,72.844478 8RGV+QQ Chak81 JB

Pindori

7 31.325609,72.845653 8RGW+67 Chak81 JB Pindori

8 31.327520,72.843733 8RHV+2F Chak81 JB Pindori

9 31.330814,72.839689 8RJQ+8B Chak81 JB Pindori

10 31.319073,72.834112 8R9M+JJ Chak 82 JB

Jagatpur

11 31.319889,72.835720 8R9P+X7 Chak 82 JB

Jagatpur

12 31.324875,72.834986 8RFM+WX Chak81 JB

Pindori

13 31.326239,72.837654 8RGQ+F3 Chak81 JB Pindori

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14 31.320578,72.837642 8RCQ+63 Chak 82 JB
Jagatpur

15 31.325974,72.838735 8RGQ+9F Chak81 JB Pindori

16 31.3148563, 72.8737042 8V7F+WF chak 80 JB nanak

sar
17 31.3130454, 72.8737659 8V7F+6G chak 80 JB nanak sar

18 31.3152922, 72.8737186 8V8F+4F chak 80 JB nanak sar

19 31.3148093, 72.8739885 8V7F+WH chak 80 JB nanak

sar
20 31.3145163, 72.8736609 8V75+RF chak 80 JB nanak sar

21 31.3150502, 72.8739211 8V8F+2H chak 80 JB nanak sar

22 31.3149421, 72.8373738, 8R7Q+XR chak 82 JB jagat pur

23 31.3141921,72.8377488 8R7Q+MX chak 82 JB jagat

pur
24 31.3121921,72.8356238 8R6Q+V4 chak 82 JB jagat pur

25 31.3126921,72.8368738 8R7Q+3J chak 82 JB jagat pur

26 31.3170016, 72.8581856 8V85+R7 chak 80 JB nanak sar

27 31.3276627, 72.8461277 8RHW+3F chak 81 JB pindori

28 31.3168851, 72.8581172 8V85+Q6 chak 80 JB nanak sar

29 31.3283761, 72.8468831 8RHW+9Q chak 81 JB pindori

30 31.3156187, 72.8379698 8R8Q+65 Chak 82 JB jagat pur

31 31.3283151, 72.8481970 8RHX+87 chak 81 JB pindori

Tube-well

1 31.3238613, 72.8374789 8RFP+GX Chak 81 JB pindori

2 31.3214813, 72.8480180 8RCX+H6 chak 81 JB pindori

3 31.3241019, 72.8465897 8RFW+JJ chak 80 JB Nanak

sar
4 31.3234910, 72.8365834 8RFP+9J Chak 82 JB jagat pur

5 31.3300888. 72.8393320 8RJQ+2P chak 81 JB pindori

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4.4. Contamination Sources
4.4.1. Sampling plans
As part of the study, groundwater samples will be collected from different areas. Samples will be taken
from whole area of newly installed hand pumps, motors, and tube wells to investigate the different
water quality parameters in the groundwater. The samples were taken in 500 ml bottles. Around 40-45
total water samples will be collected from the groundwater. After the collection of the samples, the
samples will be preserved and analyzed for its pre-determined water quality parameters.

4.4.2. Locations of samples

The co-ordinates of the sample points were taken with the help of Global Positioning System receiver
(GPS Receiver)
Excel sheet

4.3.1. Point Source:

There is actually zero source of contamination which can affect drinking water directly. There was a

working factory some time ago but it’s been a long time since it had shut down.

4.3.2. Non-Point Source

There is channel which passes through all villages. Domestic and sewage wastewater falls in that
channel, it then passes through fields or outside the village. Wastewater seeps down and affecting the
ground water. So this channel is the main non-point source which polluting the water at different depths

as our research deals with related study.

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Figure 2 the blue points shows the path of the channel

5.0. Water Quality Index Procedure

It is a single number which can be calculated easily and used for overall description of the quality of
water bodies used for different purposes.
Water quality index can be divided into five main groups i.e.
• Public indices: in this category, the indices ignore the kind of water consumption in the evaluation
process, such as NSFWQI.

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• Specific consumption indices: in this category, classification of water is conducted based on the
kind of consumption and application (drinking, industrial, ecosystem preservation, etc.
• Statistical indices: in these indices statistical methods are used and personal opinions are not
considered.
• Designing indices: this category is an instrument aiding decision and planning in water quality
management projects.

