Assignment 1

Name
Institute
Assignment
Assignment 2

Contents
Part 1..........................................................................................................................................3

a) Group A.............................................................................................................................3

b) Data distribution...............................................................................................................3

c) Comparison........................................................................................................................4

d) Relationship between Area and Mass................................................................................4

e) Linear Regression..............................................................................................................6

Part 2..........................................................................................................................................6

a) Relationship Between T & CR........................................................................................6

B) Equation............................................................................................................................7

C) Chart output.......................................................................................................................8

References..................................................................................................................................9
Assignment 3

Part 1

a) Group A

I choose group a below are the descriptive statistics of group a.

  Length (mm) Width (mm) Mass (g)

       
Mean 28.60869565 15.73913043 0.075478261
Standard Error 1.548605302 1.214564759 0.011495294
Median 26 12 0.044
Mode 25 11 0.024
Standard Deviation 7.426850124 5.82484796 0.055129492
Sample Variance 55.15810277 33.92885375 0.003039261
Kurtosis -1.59088056 -1.329022933 -1.263557082
Skewness 0.161982522 0.638465109 0.681576686
Range 21 17 0.158
Minimum 19 10 0.023
Maximum 40 27 0.181
Sum 658 362 1.736
Count 23 23 23
Confidence
Level(95.0%) 3.211610828 2.518853144 0.02383978

The mean value of length is 28.6, width is 15.7 and mass is 0.0754.

The absolute error puts limits on the real value, indicating that it should be between x - D x

and x + D x. The absolute error is a simple way to record a mistake to ensure that you are not

publishing too many important numbers. In the above given sceniario, the absoulute value for

length is plus minus 1 mm and width is 0.5mm. It is incorrect to report the recorded value to

the hundredths place since the reported value is unknown in the tenths place. Hence the

absolute error in the maximum value for length is ± 40 mm and for width is ± 27.5

b) Data distribution
Assignment 4

Histogram
14

12

10
f(x) = 1.75 x³ − 16.39 x² + 44.86 x − 28.4
8 R² = 0.52

0
1 2 3 4 5
Mass

The above chart shows that the data distribution is right skewed. Which means most of data is

on the right side, positively skewed and mean value is larger than the median value. A

positively biassed (or right-skewed) distribution is one under which the majority of values are

distributed along the left tail of the distribution while the right tail is longer in statistics.

Negatively skewed distributions are the very opposite to positively skewed distributions.

c) Comparison

H0 mean of A1 = mean of A2
H1 mean of A1 ≠ mean of A2

Count 23 20        
0.07547
Mean 8 0.07965        
0.05391 0.04485
Std dev 8 6        
             
d.f. 41          
Crit value 2.228 <- from the table provided    
             
0.04992
sp 3          
Test value -0.27331 <- is not beyond the critical value so we keep H0
Assignment 5

The t test analysis shows that the mean of mean of each group equal thus null hypothesis has

been excepted.
Assignment 6

d) Relationship between Area and Mass

Mass
  Area (g)
Area 1
Mass 0.97945
(g) 7 1

The correlation shows the value of 0.97 between mass and area which means that area and

mass are positively strongly co related. This means that if area is to be increase, mass

increases automatically.

Correlation Coefficients

Pearson 0.979457
Spearman 0.951533
Kendall 0.840644

Pearson's coeff (t test)

Alpha 0.05
Tails 2

corr 0.979457
std err 0.044004
t 22.25821
p-value 4.44E-16
lower 0.887945
upper 1.070969

The Specific leaf area (SLA) (cm2 g-1 or m2 Kg-1), which is the ratio of leaf area to leaf dry

weight, may be used to express the relationship between leaf area and leaf mass. SLA has

been linked to leaf structure, formation, and net photosynthesis, according to Barden. SLA is

also used to measure total leaf area or dry weight in crop simulation models. Many

agronomic and ecological processes, such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and field energy

balance, depend on leaf area and real leaf area, but measuring them can be difficult and

expensive. It's used in many crop models to forecast leaf area from leaf dry weight or vice
Assignment 7

versa, and it's used to estimate total leaf area at different stages of development. For nutrient

balance measurements and growth forecasts, SLA can be combined with leaf area to

approximate leaf mass.

