Pulsatile ow of micropolar blood

Jian-Jun Shu
School of Mechanical & Production Engineering,
Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798

Abstract
Oscillatory ow of tissue uid around an artery is studied by means of the theory of oscillatory
ow between two coaxial cylinders, an improved version of the Womersley theory of oscillatory
ow in the inside of a round tube developed by the author. The relationship between ux and
pressure is found. Consequently the expression of axial ow impedance of tissue uid is ob-
tained. On the basis of the expression, the ow resistance and ow inductance are discussed in
two asymptotic cases, high Womersley number and low Womersley number.

1 Introduction
Oscillatory ow of blood uid inside an artery has been studied for long time. Various models
have been proposed to analyze quantitatively blood ow inside an artery. One of the models is
the elastic chamber model i.e. Windkessel model proposed by Hales (1733) and then improved
by Weber (1850) and Frank (1899). The elastic chamber model is a lumped model. Based on
the elastic chamber model, linear distributed model (i.e. transmission line model) and nonlinear
distributed model have been developed.
Great progresses in theoretical understanding oscillatory ow inside an elastic chamber have
been made by Karreman (1952), Morgan & Kiely (1954) and Womersley (1955). Womersley
(1955) introduced Womersley number to calculate distribution of velocity, wave speed in detail.

1
 But less progress has been made in studying oscillatory ow of tissue uid around an artery.
Interactive eects between oscillatory artery ow and the surrounding tissue uid must be
taken account, because the one can aect another. In this paper oscillatory ow of tissue uid
around an artery is studied using basic equations from uid mechanics. Expression of axial ow
impedance is derived based on relationship between distribution of tissue velocity and pressure.

2 Mathematical modelling and governing equations

A mathematical idealization that has served as a model of capillary-tissue gas (or solutes)
exchange was proposed by Krogh (1919, 1922). In this model, the capillary blood vessel is
represented by a straight circular cylindrical tube of radius R.
Assume that the uid is homogeneous, incompressible, and Newtonian the vessel wall is rigid,
circular, and cylindrical the motion is laminar, axi-symmetric, and parallel to the longitudinal
axial of the tube. A pressure gradient drives the ow, the vessel is horizontal, and gravitation
has no eect on the ow. Then the eld equations are the micropolar eld equations (Eringen,
1999). They are simplied to the following under the conditions named above:

u = u(r t) ! = !(r t) p = p(z t) (1)

@u @p  +  @ @u  2 @
 @t = ; @z + r @r r @r + rm @r (r!)
m (2)
@! @u  @ 1 @ 
Im @t = 2m @r + 2! + cm @r r @r (r!) (3)
In these equations,  is the density. Im is the microinertia.  m and cm are the Newtonian,
microrotational and angular viscosities resepectively. We next write an equation of motion
(conservation of momentum) for the membrane, assuming elastic behavior, a small ratio of wall
thickness to diameter, and complete tethering of the artery to the surrounding tissue so that
the membrane is incapable of axial motion). For these assumed conditions we need only the
relation. The boudary conditions are the axisymmetry condition at the center and no-slip on
wall, at radius R 8
>
< r = 0 : @u @r = 0 ! = 0 (4)
>
: r = R : u = 0 ! = ; @u @r
Here p stands for pressue (r  z ) are cylindrical polar coordinates with z in the axial direction
u is the velocity component in the direction of z  t is the time. According to Eq. (1), p is a
function of z and t only and u and ! are functions of r and t. where w is the density of the

2
arterial wall, h is the wall thickness,  is the radial strain relative to the radius at rest, and E
is Young's modulus.

3 Velocity, owrate and impedance

On dierentiating Eq. (2) with respect to z , one obtains
@ @p  = 0 (5)
@z @z
This shows that the pressure gradient must not vary with z . It can be a function of t. For a
general periodic motion, one can write
@p = 2R XN
@z Gn eint (6)
n=0
The term n = 0 correspnds to a steady pressure gradient. To the other terms in (2) and (3), we
can try u(r t) and !(r t) in the forms
N
X N
X
u(r t) = R un(r)eint  !(r t) =  !n(r)eint (7)
n=0 n=0
which is periodic. Substituting Eq. (7) into Eqs. (2) and (3), we see that the resultant equations
are satised if we set

inRun = ;RGn + R  +rm drd r du dr
n + 2m d (r! )
r dr n (8)
du  d 1 d 
n
inIm !n = 2m R dr + 2!n + cm dr r dr (r!n) (9)
The boundary condition, Eq. (4), is satised if
8
>
< r = 0 : dudrn = 0 !n = 0
> (10)
: r = R : un = 0 !n = ; dudrn
The dimensionless Newtonian, microrotational or angular Womersley number, , m or c
respectively, are dened as a square root of a ratio of the transient inertial force to the Newtonian,
microrotational or angular viscous force respectively for a given frequency , i.e.
s s s
= R   m = R   c = R2 c 
    (11)
m m
On substituting into Eqs. (8) and (9), ones obtain
 d du  d (! )
1
inun = ;Gn +  2 + 2 d  dn + 22  d
1 1
n (12)
m m

