Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Division of Ilocos Sur

11
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

LESSON TITLE:
Models of Communication

Name of Teacher –Writer: KRISTEL E. GANADO

School: TAGUDIN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

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You are about to experience this learning kit number 3 which is focused on the
Models of Communication. You have to understand the sequence of your lessons, for this
one is linked to the previous and succeeding topics. From the nature and process, especially
the elements should be reviewed to fully understand the lesson.

In today’s lesson, you should be able to differentiate the various models of

communication. This time, you are expected to learn and accomplish the task ahead for a
whole week. You may have your notes for better understanding, and to answer the activities
easier.

Please take note that all the activities should be answered in your Activity Notebook.
Do not write anything in this learning kit.

Keep on learning, you can do it.

Stay at home, stay safe and stay focused!

Most Essential Learning Competencies: Differentiates the

various models of communication EN11/12OC-Ia-3

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. define the models of communication;
2. differentiate various models of communication; and
3. value the models of communication in real life scenarios.

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 Going back to the elements of communication, the
activity links to the new lesson – the MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION. Hence, accomplish this primary activity to
have a clearer interpretation of the new lesson. Are you
ready? You may start.

DIRECTIONS: Match the following communication elements with the

corresponding descriptions. Write the letter of your answer.

1. Channel a. Something that interferes with the information

2. Message b. Information sent
3. Noise c. Someone who sends information
4. Receiver d. Method by which the information is sent
5. Source e. An individual who decodes the information
f. The process of interpreting the message

Based on the primary activity, these elements of

communication are the main components of the models of
communication. This is important to learn, for it explains how
the process of communication works.

When you hear the word “model”, what comes first to your mind? You may
define it differently, but for this time, you are about to explore the various models of
communication. Model consists of a sender, a message, a channel where the
message travels, noise or interference and a receiver.

Communication models are systematic representations of the process which

help in understanding how communication can be done. Models show the process
metaphorically and in symbols. They form general perspectives on communication
by breaking communication from complex to simple and keeps the components in
order.

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 There are three general types of communication models in which all other
communication models are mostly categorized.

1. Linear Model of Communication

The linear or transmission model of communication, as shown in

Figure 1 below, describes communication as a linear, one-way process in
which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver (Ellis &
McClintock, 1990). The message flows in a straight line from the sender to the
receiver. There is no concept of feedback. The only task that a receiver does
here is to receive the message. The sender is more prominent in linear model
of communication.

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/professionalcomms/chapter/3-2-the-communication-
process-communication-in-the-real-world-an-introduction-to-communication-studies/
Figure 1. The Linear Model of Communication

For example, think of how a radio message is sent from a person in the
radio studio to you listening in your car. The sender is the radio announcer
who encodes a verbal message that is transmitted by a radio tower through
electromagnetic waves (the channel) and eventually reaches your (the
receiver’s) ears via an antenna and speakers in order to be decoded. The
radio announcer doesn’t really know if you receive their message or not, but if
the equipment is working and the channel is free of static, then there is a good
chance that the message was successfully received.

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 Different models that follow linear model of communication are:

A. Shannon-Weaver

Source:http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-introduction-to-organizational-
communication/section_06/20ed98da45a6e49b18ecd2272e8d223b.jpg
Figure 1.1. Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication

Shannon Weaver model of communication was created in 1948 when Claude

Elwood Shannon wrote an article “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in Bell
System Technical Journal with Warren Weaver.

Shannon was an American mathematician whereas Weaver was a scientist.

The Mathematical theory later came to be known as Shannon Weaver model of
communication or “mother of all models.” This model is more technological than
other linear models.

The Shannon-Weaver Model contains six important features.

(Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication: History, Features & Application, 2018)

1. Sender/Source: This is the person who originates the message. For example, it
may be your boss, who wants to tell you about a deadline for an upcoming
project.
2. Encoder/Transmitter: The encoder involves the way the message is transmitted,
such as through sound waves, electrical impulses or binary data. If your boss
sends you an email to tell you about the deadline for the project, the encoding
is the binary data that the computer uses to move the message.
3. Channel: The channel in the Shannon-Weaver Model is the device used to
convey the message. In our workplace example above, the channel is email-
based through a computer. It may also be via another option such as a
telephone call or chat on messenger.
4. Decoder: Decoding reverses the work that encoding did to get the message
delivered. If an email is encoded into binary data at the sender's computer, it is
decoded into the intent of the message at the receiver's computer.
5. Receiver: The receiver is the recipient of the message as intended by the sender.
This is the person to whom the sender was trying to communicate. The receiver
must have the technology available to receive the message the way the sender

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 has delivered it. For example, if your boss emails you, but you don't have a
computer, the message will be lost.
6. Noise: Noise is interesting because it can be physical or even psychological. If
you've ever tried to participate in a telephone call in a football stadium, you
know that the noise around you makes it almost impossible to hear correctly
what the person is saying. But noise can also be something different. It may be
that you're distracted by something going on at home and you don't fully pay
attention to the message, or you could have had a bad experience with the
sender, which clouds your perception of what he or she is trying to say.

B. Aristotle’s Model

Source:https://www.communicationtheory.org/aristotle%E2%80%99s-communication-model/
Figure 1.2. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Aristotle(384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer born in Stagira,

Northern Greece. He was also the teacher of Alexander the Great. He studied
physics, logic, mathematics, etc.

While exploring the human nature scientifically, Aristotle developed a linear

model of communication for oral communication known as Aristotle’s Model of
Communication. This is considered as the first model of communication and was
proposed before 300 B.C. It is also the most widely accepted among all
communication models.

Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly

divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect.

The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker centered model as the

speaker has the most important role in it and is the only one active. It is the
speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience. The role of the audience is
passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the communication process one way,
from speaker to receiver.

The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target
audience and situation (occasion). The speech must be prepared so that the
audience be persuaded or influenced from the speech.

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 C. Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model

Source: https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/berlo-model-communication
Figure 1.3. Berlo’s Model of Communication

In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver

(SMCR) model of communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of Communication
(1949). He described factors affecting the individual components in the
communication making the communication more efficient.

Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication presents the communication process

in its simplest form. The model consists of four components (sender, message,
channel and receiver) that are each influenced by different factors. To ensure the
message is conveyed as effectively as possible, the sender and the receiver must
share some common ground. Communication skills play a crucial role in this. Other
factors, such as culture, knowledge and attitude are also vital. What may be
considered rude in some cultures, may be perfectly fine in others. Communication
doesn’t always go as smoothly as one would hope.

2. Interactive Model of Communication

The interactive or interaction model of communication, as shown in Figure

2, describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as

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sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving
feedback within physical and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). Rather than
illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interactive model
incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way
process. Feedback includes messages sent in response to other messages.

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/professionalcomms/chapter/3-2-the-communication-
process-communication-in-the-real-world-an-introduction-to-communication-studies/

Figure 2. Interactive Model of Communication

For example, your teacher may respond to a point you raise during class
discussion or you may point to the sofa when your roommate asks you where the
remote control is. The inclusion of a feedback loop also leads to a more complex
understanding of the roles of participants in a communication encounter. Rather than
having one sender, one message, and one receiver, this model has two sender-
receivers who exchange messages. Each participant alternates roles as sender and
receiver in order to keep a communication encounter going.
Interactive model or convergence model is similar to transactional model as
they are both two-way communication model. But interactive model is mostly used
for new media like internet. Here, people can respond to any mass communications
like videos, news, etc. People can exchange their views and ideas.

Different models that follow interactive model of communication are:

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 A. Schramm’s Interactive Model

Message Feedback

RECEIVER

Source: https://studymasscommunication.com/2019/09/08/the-osgood-schramm-model/
Figure 2.1. Schramm’s Interactive Model of Communication

The Schramm model views communication as a process that takes place

between a sender (encoder) and a receiver (decoder): there will be also a message,
and a signal through which the message can be transmitted (Schramm, 1948).
Schramm is considered as the Father of Mass Communication. With his model of
communication, communication breakdown is explained. He affirms that there should
have the same field of experience between the speaker and the listener.