Various researchers and scientist use different aggregation function to estimate WQI index such as (a)
arithmetic aggregation function,
(b) multiplicative aggregation function,
(c) geometric mean, (d) harmonic mean, and (e) minimum operator.
The most common and easiest aggregation operation is athematic function, and we will suggest using
this function in our FYP which includes the calculation of WQI of ground water.

The formula used in the arithmetic function of WQI is;

WQIA=∑ni=Vr×Wi,
Where i =1 and n can vary from 1 to 100
5.1. Steps in water Quality Index Procedure
• Selection of parameters for measurement of water quality.
• Development of a rating scale to obtain the rating (Vr ).
• Estimating the unit weight of each indicator parameter (W i ) by considering the weightage of
each parameter.
• Determining the subindex value (W i × V r ).
• Aggregating/summation of the subindices to obtain the overall WQI.
5.2. How to calculate Vr?
After selecting and quantifying all the water parameters of water sample, rating scale is prepared for
the range of the values of each class ( class will be made according to the sample source)
The subindex rating (V r ) = 0 implies that the concentration of the parameter in water remained
exceeded by the standard maximum permissible limits and water is highly polluted. The rating (V r ) =
100 denotes the excellent water quality since the parameter remained within the prescribed permissible
limit for drinking water and water is clean. The other ratings fall between these two extremities and are
V r = 40, V r = 60, and V r = 80 standing for excessively polluted, moderately polluted and slightly
polluted, respectively
5.3. How to calculate Wi?

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unit weight ( Wi ) of each parameter is different and it depends upon the standard value of each
parameters.
Wi can be calculated as.
Wi= k/Sn
Where Sn is the standard value of each the parameter and K is the proportionality constant, and its value

can be calculated as where K=1/∑Ni=11/Si

High weightage of parameter having low permissible value and vice versa.
Now the other step is to calculate the subindices value by Wi * Vr where Vr is same for all the
parameters belonging to the same sample source.
5.4. WQI scale
Final WQI will be formed by the summation of all the sub-indices of parameters.
It will be tally with the table issued by National sanitation foundation Water Quality Index (as follows)
to determine the water quality.

In this way, WQI for any water quality parameters can be made and drinking water quality can be
quantified.
6.0. GIS Procedure
Importing Excel File into Attribute Table
Open excel sheet>> save as >> browser (CSV)>> save

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 2 1

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Attribute table

Interpolation (IDW)

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Concentration of pH (Example)

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Concentration of TDS (Example)

Similarly, all the water quality parameters will be determined using the procedure a s described
below. WQI Will be made and a quantitative water analysis using the maps will be carried out.

7.0 Health Risk Assessment

7.1 Introduction
As from above study it is cleared that source of contamination is non-point there is channel which
collects domestic and sewage wastewater from certain villages and that channel passes from field
and near the village so there are chances of seepage of waste water and contaminate the ground

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water. Now the major portion of village people use handpump water for drinking purposes and
tubewell water for their fields moreover motor water for other uses. Now due to wastewater there
are certain chances that ground water contain coliform bacteria and other disease-causing pathogens
which in result can cause several illnesses. A health risk assessment, or HRA, sometimes called a
health appraisal or health assessment, is a screening tool that helps individuals identify and
understand their health risks and monitor health status over time. A health risk assessment includes
a questionnaire, an assessment of health status, and personalized feedback about actions that can be
taken to reduce risks, maintain health, and prevent disease.
7.2 Health Risk Assessment Appraisal
A health risk assessment usually includes questions in the following areas:

• Demographic characteristics – age, gender

• Lifestyle behaviors – exercise, eating habits, alcohol and tobacco use
• Emotional health – mood, stress, life events
• Physical health – weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels
• Current and previous health conditions
• Preventive screenings
• Readiness to change behaviors to improve health
Medicare health risk assessments may include questions related to the ability to perform daily
activities, such as eating, dressing, and bathing. Medicaid health risk assessments may include
questions about access to health care, availability of food, and living conditions. Pediatric health
risk assessments are also available, with questions appropriate for children aged 6 to 17.

8.0 Conclusion
Over time water showed certain physical and chemical changes. Our research problem is to select
maximum number of samples from Chak 80,81,82 which is our study area. Then we will measure
different parameters and calculate water quality index. Main purpose is to make GIS map. Further
we also study and get knowledge about Health Risk Assessment and its tool.

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