3
 in !n = 22 dun + 2!  + 1 d  1 d (! ) (13)
n n
m d 2 d  d
c
where  = r=R and = Im =R2 . As boundary conditions on  we require
8
>
<  = 0 : dudn = 0 !n = 0
> (14)
:  = 1 : un = 0 !n = ; dudn
The numerical calculation of velocity prole is complex, except in the limits of very low or very
high Newtonian Womersley number , and is normally of little interest.

4 Solution for m =1
d  dun 
inun = ;Gn + 12  d (15)
d
d 1 d (! )
in !n = 12 d

(16)
c  d n
8
>
<  = 0 : dudn = 0 !n = 0
> (17)
:  = 1 : un = 0 !n = ; dudn

4.1 Solution for low Newtonian Womersley number

8 (1+4 ) ln 
>
>
< R = 2R4 (1 h 4 ) ln +(1 2 )2 ] + O( )
> 0 4
; ;
i (18)
>
>
>
 ( 1+4 ) 4(1 6 ) ln2 +9(1 2 )(1 4 ) ln +6(1 2 )
3

:L = + O( )
; ; ; ;
0 2
12R2 (1 4 ) ln +(1 2 )2 ]
2
; ;

X (;1)k ; x2
n+2k
1

Jn (x) = (19)
k=0 k! (n + k)!
2 x  1 nX1 (n ; k ; 1)! x  n+2k 1 X (;1)k ; x
n+2k  nX
; 1 +k
1 Xk 1!
Yn(x) =  Jn (x) ln 2 +  ;  ;
;

k!
2 +
k=0 2 k=0 k! (n + k)! m=1 m m=1 m
(20)

4.2 Solution for high Newtonian Womersley number

8
>
< R = 24(1+)22 + O(1)
0
p

8R (1 )
> (1+) h1 + 2(1+) 1 i + O(
;
(21)
: L = 4R
p
0
2 (1 ) ; 2(1 ) ;
; 2
;
)
r 
2
Jn (x)  x cos x ; 4 ; 2  n (22)
r
Yn (x)  x 2 sin x ;  ; n  (23)
4 2

4
5 Solution for m =0
d  dun  + 2 d (! )
0 = ;Gn + 21  d (24)
d 2  d n
m m
0 = du n
d + 2!n (25)
8
>
<  = 0 : dudn = 0 !n = 0
> (26)
:  = 1 : un = 0 !n = ; dudn

6 Conclusions
8 h ;
;
;
i9
2 + 4 ln2 + 9 1 ; 4 ln + 6 1 ; 2 2 =
d < (1 + )2
4 1 +
d : (1 ; 2 ) (1 + 2 ) ln + (1 ; 2 )]2 =0 (27)

References
1] A. Cemal Eringen, Microcontinuum Field Theories I. Foundations and Solids, New York:
Springer, 1999.
2] Stephen Hales, Statical Essays: II. Haemostaticks, Innays and Manby, London. Reprinted
by Hafner, New York, 1733.
3] Gerard N. Jager, Nico Westerhof and Abraham Noordergraaf, Oscillatory ow impedance
in electrical analog of arterial system: Representation of sleeve eect and non-Newtonian
properties of blood, circulation research, XVI (February, 1965).
4] Karreman, 1952.
5] Edwin N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena and Living Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1974.
6] G. W. Morgan and J. P. Kiely, Wave Propagation in a Viscous Liquid Contained in a
Flexible Tube, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 26 (1954) 323-328.
7] E. H. Weber, 1850.
8] Otto Frank, Die Grundform des Arteriellen Pulses. Erste Abhandlung, Mathematische
Analyse, Z. Biol., 37 (1899) 483-526.
9] Windkessel, .

5
10] J. R. Womersley, Oscillatory Motion of a Viscous Liquid in a Thin-Walled Elastic Tube-I:
The Linear Approximation for Long Waves, Phil. Mag., Ser. 7, 46(373) (Feb. 1955)
199-221.