Field of Experience is everything that makes a person unique-everything that

he/she has ever learned, watched, seen, heard, read, and studied.

Example of field of experience is a conversation between students of the

same strand.

B. White’s Model

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 https://kablogsoralcomm.wordpress.com/2018/09/18/models-of-communication/
Figure 2.2. White’s Model of Communication

Eugene White’s Model tells that communication is circular and continuous,

without a beginning or an end. He also introduced the concept of feedback.
The Eugene White model implies a step-by-step sequence of events that
starts with thinking in the mind of the speaker and ends with monitoring also by the
speaker. Communication is a repetitive, cyclical event but the dynamic quality of
interaction is not depicted. The speaker is the originator of the communication
process and the listener is a passive reactor who does not initiate communication.

The eight stages of oral communication are discussed below:

1. Thinking– a desire, feeling, or an emotion provides a speaker a stimulus to

communicate a need
2. Symbolizing– before he/she can utter sounds, a speaker has to know the code of
oral language with which to represent his ideas and in order to make his
selection
3.Expressing– the speaker then uses his vocal mechanism to produce the sounds
of language accompanied by his facial expression, gestures, and body stance
4. Transmitting– waves of sound spreading at 1,000 feet per second and waves of
light traveling at a speed of 186,000 miles per second carry the speaker’s
message to his listeners
5. Receiving– sound waves impinge upon the listener’s ears after which the
resulting nerve impulses reach the brain via the auditory nerve; light waves
strike the listener’s eyes after which the resulting nerve impulses reach the
brain via the optic nerve

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6. Decoding– the listener interprets the language symbols he receives and thinks
further
7. Feedbacking– the listener may manifest overt behavior like a nod, smile, or yawn
or he may not show any behavior at all (covert behavior like fast heartbeat, a
poker face, etc.)
8. Monitoring– while the speaker watches for signs of reception or understanding of
his message among his listeners, he is also attuned to what’s going on inside
him; the speaker is receiving and decoding messages about himself from his
audience in order to adjust to the particular situation

3. Transactional Model of Communication

The Transactional Model of Communication proposed by Barnlund states that
giving and receiving messages is reciprocal (Barnlund, 1962). In transactional
model, senders and receivers both are known as communicators and both play
equally important role in communication. Transactional model relates communication
with social reality, cultural up-bringing and relational context (relationships). Non-
verbal feedback like gestures, body language, is also considered as feedback in this
model. Unlike the interactive model, which suggests that participants alternate
positions as sender and receiver, the transaction model suggests that we are
simultaneously senders and receivers.

Source: https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/professionalcomms/chapter/3-2-the-communication-
process-communication-in-the-real-world-an-introduction-to-communication-studies/
Figure 3. Transactional Model of Communication
Examples of models that follow transactional model of communication are:

A. Barnlund’s Model of Communication

COMMUNICATOR
Barnlund's model of communication 1970
(https://www.thinglink.com/scene/627233635358998529)
by Mecal Didloft
Figure 3.1. A. Barnlund’s Model of Communication

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 Barnlund’s Transactional Model is a multi-layered feedback system. This is a
continuous process where sender and receiver interchange their places and both are
equally important. The message passing takes place with a constant feedback being
provided from both parties. A feedback for one is the message for the other.

B. Helical Model

https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/helical-model-communication

Figure 3.2. Helical Model of Communication

This model was developed in 1967 by Frank Dance, which he originally

named “Dance’s Helix Model of Communication”. The communication is said to be
as a continuous and dynamic process which progresses with age as our experience
and vocabulary increases.
At first curve are small (the lower part), which means lack of information
(about the person or anything), but helix leaves it lower level of behavior and grows
upward in a new way, thus widens the curve which means more knowledge
gathered. All these happens as we continue the communication process. But it
always depends on lower level to form the message and increase the information.

