UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST-CALOOCAN

106 Samson Rd., Caloocan City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Laboratory Work No. 4

Inductive Circuits

NEE 2104 – 1CpE

Subject & Section

BUGARIN, HANS CEDRIC B.

Student Name

20141126263
Student Number

Engr. Sinforoso D. Cimatu, Jr.

Faculty Name

January 21, 2021 January 28, 2021

Date Performed Date of Submission

I. Introduction
 This experiment is titled, “Instruments for Measurement of Electrical Quantities
and Ohm’s Law”. One of its primary objective is to introduce the specific instruments
used to measure different quantities involved in electrical circuits to the students.
Alongside with these is the introduction to the theory of Ohm’s Law – its role on
determining the voltage, current, and resistance of an electrical circuit.

Figure 1.1 Illustration of a closed-simple circuit.

According to Anusha (2018), Das (2019), and Beck (2020), an electric circuit is
composed of interconnected electronic components and elements, which provides
electricity a complete path way, through conductive mediums that allows it to flow.
Mainly, these circuits are composed of a source and load. The source provides the
circuit’s energy (e.g. battery), while the load utilize the energy that the source provides.
A good example of loads are diodes (Donev et al., 2018). Figure 1.1 exhibits an
illustration of a closed-simple electric circuit, wherein the battery serves as the source
and the bulb being its load.

Different electrical quantities can be measured in an electrical circuit using

specialized instruments. These basic electrical quantities are the following: Voltage,
current, and resistance. Voltage (electromotive force) by definition, is the amount of
potential energy per unit charge. It is responsible for the pressure or push of electrons in
a circuit. Current, on the other hand, is the rate of flow of electricity or electrons in an
electric circuit. Current is subdivided to alternating current (AC), where current flows
 back and forth and direct current (DC), where it only flows in a single direction. Finally,
resistance is the opposition to the flow of electrons. Voltage, current, and resistance are
measured by voltmeter in unit of volts (V), ammeter in units of ampere (A), and
ohmmeter in the unit of ohms (Ω) respectively (Barolo, 2018; The Engineering Mindset,
2018).

Figure 1.2 Voltage, Current, and Resistance Relationship through Ohm’s Law Triangle

The three basic quantities are governed by a law, which demonstrates the
relationship of voltage, current, and resistance to one another in a circuit. Base on Figure
1.2, the ohm’s law triangle states that the voltage in between two points in the circuit is
directly proportional to current and resistance, the current is directly proportional to the
voltage and is inversely proportional to the resistance, and resistance is directly
proportional to voltage but inversely proportional to the current. Those aforementioned
relationships are under the concept of Ohm’s Law, discovered by Georg Simon Ohm, a
German physicist. The use of Ohm’s Law is essential in terms of circuit diagram
analysis (Johnson, 2020).

II. Wiring Circuit

 Run 1A: Variation of Resistance Using Potentiometer

Figure 2.1 Multisim simulation of the wiring diagram on variation of resistance using
potentiometer at 0% setting.

Run 1B: Variation of Resistance Using Loading Resistor

Figure 2.2 Multisim simulation of the wiring diagram on variation of resistance using loading
resistor.

Run 2: Voltage-Current Relations with Fixed Value of Resistance

 Figure 2.3 Multisim simulation of the wiring diagram on voltage-current relations with fixed
value of resistance.

III. Data and Computation

Table 3.1 Variation of Resistance Using Potentiometer

Position Setting Voltage Current Resistance

Trial of Potentiometer (V) (mA) (kΩ)
1 20% 8.0000V 4.0000mA 2.0000kΩ
2 40% 9.6000V 2.4000mA 4.0000kΩ
3 60% 10.2860V 1.7143mA 6.0001kΩ
4 80% 10.6670V 1.3333mA 8.0005kΩ
5 100% 10.9090V 1.0909mA 10.0000kΩ

Computations:
Formula:
V
R= , where V isthe voltage∈volts∧I is the current ∈milli amps
I
Trial 1:
 8.0000 V
R 1= =2.0000 kΩ
4.0000 mA

Trial 2:
9.6000 V
R 2= =4.0000 kΩ
2.4000 mA

Trial 3:
10.2860 V
R 3= =6.0001 kΩ
1.7143 mA

Trial 4:
10.6670V
R4 = =8.0005 kΩ
1.3333mA

Trial 5:
10.9090 V
R 5= =10.0000 kΩ
1.0909 mA
 Table 3.2 Variation of Resistance Using Loading Resistor

