1 MoS PR

B. Prajapati & P. R.
Shakya
P.R.Shakya
ME602
References
1. A.P. Boresi and O. M. Sidebottom, “Advanced

Mechanics of Materials”, Wiley.
B. Prajapati & P. R. Shakya
2. Ugural and Fenster, “Advanced Strength and

Applied Elasticity”, Elsevier, S. I. Version
3. Popov, E.P., “Engineering Mechanics of Solids”,
Prentice Hall Inc.
4. Hibbler R.C., “Mechanics of Solids”, Pearson
Education Inc.
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Load on Structure and Response of Material
1.1. General Load on Structure and its Effects

1.2. Elastic and Non-elastic Response of Solids
1.3. Isotropy, Anisotropy, Continuity and Homogeneity

1.4. Effect of temperature on Elastic and Plastic range
of Solids
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Axially Loaded Members

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Axially Loaded Members

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Torsionally Loaded
Members
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Torsionally Loaded
Members
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Bending of Beams
This equation
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Bending of Beams
This equation
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Bending of Beams
These equations are restricted to bending of beams of rectangular cross

section relative to principal axes. P.R.Shakya
Bending of Beams
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In engineering practice, it is customary to assume that the stress 
is uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area of the bar and
that it is equal in magnitude to P/AO where AO is the original cross-
sectional area of the bar.
Similarly, the strain  is assumed to be constant over the gage
length L and equal to L/L = e/L, where L = e is the change or

elongation in the original gage length L
According to the definition of stress, the true stress is t = P/At
where At is the true cross-sectional area of the bar when the load
P acts.
The difference between = P/AO and t = P/At , is small, provided
that the elongation e and, hence, the strain  are sufficiently
small. If the elongation is large, At may differ significantly from Ao
Fig: Circular cross section tension

specimen. (a) Undeformed specimen:
Gage length L; Diameter D.
(b) Deformed specimen: Gage length
elongation e.
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Fig: Circular cross section tension

specimen. (a) Undeformed specimen:
Gage length L; Diameter D.
(b) Deformed specimen: Gage length
elongation e.
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Material Properties
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Material Properties
Yield Strength
Ultimate Tensile Strength

Modulus of Elasticity
Percent Elongation
Yield Point for Structural Steel
Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of Rupture
Poisson’s Ratio
Modulus of Resilience
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Material Properties
Yield Strength

Percent Elongation
Modulus of Rupture
Poisson’s Ratio
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Material Properties
Yield Strength

Percent Elongation
Modulus of Rupture
Poisson’s Ratio
Maximum tensile or compressive

stress in the extreme fiber of a
beam loaded to failure in bending P.R.Shakya
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Material Properties
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Material Properties
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Isotropy
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Anisotropy
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Continuity A material is continuous if every sub-volume within it is
occupied by the material and if its properties vary
smoothly from one point to another.
Homogeneity
o A material is homogeneous if the properties of one
piece are the same as the properties of any other piece.
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Modes of failure of structure members
Failure by excessive deflection Failure by fracture

depends on …….
- Type of material from which it
is made Modes of
- Environmental conditions Failure
- Manner of loading.
Failure by general yielding Failure by instability
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Failure by excessive deflection

a. Deflection under conditions of stable equilibrium, eg, stretch of a tension member, the
angle of twist of a shaft, the deflection of an end-loaded cantilever beam.
b. Buckling, or sudden deflection associated with unstable equilibrium and often resulting
in total collapse of the member. for eg, failure in slender column, when gradually applied
axial load exceeds the Euler load.
c. Elastic deflections that are the amplitudes of the vibration of a member sometimes
associated with failure of the member resulting from noise, shaking forces, collision of
moving parts with stationary parts, etc.
The most effective method of decreasing the deflection of a member is by

changing the shape or increasing the dimensions of its cross section, rather than
by making the member of a stiffer material.
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Failure by general yielding

General yielding is inelastic deformation of a considerable portion of the member,

distinguishing it from localized yielding of a relatively small portion of the member.
In polycrystalline metals, when a load is applied that causes the yield strength to be
reached, the crystals are distorted but, in addition, defects in the crystal, known as
dislocations, move in the slip planes by breaking and reforming atomic bonds.
After removal of the load, only the distortion of the crystal (resulting from bond stretching)
is recovered. The movement of the dislocations remains as permanent deformation.
It is important to observe that, if a member that fails by yielding is replaced by

one with a material of a higher yield stress, the mode of failure may change to
that of elastic deflection, buckling, or excessive mechanical vibrations. Hence, the
entire basis of design may be changed when conditions are altered to prevent a
given mode of failure.
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Structure members cease to function satisfactorily
Failure by fracture because they break (fracture) before either excessive
elastic deflection or general yielding occurs.
a. Sudden fracture of brittle materials