Note: For you not to be confused, since Interactive and Transactional Models of
Communication have almost the same features with the presence of FEEDBACK,
Sheshuna (2019) differentiated the two. He explained that transactional model of
communication usually refers to those communication that takes place within the
private spheres of an individual's life. It simply means private talks happening
between close friends, lovers or family members. Here, the communication is not
necessarily conformed to public norms or etiquettes. It includes the communication
about daily events, menus of the meals or daily activities or other private affairs.

The other form of model is “Interactive”. This refers to informal talks that takes
place in public spheres. Here it operates under certain kind of rules to maintain the
status quo between the two communicators. People usually interact, make friends
in public then move closer to the private spheres, either as close friends or lovers
or family.

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 It’s time to capture in your minds how these models of
communication are applied in your everyday life experiences.
Examine and understand each example.

Types of Models of Communication

1. Linear Model
A. Shannon-Weaver Model
Example: While your teacher is discussing in front, your seatmate
keeps on talking to you which is the reason why you are not able to
understand what your teacher is saying.

Source:
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vector/handsome-teacher-
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mathematics-vector-
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vector-18112880

In this case, the teacher is the sender who is the source of

information. The message is the content of the lesson. You are the
receiver, then while the communication is going on, your seatmate
created the noise which interfered your understanding on what is
said. To understand it better, you may go back to figure 1.1 above.

B. Aristotle’s Model of Communication

Example: You are running for being president of the student body.
You, the speaker must prepare your speech for you to be able to
persuade your audience which are the students to vote for you. So,
what will be the occasion here? What environment is present?
Maybe a Multi-Purpose Hall or Student Center where a campaign is
being done.

Source: https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/style-and-usage/writing-a-school-
election-speech.html

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 Based on the example, the speaker is you, the speech is what you
prepared. The students as your audience, and the effect will
depend on the audience if you were good enough to persuade
them or not.
C. Berlo’s Model of Communication
Example: This may happen when your teacher tries to control your
behavior or your attitude inside the classroom. Remember in the
figure that in this model, attitude is one of the key influenced factors
during communication. Another is when your teacher teaches you
some communication skills like proper pronunciation.

2. Interactive Model of Communication

A. Schramm’s Model of Communication
Example: You are talking with your classmate about your artwork.
Feedback is present.

Oh, do you Yes, I have been

really like thinking about it
that design? since yesterday.

From there, you've engaged in a two-way system of

communication.

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 B. White’s Model of Communication
Example: You are thinking of someone you really love, and then
you express your feelings by asking that person if she feels the
same as you. Now, a feedback must be present to satisfy this
model of communication.

3. Transactional Model of Communication

A. Barnlund’s Model of Communication
Example: When you are talking/listening to your friend. While your
friend is talking, you are constantly giving him/her feedback on what
you think through your facial expression and verbal feedback
without necessarily stopping your friend from talking.

Another example is when you are planning as a family about how you
will spend your vacation. Isn’t it that there are moments when all of you are
talking at the same time? That’s the time that noise prevail and that you
might not understand one another well.

B. Helical Model of Communication

Dance explains his helical model with the example of a person
learning throughout their life cycle. They start early on with very

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 rudimentary communication methods. They may cry at their mother
to get her attention, then, later they might learn to speak in single
words, then full sentences, and so on.

As our communication processes become more complex, we build

on what we already know to learn to communicate more effectively.
Each communication experience (a chat with someone, a chance at
public speaking, our first interview) contains within it lessons on
how to communicate more effectively in the future.

Check it out!
Answer these activities to check if you have learned the
lesson or not. Okay? You may begin.

