Gravitational field

Main article: Gravity of Earth

Earth's gravity measured by NASA's GRACE mission,

showing deviations from the theoretical gravity. Red
shows where gravity is stronger than the smooth, standard
value, and blue shows where it is weaker.
The gravity of Earth is the acceleration that is
imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass
within Earth. Near Earth's surface, gravitational
acceleration is approximately 9.8 m/s2 (32 ft/s2).
Local differences in topography, geology, and
deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad,
regional differences in Earth's gravitational field,
known as gravity anomalies.[131]
Magnetic field
Main article: Earth's magnetic field
The main part of Earth's magnetic field is generated
in the core, the site of a dynamo process that
converts the kinetic energy of thermally and
compositionally driven convection into electrical and
magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards
from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's
surface, where it is, approximately, a dipole. The
poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's
geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic
field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface
is 3.05×10−5 T, with a magnetic dipole
moment of 7.79×1022 Am2 at epoch 2000, decreasing
nearly 6% per century.[132] The convection
movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic
poles drift and periodically change alignment. This
causes secular variation of the main field and field
reversals at irregular intervals averaging a few times
every million years. The most recent reversal
occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.[133][134]