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Mechanical Testing
Course Reference WIS 5
WHAT IS
MECHANICAL
TESTING ?
The ultimate means by which the mechanical
strength and toughness of a prepared test
object can be determined by subjecting it to
mechanical forces beyond the limits of its own
mechanical resistance
Mechanical Testing
Tensile tests
Hardness tests
Definitions
The following mechanical tests have no units and
are termed qualitative tests
Macro testing
Bend testing
Various Methods
Brinell
Rockwell
Vickers
Equitip
Vickers Hardness Testing
Square based pyramid
Indenter pressed into specimen with a load of between
1 and 100kg for 15 seconds
Length of diagonals measured using adjustable
shutters and a built in microscope
Diamond
indentor Adjustable
shutters
Indentation
Brinell Hardness Testing
Hardened steel ball of given diameter is
subjected for a given time to a given load
Load divided by area of indentation gives
Brinell hardness in kg/mm2
More suitable for on site hardness testing
Equo Tip Hardness Testing
Charpy Impact Test
Object of Test
To determine the amount of energy absorbed in
fracturing a standardized test piece
Charpy Impact Test
Direction of striker
45o
Root radius
0.25mm
2mm
10
10
55
Izod Impact Test
Direction of impact
Test specimen
28mm
2mm
10mm
75mm
Charpy Impact Test
22 I/2o
10 mm
100% Brittle
2 mm Machined
notch
Fracture surface
8 mm
100% bright
crystalline brittle
fracture
100% Ductile
Machined
notch
Large reduction
in area, shear
lips
Randomly torn,
dull gray fracture
surface
Ductile/Brittle Transition Curve
Ductile fracture
Temperature range
47 Joules
28 Joules
Brittle fracture
- 50 - 40 - 30 - 20 - 10 0
Degrees Centigrade
Comparison of Charpy Test Results
Impact Energy Joules
Room Temperature -20oC Temperature
1. 197 1. 49
2. 191 2. 53
3. 186 3. 51
Average = 191 Average = 51
The test results show the specimens carried out at room temperature
absorb more energy than than the specimens carried out at -20 oC
Charpy Impact Test
Reporting results
Location and orientation of notch
Testing temperature
Dimensions of specimen
Tensile Tests
Different tensile tests include:
Transverse tensile.
U.t.s = 220000 N
25mm X 12mm
Location of fracture.
Ultimate tensile
strength
Yield strength
Elongation %
(ductility)
Elongation % = 14 X 100
50
Elongation = 28%
All-Weld Metal Tensile Test
Reporting results
Type of specimen e.g. reduced section
Elongation %
Weld soundness
Distribution of inclusions
Number of weld passes
Metallurgical structure of weld, fusion zone
and HAZ
Location and depth of penetration of weld
Fillet weld leg and throat dimensions
Macro Micro
Visual examination for Visual examination for
defects
defects & grain structure
Cut transversely from Cut transversely from
the weld the weld
Ground and polished Ground and polished
P400 grit paper P1200 grit paper
Etched using 5-10% Etched using 1-5%
nitric acid solution nitric acid solution
Wash and dry Wash and dry
3
4
2
Former (4t)
Root bend
Hammer
2mm
Notch
2mm
Notch
Location of fracture
Depth of penetration
19 mm
3 mm
Approximately 230 mm
Width of specimen
Location of fracture
Depth of penetration
Section Ref 4
Questions
QU 1. What mechanical properties can be measured in the all-
weld metal tensile test