I. Multiple Choice
DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully, and write the letter of your
answer.
1. Which of the following elements is missing in the linear model?
a. Feedback c. Receiver
b. Noise d. Sender
2. This model of communication shows how components are
influenced by different factors like communication skills.
a. Aristotle’s Model c. Schramm’s Model
b. Berlo’s Model d. Shannon-Weaver
Model
3. It is a type of communication model which is primarily described as
one-way process of communication.
a. Linear c. Transactional
b. Interactive d. Conversational
4. It is a type of communication model in which senders and receivers
both are known to be communicators.
a. Linear c. Transactional
b. Interactive d. Conversational
5. This model of communication is known to be a mother of all models.
a. Aristotle’s Model c. Schramm’s Model
b. Berlo’s Model d. Shannon-Weaver
Model

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II. Analysis
DIRECTIONS: Analyze each example of situation, and determine
what type of model of communication and specific model of
communication is exemplified.

1. Last Sunday, Maria and her family attended the Holy Mass. They
were so attentive during the Homily.
Type of Model of Communication:_____________________
Specific Model of
Communication:___________________________

2. Dave went over their recorded lesson in Oral Communication. As he

listened to it, the message was not understandable because of the
unclear utterances. It was not audible.
Type of Model of Communication:_____________________
Specific Model of
Communication:___________________________

3. You are watching an Advertisement about the new iPhone.

Type of Model of Communication:_____________________
Specific Model of
Communication:___________________________

4. He is hungry. He is craving a lot of food in his mind. Then he asked:

Mark: Are you hungry? Let’s go and eat?
Jenny: thinking…
Jenny: Yes, Sure!
Type of Model of Communication:_____________________
Specific Model of
Communication:___________________________

5. The whole team is participating in the preparation of their project. In

this case, they just talk simultaneously.
Type of Model of Communication:_____________________
Specific Model of
Communication:___________________________

6. Teacher: What is communication?

Student: Communication is about sending or receiving information,
such as telephone lines or computers.
Type of Model of Communication:_____________________
Specific Model of
Communication:___________________________

7. While you are attending a birthday party, your friend called you over
the phone but since you can’t hear him clearly, the communication
stopped there.

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 Type of Model of Communication:_____________________
Specific Model of
Communication:___________________________

8. At first, Mendy was not really proficient in English grammar. But as

she leveled up in learning, she has already mastered it.
Type of Model of Communication:_____________________
Specific Model of
Communication:___________________________

The linear model is sender-focused as it only portrays

one-way process of communication, where feedback is not
included, but noise is depicted on the latter part. On the other
hand, Interactive Model shows two-way process of
communication where sender and receiver interact because of
the presence of feedback. However, although transactional is
almost the same with the interactive, its main feature is that,
the sender and receiver are labelled as both communicators.
In other words, they both act sender and receiver
simultaneously.

What value do communication models have in the following

aspects:

1. Your relationship with family and friends

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. Your journey as a student

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 ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

I. Short-Answer Essay
DIRECTIONS: Based on a movie or television show, describe an
interaction between two characters that is linear, interactive and
transactional in nature. Complete the table below by providing the
necessary details. See the rubrics below.

Model Title of the Characters’ Short-Answer

Movie/Television sample Essay
Show conversation
Linear Explain how the
sender and
receiver's
channels,
environment,
and noise
impact the
exchange.
Interactive Explain how
feedback, the
fluidity of
communication,
and the
relational nature
of
communication
impact the
exchange.
Transactional Explain how
feedback, the
fluidity of
communication,
and the
relational nature
of
communication

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 impact the
exchange.

Remember, you should write your answers in your activity notebook.