Voltage Current Resistance Power

Trial Loading Resistor Connection (V) (mA) (kΩ) (mW)

1 S1 Closed; Four resistors in 12.000V 1.2503mA 9.5977kΩ 15.0036mW

series
2 S2 Closed; Three resistors in 12.000V 1.6670mA 7.1986kΩ 20.0040mW
series
3 S3 Closed; Two resistors in 12.000V 2.5004mA 4.7992kΩ 30.0048mW
series
4 S4 Closed; One resistor 12.000V 5.0004mA 2.3998kΩ 60.0048mW
5 S4 & S5 Closed; One resistor in 12.000V 6.6669mA 1.7999kΩ 80.0028mW
parallel with three in series
6 S4 & S6 Closed; One resistor in 12.000V 7.5003mA 1.5999kΩ 90.0036mW
parallel with two in series
7 S4 & S7 Closed; Two resistors 12.000V 10.0000mA 1.2000kΩ 120.0000mW
in parallel
8 S4, S7 & S1 Closed; Two 12.000V 12.5000mA 0.9600kΩ 150.0000mW
resistors in parallel in parallel
with 2 resistors in series
9 S4, S7 & S2 Closed; Three 12.000V 15.0000mA 0.8000kΩ 180.0000mW
resistors in parallel
10 S4, S7, S2 & S5 Closed; Four 12.000V 20.0000mA 0.6000kΩ 240.0000mW
resistors in parallel
Measured Value of Resistance of One Resistor: ____2.40___kΩ
Computation:
Formula:
V
R= , where V isthe voltage∈volts∧I is the current ∈milli amps
I
Trial 1:
12.000 V
R 1= =9.5977 kΩ
1.2503 mA

Trial 2:
12.000 V
R 2= =7.1986 kΩ
1.6670 mA
Trial 3:
12.000 V
R 3= =4.7992 kΩ
2.5004 mA

Trial 4:
12.000 V
R4 = =2.3998 kΩ
5.0004 mA

Trial 5:
12.000 V
R 5= =1.7999 kΩ
6.6669 mA

Trial 6:
12.000 V
R6 = =1.5999 kΩ
7.5003 mA

Trial 7:
12.000 V
R7 = =1.2000 kΩ
10.0000 mA

Trial 8:
12.000 V
R8 = =0.9600 kΩ
12.5000 mA

Trial 9:
12.000 V
R9 = =0.8000 kΩ
15.0000 mA

Trial 10:
12.000 V
R10= =0.6000 kΩ
20.0000 mA
 Table 3.3 Voltage-Current Relations with Fixed Value of Resistance
Voltage Current Power
Trial (volts) (mA) (mW)
1 2 3.3334mA 6.6668mW
2 4 6.6668mA 26.6672mW
3 6 10.0000mA 60.0000mW
4 8 13.3334mA 106.6720mW
5 10 16.6670mA 166.6700mW

Computation:

Formula:
P=VI , whereV is the voltage∈volts∧I is the current ∈milli amperes.
Trial 1:
P1=2 V x 3.3334 mA =6.6668 mW
Trial 2:
P2=4 V x 6.6668 mA=26.6672mW
Trial 3:
P3=6 V x 10.0000 mA =60.0000 mW
Trial 4:
P4 =8 V x 13.3334 mA =106.6720 mW
Trial 5:
P5=10 V x 16.6670 mA =166.6700mW

IV. Answers to Questions and Solution to Problems

1. State the general rule in connecting conventional ammeters and voltmeters in a

circuit.
 Both ammeters and voltmeters are instruments used to measure current and
voltage respectively. According to Lumen Learning (2020), voltmeters, in order to
measure the voltage of a circuit, must be connected in parallel; while ammeters
should be connected in series to the circuit. This is because the components of a
circuit connected in parallel, experience the same amount of voltage and the over-all
components of a circuit connected in series experience the same amount of current
respectively.

2. What will happen to the voltmeter and to the circuit if the conventional
voltmeter is accidentally connected in series with the load?

When a voltmeter is connected in series, it will not give you accurate reading as
it should be reading the potential difference between two points instead of one.
Voltmeters are built with relatively high resistance, not allowing the current to pass
through a component. This will give you a zero reading about a component’s voltage
(Khan Academy, 2014).