Brittle materials- function satisfactorily in resisting loads under static conditions until the
material breaks rather suddenly with little or no evidence of plastic deformation.
Ultimate strength is taken as the measure of the maximum utilizable strength here.
b. Fracture of cracked or flawed members

Ductile metal subjected to static tensile loads will not fracture in a brittle manner as long
as the member is free of flaws (cracks, notches, or other stress concentrations) and the
temperature is not unusually low. However, in the presence of flaws, ductile materials
may experience brittle fracture at normal temperatures.
Dynamic loading and low temperatures also increase the tendency of a material to
fracture in a brittle manner.
c. Progressive fracture (fatigue)

A metal that ordinarily fails by general yielding under a static load is subjected to
repeated cycles of stress, it may fail by fracture without visual evidence of yielding,
provided that the repeated stress is greater P.R.Shakya
than a value called the fatigue strength.
Structure members cease to function satisfactorily
Failure by fracture because they break (fracture) before either excessive
elastic deflection or general yielding occurs.
a. Sudden fracture of brittle materials

Brittle materials- function satisfactorily in resisting loads under static conditions until the
material breaks rather suddenly with little or no evidence of plastic deformation.
Ultimate strength is taken as the measure of the maximum utilizable strength here.
b. Fracture of cracked or flawed members

Ductile metal subjected to static tensile loads will not fracture in a brittle manner as long
as the member is free of flaws (cracks, notches, or other stress concentrations) and the
temperature is not unusually low. However, in the presence of flaws, ductile materials
may experience brittle fracture at normal temperatures.
Dynamic loading and low temperatures also increase the tendency of a material to
fracture in a brittle manner.
c. Progressive fracture (fatigue)

A metal that ordinarily fails by general yielding under a static load is subjected to
repeated cycles of stress, it may fail by fracture without visual evidence of yielding,
provided that the repeated stress is greater P.R.Shakya
than a value called the fatigue strength.
Failure by instability (Buckling)

Some members may fail by a sudden,

catastrophic, lateral deflection (instability or
buckling), rather than by yielding or crushing.
Consider an ideal pin-ended slender column (or

strut) subjected to an axial compressive load.
Elastic buckling of the member occurs when the
load P reaches a critical value
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1.4. Effect of temperature on Elastic and Plastic range
of Solids
Discuss about the effect of

temperature on Elastic and Plastic
range of solids…..
Prepare notes on it for next class.
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Extra reading
Assignment
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Mechanics of solids
• Analytical method of determining strength,

stiffness (deformation characteristics ) and stability

of various load carrying members.
• For eg: walls of pressure vessel, adequate strength
to withstand internal pressure
Shafts of machines- adequate size to carry
required torque
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Stress
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AXIAL LOADING; NORMAL STRESS
Centric loading
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SHEARING STRESS
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HOOKE’S LAW; MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
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B. Prajapati & P. R.

1. A.P. Boresi and O. M. Sidebottom, “Advanced

2. Ugural and Fenster, “Advanced Strength and

1.1. General Load on Structure and its Effects

1.3. Isotropy, Anisotropy, Continuity and Homogeneity

Axially Loaded Members

Axially Loaded Members

These equations are restricted to bending of beams of rectangular cross

length L and equal to L/L = e/L, where L = e is the change or

Fig: Circular cross section tension

Fig: Circular cross section tension

Ultimate Tensile Strength

Yield Point for Structural Steel

Ultimate Tensile Strength

Yield Point for Structural Steel

Ultimate Tensile Strength

Yield Point for Structural Steel

Maximum tensile or compressive

Failure by excessive deflection Failure by fracture

Failure by general yielding Failure by instability

Failure by excessive deflection

The most effective method of decreasing the deflection of a member is by

Failure by general yielding

General yielding is inelastic deformation of a considerable portion of the member,

It is important to observe that, if a member that fails by yielding is replaced by

a. Sudden fracture of brittle materials

b. Fracture of cracked or flawed members

c. Progressive fracture (fatigue)

a. Sudden fracture of brittle materials

b. Fracture of cracked or flawed members

c. Progressive fracture (fatigue)

Failure by instability (Buckling)

Some members may fail by a sudden,

Consider an ideal pin-ended slender column (or

Discuss about the effect of

Prepare notes on it for next class.

• Analytical method of determining strength,

stiffness (deformation characteristics ) and stability

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