Rubric Criteria
Does Not Meet Partially Meets Proficiency Exceeds
Proficiency Meets 8 pts Proficiency
4 pts Proficiency 10 pts
6 pts
Response Does Not Meet Partially Meets Meets Proficiency Exceeds
Proficiency Proficiency Proficiency
The answer is
The answer to The answer missing slight The answer is
the question is does not details. All complete. All
lacking any address a information information
detail. The portion of the provided is provided is
answer question, or accurate. accurate. a
demonstrates a major details Understanding of deep
lack of are missing. the content is understanding
understanding of apparent. of the content.
the content. The student
. provided 3
details.
Main/Topic Does Not Meet Partially Meets Meets Proficiency Exceeds
Idea Proficiency Proficiency Proficiency
Sentence Main/Topic idea
Main/Topic idea Main/Topic sentence is either Main/Topic idea
sentence is idea sentence unclear or sentence is
somewhat is unclear and incorrectly placed, clear, correctly
unclear and incorrectly and is restated in placed, and is
incorrectly placed, and is the closing restated in the
placed, and is restated in the sentence. closing
not restated in closing sentence.
the closing sentence.
sentence.

Mechanics Does Not Meet Partially Meets Meets Proficiency Exceeds

and Proficiency Proficiency Proficiency
Grammar Paragraph has one
Paragraph has Paragraph has or two punctuation, Paragraph has
six or more three to five capitalization, no errors in

20
 punctuation, punctuation, grammar, and/or punctuation,
capitalization, capitalization, spelling errors. grammar,
grammar, and/or grammar, capitalization,
spelling errors. and/or spelling and spelling.
errors.

iRubric: Short-Answer Essay Rubric

Rubric Code: N85XA6
By vperry

Ashman, Melissa.”Introduction to Professional Communication.” BCcampus,July 3,

2020.https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/professionalcomms/chapter/3-2-the-
communication-process-communication-in-the-real-world-an-introduction-to-
communication-studies/

Barnlund, D. C. (1970). A transactional model of communication in K.K. Sereno and

C.D. Mortenson (Eds.), Foundations of communication theory (pp. 83-92). New York,
NY: Harper and Row.

Blythe, Jim. “The Schramm Model of Communication.” SAGE knowledge, July 2,

2020. https://sk.sagepub.com/books/key-concepts-in-marketing/n46.xml#:~:text=The
%20Schramm%20model%20views%20communication,transmitted%20(Schramm
%2C%201948).

businesstopia, "Models of Communication," in Businesstopia, February 4,

2018, https://www.businesstopia.net/communication.June 29, 2020

businesstopia, "Shannon and Weaver Model Of Communication," in Businesstopia,

January 6, 2018, https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/shannon-and-
weaver-model-communication.

Didloft, Mecal.”Barnlund’s Model of Communication 1970.” Thinglink, July 3, 2020.

https://www.thinglink.com/scene/627233635358998529.

Domingo, Loraine Guiana.2018.”Models of Communication.” Kablogs4, July 2, 2020.

https://kablogsoralcomm.wordpress.com/2018/09/18/models-of-communication/
#:~:text=Eugene%20White's%20Model%20tells%20that,introduced%20the
%20concept%20of%20feedback.

"Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication: History, Features & Application."

Study.com. April 7, 2018. https://study.com/academy/lesson/shannon-weaver-model-
of-communication-history-features-application.html.

Shraddha Bajracharya, "Aristotle’s Model of Communication," in Businesstopia,

January 6, 2018, https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/aristotles-model-
communication.

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https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-examples-of-the-transactional-model-of-
communication

https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=N85XA6&sp=yes&

Key Answer

Motivation
1.d
2.b
3.a
4.e
5.c
Exercises/Activities
I.Multiple Choice
1.a
2.b
3.a
4.c
5.d
II.Analysis
1.Linear – Aristotle’s Model
2.Linear – Shannon-Weaver Model
3.Linear – Berlo’s Model
4.Interactive – White’s Model
5.Transactional – Barnlund’s Model
6.Interactive – Schramm’s Model
7.Linear – Shannon-Weaver Model
8.Transactional – Helical

Application

1.Knowing the different models of communication, relationships between families

and friends can be improved when we talk to them courageously and politely.
2. This will give awareness as to how we communicate in different contexts.
Assessment (any movie or tv show can be used as reference)
1.In linear, you must be able to show the one-way process, where noise and
environment are described.
2.In interactive, look at how the feedback gives impact on the communication.
3. The same process in number 2 is to be applied here.

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