3. What will happen to the ammeter and to the circuit if the conventional
ammeter is accidentally connected in parallel or across the load?

Ammeters are supposed to be connected in series, because it is an instrument that

measures the current passing at one point in the circuit. Ammeters have only little
resistance. Connecting it in parallel will allow an excessive amount of current to pass
through it making its fuse explode or termed as short circuit (Khan Academy, 2014).

4. Why do voltmeters have immensely high resistance?

Again, voltmeters measure the potential difference between two points (e.g. two
ends of the resistor). It is essential for it to have very resistance, because we do not
 want the voltmeter to intervene with the current flow, which will also change the
amount of current passing through the two points of a component. Having that said,
voltmeter’s very high resistance helps with the accuracy of its reading (Singh, 2020).

5. Why do ammeters have very low resistance?

An ammeter measures the current in a circuit and is connected in a series. From

that, if the ammeter has a high resistance, then its resistance will be added to the
circuit’s total resistance. The current coming from the circuit to the ammeter will
significantly decreased. Thus, giving an inaccurate reading. It is ideal if an ammeter
will have zero resistance for more accuracy (Singh, 2020).

6. Calculate the amount of current that will flow through a resistor of 10 kΩ

resistance if the potential difference across it is 10 volts. How much power is
dissipated in the resistor?

Solution:
Given:
Resistance - 10 kΩ
Voltage - 10 volts
Power - ?

Converting kilo Ohms to Ohms:

1 x 103 Ω
Ω=10 kΩ ( 1 kΩ )
Ω=10,000 Ω

Computing for current:

Voltage (V )
Current ( I )=
Resistance ( R)
10V
I=
10,000 Ω
 10V
I=
10,000 Ω
I =1 x 10−3 A

Computing for power:

Power ( P )=Voltage ( V ) x Current (I )
Power ( P )=10 V x 1 x 10−3 A
Power ( P )=0.01watts

Therefore, the power dissipated in the resister when the resistance is 10 kΩ

and the potential difference is 10V, is 0.01 watts.

Exercises:

Exercise 1: For Run 1A and 1B, using the measured values of current and voltage in
Table 1.2 and 1.3, compute the value of the resistance of the load in kΩ using the
formula R = V / I.

Table 3.1 Variation of Resistance Using Potentiometer

Position Setting Voltage Current Resistance

Trial of Potentiometer (V) (mA) (kΩ)
1 20% 8.0000V 4.0000mA 2.0000kΩ
2 40% 9.6000V 2.4000mA 4.0000kΩ
3 60% 10.2860V 1.7143mA 6.0001kΩ
4 80% 10.6670V 1.3333mA 8.0005kΩ
5 100% 10.9090V 1.0909mA 10.0000kΩ

Solutions:
Formula:
V
R= , where V isthe voltage∈volts∧I is the current∈milli amps
I
Trial 1:
8.0000 V
R 1= =2.0000 kΩ
4.0000 mA
 Trial 2:
9.6000 V
R 2= =4.0000 kΩ
2.4000 mA

Trial 3:
10.2860 V
R 3= =6.0001 kΩ
1.7143 mA

Trial 4:
10.6670V
R4 = =8.0005 kΩ
1.3333mA

Trial 5:
10.9090 V
R 5= =10.0000 kΩ
1.0909 mA

Table 3.2 Variation of Resistance Using Loading Resistor

Voltage Current Resistance Power

Trial Loading Resistor Connection (V) (mA) (kΩ) (mW)

