E F FHISTORY OFA Y S

ECTIVE W

BTRANSLATION
OF STUDYING
EFORE EXAMS

3rd Century BCE 2nd Century BCE

SEPTUAGINT translators need to translate saint

70 Jerome
SENSE WORD
not
scholars who
FOR FOR
The Ancient
translated the Bible
in Alexandria, Egypt SENSE WORD
Era Hebrew Greek
First major translation of the bible KUMARAJIVA Arabs conquered the Byzantine
Empire to offer Arabic
a Buddhist MONK AND SCHOLAR WHO
TRANSLATED BUDDHIST TEXTS FROM versions of all major Greek
philosophical and scientific
Sanskrit Chinese works.

9th Century 12th Century 14th Century

Alexander the Great,
King of Wessex
TOLEDO SCHOOL OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER
TRANSLATORS
Produced the first

"fine" translations into English

commissioned translations from

15th Century
Latin English THIS IS WHERE EUROPEAN SCHOLARS
TRANSLATE MAJOR PHILOSOPHICAL,
JOHN WYCLIFFE
The Middle Bede’s “Ecclesiastical History of RELIGIOUS, AND SCIENTIFIC WORKS FROM
Arabic & Greek Latin
Ages the English People” WYCLIFFE'S BIBLE
Boethius’ “The Consolation of 13th Century
Translator's knowledge of
Philosophy”
source language
These translations helped improve the
good translation

LATIN = LINGUA FRANCA

target language
underdeveloped English prose.

ROGER BACON

Le Gemistus Pletho FOUNDED

PLATONIC
Morte Cosimo de Medici
ACADEMY
d'Arthur
TOOK OVER THE
TRANSLATION INTO
15th Century A FREE
LATIN OF ALL PLATO'S
WORKS
TRANSLATION OF

ARTHURIAN

ROMANCES BY

THOMAS

MALORY

TYNDALE BIBLE TRANSLATIONS OF

THE BIBLE
The first mass-produced
english translation of the
bible on the printing press POLISH
WILLIAM TYNDALE DUTCH
16th Century FRENCH
A leading figure in the Protestant

Reformation before being sentenced to

SPANISH
death for the unlicensed possession of the

Scripture in English .

CZECH
LUTHER BIBLE
had lasting effects on
MARTIN LUTHER
A German professor of theology who
SLOVENE
translated the Bible into German .
religion. it contributed to
the development of the
modern german language. ENGLISH

MIGUEL DE CERVANTES
a Spanish novelist known all over Europe for his novel
“Don Quixote” (1605-15), expressed his own views on the
"TRANSPARENCY"
translation process. the extent to which the end

result of a translation stands

"FAITHFULNESS"
as a text of its own that could

17th Century have been originally been written

in the language of the reader ,

and conforms to its grammar ,
the extent to which a translation accurately
syntax and idiom .
renders the meaning of the source text ,
,
without distortion by taking into account the

text itself ( ,
subject type and use ), its literary

,
qualities and its social or historical context .
 Johann Gottfried Herder
a German literary critic and language theorist, said
that a translator should translate towards (and not
from) his own language

18th Century DICTIONARY

he emphasized that assiduous reading was

more helpful than the use of dictionaries.
They were not regarded as adequate guides for

translators .
Alexander Fraser Tytler

There were new Yan Fu

a Chinese scholar and translator,
standards for developed in 1898 his three-facet
theory of translation: faithfulness,

accuracy and style. expressiveness, i.e. be accessible to

i.e. be true to the original in spirit;

the target reader; and elegance, i.e.

19th Century Friedrich Schleiermacher
be written in an “educated”
language.
a major figure in German Romanticism.
“domestication”
NON-TRANSPARENT
His distinction between

developed the ( bringing the author to the reader ) and

“foreignisation” (taking the reader to the

TRANSLATION author ) inspired prominent theorists in the

.
20 th

THEORY.
century

Jorge Luis Borges LITERAL TRANSLATION

WORKS THAT ARE
A notable translator of literary

works from English French , ACADEMIC

and German to Spanish in the

1960 .s He translated —
—
while
RELIGIOUS
20th Century
subtly transforming the

,
works of William Faulkner

André Gide , Hermann Hesse , HISTORICAL

, ,
SCIENTIFIC
Franz Kafka Rudyard Kipling

Edgar Allan Poe , Walt

Whitman , Virginia Woolf , and

others .

CONTEMPORARY TRANSLATORS HELP TRANSLATORS ARE OFTEN

INVISIBLE
IMPROVE LANGUAGES THROUGH

LOAN WORDS
When a target language lacks fostered a worldwide market
terms that are present in a for
21st Century source language. LOCALIZATION SERVICES
TANSLATION SOFTWARES
TANSLATION JOBS

TECHNOLOGY & INTERNET

REFERENCES
Lebert, M. (2021, February 23). A short history of translation and translators.
Retrieved from https://marielebert.wordpress.com/2016/11/02/translation/

Racoma, B. (2020, September 02). The History of Translations (Past, Present and Future).
Retrieved from https://www.daytranslations.com/blog/history-of-translation/

Eazl Ann P . Vargas SED 301