Tensile Hardness Toughness

Izod
Testng Machine
Charpy
Specimen Brinell
Destructive Nondestructive
Process Vickers Laboratoty end Field wsts

Calculation

Tensile Testing
Determines the resistance of material under tensile force.
Specimen is subjected to a controlled tension until failure.
Obtain the stress-strain curve and evaluate properties.

Universal testing machine (UTM) commonly used.

- Electromagnetically powered machines.
- Hydraulic powered machine

Speciman has two shoulders and a gage.

Guge lenget
- Shoulders have larger cross section, so it can be readily gripped in the machine.
- Gauge has smaller cross-section, deformation and failure can occur in this area. iO mm e
12.S mm.
 Testing Process
Hard, tough
Strain
Brittle, Ductile Place speciman in machine
L, Elastic, Plastic
Increse load until fracture
Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength.
breaking strength. maximum ebngation,
obtain stress strain curve
reduction in area, Poisson's ratio. young's
modulus. strain-hardening characteristics etc Evaluate the properties

Testing Steps
1. Elastic deformation
2. Plastic deformation
3. Necking
4. Fracture
 Sugerencia: All about Stress Strain, Formulas, Curvs I Strength of ...

Calculations
Stress
Stress = —

Strain =

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Indentation Hardness Tester

Hardness of material
Resistance to change the shape while compressive force is applied.
Resistance to abrasion, scratching, cutting, bending of material.

Indenter is used to determine mechanical properties

by pressing it onto the metal surface. Indenter is:

- Made of diamond, sapphire, hard alloys, etc.

- Shape of tips pyramidal, spherical, cone etc.

Types of Indenters
Types of Hardness measurements

Indentation hardness:
Major important engineering interest for metals.
Testing methods: Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell tests

Rebound hardness:
Indenter is dropped on metal surface and the hardness is expressed as the
energy of impact. Rebound hammer tester, Digital Portable Hardness tester.

Scratch hardness:
The ability of material to scratch on one another
Important to mineralogists, test by using Mohs scale. talc-I, diamond=10

Steel Ball
Brinell Hardness (HB)
Load P

Uses large loads up to 30m kg on a rough polished surface

Steel sphere
indenter

With 10 mm diameter steel ball or tungsten carbide ball for 10-30 sec
Sue 01

Gives impressions from 2-6 mm hardrr..

Not suitable for finished product due to large indentation

ut * .dgct

Full load 3000 kg is normally applied to iron and steel for 10 to 15 sec

For softer material load can be reduce to 1500 kg or 500 kg for 30 sec BHN-

Measure the depression

by calibrated

Vickers Hardness (HV) Size of the impression

usually no more than 0.5
mm
Uses load up to approximately 120 kg on a polished surface

Can be used to test thin

With pyramid-shaped Diamond indenter, angle of opposite faces
is 1360
sheets, foils, small
 materials due to low indentation One testing machine can be used

Diamond Cone
for both Vicker's test and Brinell test

Load P

Diann»nd

undenter 136'
Suc ot
dcvc..:on
created tn

turd
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01

B
k.lget

VHN = 1.8544
mm 2

HRB
Rockwell Hardness (HR)
HRC

Stcrl

Rockwell B hardness
(HRB)- Steel Ball as intender for test soft material.
Rockwell C hardness 120'
(HRC)- Diamond Cone of 1200 for hard material.

Measures the increase in

Apply minor load Fo, which penetrates to
penetration, when the load

depth ho Add major load Fl for 3-8 s is increased from minor

load to major load and

(F0+F1), then remove Fl
major load removed.

While still maintaining the load Fo, final penetration is

hl
 F0+F1

ho hl

RI-IN =
Leeb Rebound Hardness (HL)
Spherical tungsten carbide tip accelerate m
onto the test surface by spring force.

bounce of a ball indicates the resistance

to surface deformation (i.e. hardness).

E
The Hardness value defined as the ratio E = mh
between the Rebound velocity (VR) after
HL 1000
and the Impact Velocity (VI) before the
impact of ball onto the test piece surface.

Scratch Hardness Test Mineral Name Scale Number

Scratch hardness tests are used to determine the Diamond 1

hardness of a material to scratches and abrasion. Corundum 2

Topaz 3
The test uses object made of a harder material
to scratch an object made of a softer material. Quarts 4
Orthoclase 5
Apatite 6
The Mohs scale (or some other scale) is used to measure the Fluorite 7
scratch hardness with the help of a measurement device
Calcite 8
called sclerometer.
Gypsum 9
10

Mohs hardness scale

eale

Izod impact test Starlirg position

 The Izod impact testing holds the sample
vertically with the v notch facing the pendulum.
Striking point is top of the sample.
Used to test Metals and Plastics.
Can use V notch only.

End of (10 x 10 x 55 mm)

Hamnwr
Pmd.ltum 1m*t
S*dmen
Armt
Not&'

Izod

Charpy impact test

The Charpy impact testing holds the sample
horizontally with the v notch facing away from the
eale
pendulum. Striking point is middle of sample.
Can use U notch or V notch.
position
Used to test Metals.

End of
Hamnwr

S*dmen
Penoum
Mvil

alarm V•mtdl

Long time, low cost

Field tests
Testing done on location
Performed under real world conditions

Construction site, Transport line

 Laboratory tests
Destructive tests Testing done on Laboratory
Performed under controlled conditions

Break or damage the sample

Using specialized equipment
Used to find strength of material
Short time, High cost
Not applicable for finished parts

Accurate results, Laboratory required

Tensile test, Brinell hardness test etc.

Nondestructive tests

Do not damage the sample Often

used for quality control

Find defects, voids, cuts in material

Approximate results, Portable, Safe to use

Ultrasonic test, Leeb Rebound test etc.