1 S1 Closed; Four resistors in 12.000V 1.2503mA 9.5977kΩ 15.0036mW

series
2 S2 Closed; Three resistors in 12.000V 1.6670mA 7.1986kΩ 20.0040mW
series
3 S3 Closed; Two resistors in 12.000V 2.5004mA 4.7992kΩ 30.0048mW
series
4 S4 Closed; One resistor 12.000V 5.0004mA 2.3998kΩ 60.0048mW
5 S4 & S5 Closed; One resistor in 12.000V 6.6669mA 1.7999kΩ 80.0028mW
parallel with three in series
6 S4 & S6 Closed; One resistor in 12.000V 7.5003mA 1.5999kΩ 90.0036mW
parallel with two in series
7 S4 & S7 Closed; Two resistors 12.000V 10.0000mA 1.2000kΩ 120.0000mW
in parallel
8 S4, S7 & S1 Closed; Two 12.000V 12.5000mA 0.9600kΩ 150.0000mW
resistors in parallel in parallel
with 2 resistors in series
9 S4, S7 & S2 Closed; Three 12.000V 15.0000mA 0.8000kΩ 180.0000mW
 resistors in parallel
10 S4, S7, S2 & S5 Closed; Four 12.000V 20.0000mA 0.6000kΩ 240.0000mW
resistors in parallel
Measured Value of Resistance of One Resistor: ____2.40___kΩ
Solution:
Formula:
V
R= , where V isthe voltage∈volts∧I is the current ∈milli amps
I

Trial 1:
12.000 V
R 1= =9.5977 kΩ
1.2503 mA

Trial 2:
12.000 V
R 2= =7.1986 kΩ
1.6670 mA

Trial 3:
12.000 V
R 3= =4.7992 kΩ
2.5004 mA

Trial 4:
12.000 V
R4 = =2.3998 kΩ
5.0004 mA

Trial 5:
12.000 V
R 5= =1.7999 kΩ
6.6669 mA

Trial 6:
12.000 V
R6 = =1.5999 kΩ
7.5003 mA
Trial 7:
12.000 V
R7 = =1.2000 kΩ
10.0000 mA

Trial 8:
12.000 V
R8 = =0.9600 kΩ
12.5000 mA

Trial 9:
12.000 V
R9 = =0.8000 kΩ
15.0000 mA

Trial 10:
12.000 V
R 1 0= =0.6000 kΩ
20.0000 mA

Exercise 2: With Table 1.2 completely filled up. Show a graph comparing the
value of resistance against the loading resistor connection. Use the loading resistor
connection as the abscissa and the resistance values as the ordinate.

Resistance & Loading Resistor Connection Relation

12

10 9.6

8 7.2
Resistance

6
4.8
4
(kΩ)

2.4
1.8 1.6
2 1.2 0.96 0.8
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S4 & S5 S4 & S6 S4 & S7 S4, S7 & S4, S7 &
Closed Closed Closed Closed Closed Closed Closed S1 S2
Closed Closed

Resistance & Loading Resistor Connection Relation

Figure 4.1 Resistance and Loading Resistor Connection Relation

 Exercise 3: For Run 1B and Run 2, compute for the power dissipated in the resistor
in mW using the formula P = V x I watts.

Table 3.2 Variation of Resistance Using Loading Resistor

Voltage Current Resistance Power

Trial Loading Resistor Connection (V) (mA) (kΩ) (mW)

1 S1 Closed; Four resistors in 12.000V 1.2503mA 9.5977kΩ 15.0036mW

series
2 S2 Closed; Three resistors in 12.000V 1.6670mA 7.1986kΩ 20.0040mW
series
3 S3 Closed; Two resistors in 12.000V 2.5004mA 4.7992kΩ 30.0048mW
series
4 S4 Closed; One resistor 12.000V 5.0004mA 2.3998kΩ 60.0048mW
5 S4 & S5 Closed; One resistor in 12.000V 6.6669mA 1.7999kΩ 80.0028mW
parallel with three in series
6 S4 & S6 Closed; One resistor in 12.000V 7.5003mA 1.5999kΩ 90.0036mW
parallel with two in series
7 S4 & S7 Closed; Two resistors 12.000V 10.0000mA 1.2000kΩ 120.0000mW
in parallel
8 S4, S7 & S1 Closed; Two 12.000V 12.5000mA 0.9600kΩ 150.0000mW
resistors in parallel in parallel
with 2 resistors in series
9 S4, S7 & S2 Closed; Three 12.000V 15.0000mA 0.8000kΩ 180.0000mW
resistors in parallel
10 S4, S7, S2 & S5 Closed; Four 12.000V 20.0000mA 0.6000kΩ 240.0000mW
resistors in parallel

Solutions:

Formula:P=VI , where V is the voltage∈volts∧I is the current ∈amperes .

