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MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

Lesson Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to;

1. Describe the models of communication

2. Illustrate the models of communication

3. Differentiate the models of communication

SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer

and Weaver was an American scientist both of them join together to write an
article in “Bell System Technical Journal” called “A Mathematical Theory of
Communication” and also called as “Shannon-Weaver model of
communication”.

This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication

between sender and receiver. Also they find factors which affecting the
communication process called “Noise”. At first the model was developed to
improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of
Communication.

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The model deals with various concepts like Information source,

transmitter, Noise, channel, message, receiver, channel, information
destination, encode and decode.

Sender: The originator of message or the information source selects

desire message

Encoder: The transmitter which converts the message into signals

Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or

Binary data which is compactable to transmit the messages through
cables or satellites. For example: In telephone the voice is converted into
wave signals and it transmits through cables

Decoder: The reception place of the signal which converts signals into
message. A reverse process of encode

Note: The receiver converts those binary data or waves into

message which is comfortable and understandable for receiver.
Otherwise receiver can’t receive the exact message and it will affect the
effective communication between sender and receiver

Receiver: The destination of the message from sender

Note: Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their

feedback to sender. If the message distracted by noise it will affect the
communication flow between sender and receiver

Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through

channel. During this process the messages may distracted or affected by
physical noise like horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise or encoded
signals may distract in the channel during the transmission process
which affect the communication flow or the receiver may not receive the
correct message

Note: The model is clearly deals with external noises only which
affect the messages or signals from external sources. For example: If
there is any problems occur in network which directly affect the mobile
phone communication or distract the messages

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Practical Example of Shannon-Weaver model of communication:

Thomson made call to his assistant “come here I want to see you”.
During his call, noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant
received “I want” only. Again Assistant asked Thomson (feedback) “what
do you want Thomson”.

Sender: Thomson

Encoder: Telephone (Thomson)

Channel: Cable

Noise: Distraction in voice

Reception: Telephone (Assistant)

Receiver: Assistant.

Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can’t able to understand

Thomson’s messages.

*The noise which affect the communication flow between them.

https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-
communication/

To fully understand what Shannon-Weaver Communication Model is, watch

this video: https://youtu.be/cgWpuY0MjR4

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Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be
broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience
and Effect. https://medium.com/@pragyamishra_84005/aristotles-model-of-
communication-
254aa568fb0a#:~:text=Aristotle%20Model%20is%20mainly%20focused,%2C%2
0Occasion%2C%20Audience%20and%20Effect.&text=The%20audience%20is%
20passive%2C%20influenced,way%2C%20from%20speaker%20to%20receiver

Aristotle (384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer born in

Stagira, Northern Greece. He was also the teacher of Alexander the Great. He
studied physics, logic, mathematics, etc.

While exploring the human nature scientifically, Aristotle developed a

linear model of communication for oral communication known as Aristotle’s
Model of Communication. This is considered as the first model of
communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. It is also the is most widely
accepted among all communication models.

Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be

broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience
and Effect.

The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker centered model as the

speaker has the most important role in it and is the only one active. It is the
speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience. The role of the audience is

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passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the communication process one
way, from speaker to receiver.

The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the

target audience and situation (occasion). The speech must be prepared so that
the audience be persuaded or influenced from the speech.

He believed “Rhetoric” is the study of communication and persuasion

and different message or speech should be made for different audiences at
different situations to get desired effects or to establish a propaganda. This
model was highly used to develop public speaking skills and create a
propaganda at that time so, it is less focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal
communication.

Even if the model is speaker oriented and focuses on audience

interaction in communication, there is no concept of feedbacks.

For instance, a politician (speaker) gives a speech to get votes from the
civilians (audience) at the time of election (occasion). The civilians only vote if
they are influenced by the things the politician says in his speech so the
content must be very impressive to influence the mass and the speaker must
design the message very carefully.

The speech must be clear as well as the speaker must have a very good
non-verbal communication with the audience like eye contact. This example is
a classic case of Aristotle Model of Communication depicting all the elements in
the model.

Watch this video: https://youtu.be/m7z8S2zkj7Q

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Critical Elements of a Good Communicator

Aristotle has given 3 elements that must be present in a good communicator or

public speaker. These elements are related to each other and they reinforce the
other elements.

Ethos

Ethos is the characteristic which makes you credible in front of the

audience. If there is no credibility, the audience will not believe in you
and will not be persuaded by you. Expertise and positions also give
credibility to a person.

Pathos

If what you say matters to them and they can connect with it, then they
will be more interested and they will think you are more credible.
Emotional bonds will make the audience captivated and they feel the
speaker is one of their own people.

Logos

Logos is logic. People believe in you only if they understand what you are
trying to say. People find logic in everything. If there is no logic behind
the speaker’s work or time, they do not want to get involved. Everybody
has a sense of reason. You must present facts to the audience for them
to believe in you.

https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/aristotles-model-
communication

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TASK:
1. Draw and explain each of the two communication models

2. Write a brief essay that explains the difference between the two
communication models.

Please be guided with the following rubrics:

RUBRIC FOR ILLUSTRATION

Components Scale
Content Knowledge 2 3 4
(The illustration is correct and labelled
properly.)
Physical Presentation 1 2 3
(The illustration is easy to recognize and to read.)

Conventions (Grammar, Mechanics, Spelling, 1 2 3

Usage & Sentence formation)
TOTAL POINTS (10 pts)

Send your output to jessicacalbanttl2@gmail.com

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