e) Linear Regression

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.979457
R Square 0.959336
Adjusted R
Square 0.9574
Standard
Error 60.80617
Observations 23

ANOVA
Significanc
  df SS MS F eF
Regression 1 1831791 1831791 495.4279 4.37E-16
Residual 21 77645.2 3697.391
Total 22 1909436      

Coefficient Standard
  s Error t Stat P-value
Intercept 92.85176 21.81246 4.256821 0.000352
Mass (g) 5234.107 235.154 22.25821 4.37E-16

y=92.85+5234.107 x

According to linear regression analysis, the value of R2 is 0.95 hence the above formula is

regression equation.

Part 2

a) Relationship Between T & CR

  T (°C) CR
Assignment 8

T (°C) 1
0.74241
CR 8 1

In order to determine the relationship between T and Cr, I conducted correlation test, which

indicates that T and CR are highly positively correlated. This means that with increase in

temperature,

B) Equation

CR theorised =0.125*(T3) - T2 + 1.5*T

The amount of chromium in seawater varies a lot, but it's normally between 0.2 and 0.6 parts

per billion.

Rivers contain around 1 part per billion of chromium, but even higher amounts are probable,

such as 5-20 parts per billion in the Rhine and 10-40 parts per billion in the Elbe in 1988.

Phytoplankton has about 4 parts per million of chromium, sea fish have between 0.03 and 2

parts per million, and oyster tissue has about 0.7 parts per million (all values dry mass). In

seawater, phytoplankton has a bio concentration factor of around 104.

Chromium is found in dissolved form as either anionic trivalent Cr(OH)3 or hexavalent

CrO42-. Since Cr3+ ions form stable complexes, the volume of dissolved Cr3+ ions is

relatively low.

Oxidation is graded from Cr(II) to Cr(III) (VI). The most common type of trivalent chromium

in natural waters is trivalent chromium.

Chromium isn't found in abundance in nature. Chromite is the most common chromium

mineral. As previously said, chromium compounds are only present in trace concentrations in
Assignment 9

water. Various factories will discharge the element and its compounds into surface water. It's

used in metal surface refinement and alloys, for example. Stainless steel has a chromium

content of 12-15 percent. Around 20,000 tonnes of chromium metal are used each year

around the world. It can be polished and does not oxidise under the presence of oxygen.

Trivalent chromium was mostly discharged by the metal industry. The primary sources of

hexavalent chromium in agricultural wastewaters are tanning and painting. Chromium

compounds are used as pigments, and chromium compounds are used to tan 90% of the

leather. Chromium levels of wastewater are normally about 5 parts per million. Chromium

can be used as a catalyser, in wood impregnation, audio and video recording, and lasers,

among other things. Chromite is the starting point for the manufacture of flammable materials

and chemicals.

Chromium can be found in household waste derived from a variety of industrial materials.

When environmental safety is inadequate, it can spread to the atmosphere by waste

incineration.

The 51Cr isotope is produced during nuclear fission and can be used in medicine.

C) Chart output

Comparison between CR theorised and CR experimental

20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
-5
-10
-15
-20

CR theorised CR experimental
Assignment 10

This explain that CR theorised is more stable in form of line. While CR experimental shows a

zig zag upward motion line graph.

References

Barden, J.A., 1977. Apple tree growth, et photosynthesis, dark respiration and specific leaf

weight as affected by continuous and intermittent shade. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 102:

191-194.

Reddy, V.R., B. Acock, D.N. Baker and M. Acock, 1989. Seasonal leaf area-leaf weight

relationships in the cotton canopy. Agron. J., 81: 1-4.

Payne, W.A., C.W. Wendt, L.R. Hossner and C.E. Gates, 1991. Estimating pearl millet leaf

area and specific leaf area. Agron. J., 83: 937-941.