Trial 1:
P1=12.000 V x 1.2503 mA=15.0036 mW
Trial 2:
P2=12.000 V x 1.6670 mA=20.0040mW
Trial 3:
P3=12.000 V x 2.5004 mA =30.0048 mW
Trial 4:
 P4 =12.000 V x 5.0004 mA=60.0048 mW
Trial 5:
P5=12.000 V x 6.6669 mA =80.0028 mW
Trial 6:
P6=12.000 V x 7.5003 mA =90.0036 mW
Trial 7:
P7=12.000 V x 10.0000 mA =120.0000mW
Trial 8:
P8=12.000 V x 12.5000 mA =150.0000mW
Trial 9:
P9=12.000 V x 15.0000 mA =180.0000mW
Trial 10:
P10=12.000 V x 20.0000 mA=240.0000 mW

Table 3.3Voltage-Current Relations with Fixed Value of Resistance

Voltage Current Power
Trial (volts) (mA) (mW)
1 2 3.3334mA 6.6668mW
2 4 6.6668mA 26.6672mW
3 6 10.0000mA 60.0000mW
4 8 13.3334mA 106.6720mW
5 10 16.6670mA 166.6700mW

Solution:

Formula:P=VI , where V is the voltage∈volts∧I is the current ∈amperes .

Trial 1:
P1=2 V x 3.3334 mA =6.6668 mW
Trial 2:
P2=4 V x 6.6668 mA=26.6672mW
Trial 3:
P3=6 V x 10.0000 mA =60.0000 mW
Trial 4:
P4 =8 V x 13.3334 mA =106.6720 mW
Trial 5:
P5=10 V x 16.6670 mA =166.6700mW

Exercise 4: Using the data from Table 1.2, plot a curve between resistance and
current with the resistance as the abscissa and the current as the ordinate.

Resistance & Current Relation

25

20

15
Current
(mA)

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Resistance
(kΩ)

Figure 4.2 Resistance and Current Relation

Exercise 5: Using the data from Table 1.3, plot a curve between voltage and current
with the voltage as the abscissa and the current as the ordinate.
 Voltage & Current Relation
18 16.67
16
14 13.33

12
Current (mA)

10
10
8 6.67
6
4 3.33

2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Voltage (V)

Figure 4.3 Voltage and Current Relation

V. Data analysis and interpretation

VI. Findings and Conclusion
VII. References
Anusha. (2018, August 29). Basic Electrical Circuits-Components,Types. Retrieved
from https://www.electronicshub.org/basic-electrical-circuits-componentstypes/

Bartolo, N. (Director). (2018, October 8). What is Electrical Resistance [Video file].
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFHUoWFtab0

Beck, K. (2020, December 28). Electric Circuit: Definition, Types, Components (w/
Examples & Diagrams). Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/electric-circuit-definition-
types-components-w-examples-diagrams-13721178.html

Das, S. (2019, November 21). Types of Electric Circuit: Electric Circuit Definition,
Examples, Symbols. Retrieved from http://www.electronicsandyou.com/blog/electric-
circuit-types-of-electric-circuit.html
J.M.K.C. Donev et al. (2018). Energy Education - Electrical load [Online]. Available:
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Electrical_load

Johnson, L. (2020, December 28). Ohm's Law: What Is it & Why Is It Important?
Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/ohms-law-what-is-it-why-is-it-important-
13721185.html

Khan Academy (Director). (2014, September 22). Voltmeters and Ammeters | Circuits |
Physics | Khan Academy [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yE3eQ6q39f4

Lumen Learning (2020). Voltmeters and Ammeters. Retrieved

from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/.

Singh, D. (2020, June 15). Why does Ammeter have low resistance? Given reason.
Retrieved from https://www.teachoo.com/10650/3084/Why-does-Ammeter-have-low-
resistance--Given-reason/category/Extra-Questions/

Singh, D. (2020, June 15). Why does Voltmeter have high resistance? - Teachoo - Extra
Questions. Retrieved from https://www.teachoo.com/10651/3084/Why-does-Voltmeter-
have-high-resistance-/category/Extra-Questions/

The Engineering Mindset (Director). (2018, November 12). Voltage Explained - What is
Voltage? Basic electricity potential difference [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w82aSjLuD_8

The Engineering Mindset (Director). (2018, November 19). What is CURRENT–

electric current explained, electricity basics [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Posj4WMo0o
 The Physics Classroom. (n.d.). Physics Tutorial: Ohm's Law and the V-I-R Relationship.
Retrieved from https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-3/Ohm-s-Law

Submitted by: Bugarin, Hans Cedric B.

Subject and Section: NEE_2104 – 1-CpE